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Antigen-Bearing Dendritic Cells Antigen Transmission by Replicating Antigen Transmission by Replicating Antigen-Bearing Dendritic Cells Jun Diao, Erin Winter, Wenhao Chen, Feng Xu and Mark S. Cattral This information is current as of October 7, 2021. J Immunol 2007; 179:2713-2721; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2713 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/5/2713 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2008/03/12/179.5.2713.DC1 Material References This article cites 43 articles, 24 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/5/2713.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on October 7, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2007 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Antigen Transmission by Replicating Antigen-Bearing Dendritic Cells1 Jun Diao,*† Erin Winter,*† Wenhao Chen,* Feng Xu,* and Mark S. Cattral2*† During steady-state conditions, conventional spleen dendritic cells (DC) turn over every 2–3 days. Recent evidence indicates that in situ proliferation of DC arising from immediate conventional DC precursors is an important contributor to their homeostasis. In this study, we report that replication-competent conventional DC precursors and DC can internalize and transfer model particulate and soluble Ags directly to their DC progeny during cell division. Real-time confocal microscopy and flow cytometry indicated that Ag transmission to progeny was symmetrical, and suggested that other mechanisms of inter-DC Ag transfer were not involved. Soluble protein Ags inherited by DC progeny were presented effectively to Ag-specific T lymphocytes. Furthermore, we show that the number of DC, and the proportion that are actively proliferating, expands several-fold during an immune response against a viral infection. Our results point to an unanticipated mechanism in which DC are continuously replaced from Ag-bearing replication-competent precursor cells that pass Ag molecules onto their progeny through successive cell divisions. Our Downloaded from findings help explain how Ag may persist in a population of DC despite the brief lifespan of individual mature DC. The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 179: 2713–2721. endritic cells (DC)3 are specialized APCs that have a key incomplete. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that DC role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune re- replication provides a novel mechanism for Ag transmission to D sponses and maintaining self-tolerance (1). The esti- their DC progeny, and in this way, sustains a population of DC http://www.jimmunol.org/ mated lifespan of conventional DC in spleen during steady-state capable of presenting Ag to circulating lymphocytes. Our findings conditions is Ͻ2–3 days (2–4). The traditional view of the DC reveal that replication-competent Ag-bearing cDCp and DC pass lifecycle holds that circulating precursors migrate to lymphoid and Ag molecules onto their progeny directly through successive cell parenchymal tissues and differentiate into nonreplicating immature divisions. Furthermore, we show that this mechanism of Ag trans- DC (1, 5, 6). Recent evidence indicates, however, that local pro- mission is operational during an inflammatory response induced by liferation of spleen DC contributes substantially to their homeosta- adenoviral infection, contributing to increased numbers of DC. sis (7). We and others have shown that the majority of these di- viding spleen DC arise from a distinct population of immediate Materials and Methods conventional DC precursors (cDCp) (8, 9). cDCp are CD11cϩ, Mice by guest on October 7, 2021 MHC class IIϪ, lineage (CD4, CD8, B220, DX5, F4/80, CD19, Ϫ ϩ ϩ Male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. CD3) , and generate exclusively CD11c MHC class II DC that C57BL/6.SJL congenic, C57BL/6-transgenic (ACTbEGFP)OPsb/J, OT-II can continue to replicate for several generations. and OT-1 trangenic mice were purchased originally from Taconic Farms or Classic models of DC biology are based on the premise that DC The Jackson Laboratory, and bred in our animal facility. Mice were main- tained in pathogen-free conditions in accordance with institutional guide- have little or no capacity for cell division (1, 10). Accordingly, the lines, and used at 6–8 wk of age. entire process of Ag internalization, processing, and presentation is considered a function of single DC. The potency of DC in stimu- Antibodies lating immune responses has been attributed, at least partly, to Anti-CD11c (clone HL3), I-Ab (KH74, 25-9-17), CD3 (17A2), CD4 (CT- their inability to degrade internalized Ags