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European Internationalization Strategies

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European Internationalization Strategies FORUM | By Nina Lemmens European Internationalization Strategies IN 2010 the European Commission launched its far-reaching initiative, “Europe 2020,” which European Commission President José Manuel Barroso described as “the EU’s growth strategy for the coming decade.” He said, “In a changing world, we want the EU to become a smart, sus- tainable, and inclusive economy. These three mutually reinforcing priorities should help the EU and the member states deliver high levels of employment, productivity, and social cohesion.” The European Union (EU) set five ambitious objectives with Europe 2020—on employment, in- novation, education, social inclusion, and climate/energy—all to be reached by 2020, and each member state adopted their own national targets in each of these objectives. But why is Europe 2020 important to the realm of Research higher education and research? How does it affect stu- Under the target “Smart growth” the Flagship Initiative dents, researchers, and administrators in universities and “Innovation Union”2 is of special interest for academics research institutions in Europe and all over the world? all over the world, because here we can find the magical The answer is simple: education, science, and research words “Horizon 2020”—this program being the financial have a special role to play within the Europe 2020 strat- instrument implementing the Innovation Union. Hori- egy. A concise documentation of all activities and projects zon 2020 had very prominent predecessors—the seven summarized under the umbrella of Europe 2020 would so-called Framework Programs (FP). But Horizon 2020 ex- be too lengthy for this article, so only two of the most ceeds them all: With a budget of €80 billion (about US$105 relevant programs will be discussed here: Horizon 2020 billion) for the seven year period from 2014 to 2020, the and ERASMUS+, both agreed upon by the EU parliament new framework program boasts an increase of 27 percent and the EU council at the end of 2013. compared to FP7. This is not the only new aspect: Hori- zon 2020 focuses more strongly on the current market and “In a changing world, we want the EU to become relies more heavily on collaboration between science and a smart, sustainable, and inclusive economy.” industry. The Commission intends this to lead to a greater participation of small- and medium-size enterprises, espe- cially as the whole application process and administration To understand the political will and power behind the of the funding schemes will be less bureaucratic. The pro- overall Europe 2020 initiative, it is important to know that gram is especially designed to enhance projects that tackle the European Union sees it not only as a 10-year growth the main challenges of the future for Europe: It puts an em- and jobs strategy per se but as a set of programs to over- phasis on excellent science and industrial leadership, and come the current economic crisis. It is seen as the means will address societal challenges to ensure Europe produces to addressing the shortcomings of the hitherto existing world-class science, removes barriers to innovation, and growth model and to create conditions for a smart, sus- makes it easier for the public and private sectors to work tainable, and inclusive growth.1 together in delivering innovation.3 Five overarching goals are targeted for the end of the As it is stated on the official website, “…Horizon 2020 is decade. They are supported by seven so-called “Flagship open to everyone, with a simple structure that reduces red Initiatives” providing something like a toolbox through tape and time…This approach makes sure new projects which the EU and national authorities mutually reinforce get off the ground quickly—and achieve results faster. The their efforts in areas supporting the Europe 2020 priorities, EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation will which are: innovation, the digital economy, employment, be complemented by further measures to complete and youth, industrial policy, poverty, and resource efficiency. further develop the European Research Area. These mea- 52 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATOR JULY+AUG.14 EU-Research and Innovation 2014–2020 (Base) Horizon 2020 Public PART IIIA Public Private Widening Public Partnerships PART I PART II PART III Participation Partnerships (P2B) Excellent Industrial Societal (P2P) Mobility Science Leadership Changes PART IIIB In their Europe 2020 strategy, the EU heads Science for Society of state and government have also set sev- eral ambitious quantitative goals regarding PART IV higher education: By the end of the current Joint Research Center decade, at least 40 percent of 30- to 34-year- olds should hold a higher education degree PART V (2013: EU average 37 percent). In terms of European Institute for Innovation and promoting mobility, the EU adopted the Technology Bologna objective: by 2020, it intends to ensure that at least 20 percent of Source: KoWi/European Liaison Office of the German Research Organisation higher education graduates have had a study- related experience abroad of a minimum of 3 sures will aim at breaking down barriers to ly different initiatives: the old Research months or 15 ECTS (European Credit Trans- create a genuine single market for knowl- Framework Program (FP7), the innovation ferred Accumulation Sysytem). EU countries edge, research, and innovation.”4 aspects of the Competitiveness and Inno- should also be spending 3 percent of GDP on Horizon 2020 offers a number of differ- vations Framework Program (CIP), and research and innovation by 2020. To achieve ent funding streams and is basically divided the EU contribution to the European Insti- these goals, both the EU member states and in five parts, three of which cover the inno- tute of Innovation and Technology (EIT). the European Commission are being called vation process from idea to product: scoping The Horizon 2020 budget including the on to implement appropriate measures. for science-driven (basic) research in “Ex- Joint Research Council (JRC, Part 4) and On the EU level, the new mobility pro- cellent Science”; enhancing of economic the European Institute for Innovation and gram plays a pivotal part in the equation: competitiveness in “Industrial Leadership,” Technology (EIT, Part 5), as well as the ac- ERASMUS+ (the program for education, tackling of the pressing issues for the Euro- companying funding measures such as the training, youth, and sport) will provide a pean citizen in “Societal Challenges.”5 Private Public Partnerships (P2B) or Public budget of €14.7 billion (about US$20 bil- For the first time, this framework Public Partnerships (P2P)6, is distributed as lion) over the next seven years, which is an program brings together three former- shown in the graph titled “Horizon 2020.” increase of 40 percent compared to current spending levels. Thus, the EU truly underpins its commitment to investing in the education Horizon 2020 Budget and international experience of its people. The declared aim is to support the mobility Excellent Science; 24,4 Mrd JRC; 1,9 bn of more than 4 million people in the years EIT; 2,7 bn to come, amongst them 2 million students Science with and in higher education and around 650,000 stu- for Society; 0,5 bn dents in vocational training. As in the former Widening ERASMUS programs, staff mobility is also Participation; 0,8 bn an integral part of ERASMUS+, with an es- Industrial timated 800,000 lecturers, teachers, trainers, Leadership; education staff, and youth workers gaining 17,0 Mrd experience abroad. A new focus is given to Societal master’s degrees with an international edge, Challenges; 29,7 Mrd as around 200,000 students will be able to apply successfully for a loan for a full degree EUR 77 bn (current prices) abroad. There will be 135,000 grants given to Source: KoWi/European Liaison Office of the German Research Organisation students and staff who embark on exchanges JULY+AUG.14 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATOR 53 FORUM with countries outside Europe. Approxi- n Promoting “internationalization at home” mately 34,000 scholarships will be given to —new curricula and