rapidly, which increases CD4), CD8␣ (53-6.7), CD19 (1D3), pan-NK (DX5), GR-1 (RB6-8C5), the duration of Ag presentation (11, 12). In light of their apparent CD11b (M1/70), B220 (RA3 6B2), CD45 (30-F11), CD45.2 (104), CD45.1 (A20), CD40 (3/23), CD80 (16-10A1), CD86 (GL1), CD44 (IM7), and brief lifespan, however, this explanation for Ag persistence seems CD16/32 (2.4G2) were purchased from BD Pharmingen. Anti-F4/80 (A3-1) was purchased from Serotec. These Abs were either unlabeled or conjugated to FITC, PE, allophycocyanin, or biotin, as indicated. Unla- *Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, and †De- beled Abs were revealed with PE-conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig and bio- partment of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada tinylated Abs with allophycocyanin, PC5, or PC7. Received for publication November 30, 2006. Accepted for publication June 12, 2007. Cell isolation The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page DC and cDCp were isolated from bone marrow and spleen, as described charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance (8). Briefly, spleens of 10–15 mice were minced, digested with collagenase with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. and DNase for 0.5 h at 37°C, and incubated with EDTA. Mononuclear cells 1 This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research and As- were isolated from spleen and bone marrow by Lympholyte-M (Cedarlane tellas (to M.S.C.). Presented in part at Immunology 2007, 94th Annual Meeting of the Laboratories) density-gradient centrifugation (13), and enriched for American Association of Immunologists, Miami Beach, FL, May 18, 2007. CD11cϩ cells by positive selection using MACS (Miltenyi Biotec) and ϩ 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Mark S. Cattral, Toronto Gen- CD11c -immunomagnetic beads. Cells retained in the column were eluted eral Hospital, Robert McEwen Building, 11c-1247, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, and labeled with anti-I-Ab FITC, anti-CD11c PE, and anti-lineage markers Ontario, Canada M5G 2N2. E-mail address: [email protected] (anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8␣, anti-CD19, anti-B220, anti-F4/80 and anti- ϩ 3 ␤ pan NK/biotin-allophycocyanin or PC7) mAbs. Lineage-negative CD11c Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell; Adv- gal, adenovirus encoding Ϫ ϩ ϩ bacterial ␤-galactosidase; cDCp, conventional DC precursors. MHC II cells (i.e., cDCp) and lineage-negative CD11c MHC II DC fractions were sorted on a MoFlo High-Speed Cell Sorter using Summit Copyright © 2007 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/07/$2.00 acquisition and analysis software (DakoCytomation). The purity of the cell www.jimmunol.org 2714 Ag TRANSMISSION BY REPLICATING DC populations used was routinely Ն99% based on reanalyzed samples. OT-1 and OT-II T cells were isolated from spleen and lymph nodes by negative selection (Miltenyi Biotec). BrdU labeling of phagocytic DC CD45.2 mice were injected with 50 ␮l of 2.7% YG-latex beads in 0.3 ml of saline (0.5 ␮m; Polysciences). Eight hours later, BrdU (1 mg; Sigma- Aldrich) was administered i.p. every 6 h until cell recovery to ensure that it was continuously available to dividing cells (14). Purified CD45.1 DC (1 ϫ 106 per mouse) were injected i.v. into these mice at the start of BrdU treatment. Bone marrow and spleen were recovered for analysis of bead uptake and BrdU incorporation by flow cytometry, as described (8). The proportion of beads captured during the 8 h before BrdU injection was calculated by subtracting the percentage of the adoptively transferred CD45.1 DC that contained beads from the total percentage of spleen DC that contained beads at 32 h. In some experiments, beadϩ DC and beadϪ DC were sorted for analysis of BrdU by immunohistochemistry (BD Bio- sciences) and confocal microscopy (Olympus FluoView 1000 LSCM). Stromal coculture Sorted cDCp (5 ϫ 104) were pulsed with OVA (200–500 ␮g/ml; Sigma- Aldrich) or dextran conjugated with Alexa 647 or Texas Red (1 mg/ml; m.w., 10,000; Molecular Probes) for 1–2 h, labeled with CFSE (Molecular Downloaded from Probes), and cultured on a confluent monolayer of irradiated (25 Gy) stro- mal cells derived from S17 cells (a gift from K. Dorshkind, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (15)). The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 50 ␮M 2-ME, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 10 mM nonessential amino acids, 50 U/ml penicillin, and 50 ␮g/ml strepto- mycin (complete medium) in the presence of GM-CSF (1000 U/ml; BD Pharmingen), as described (8).
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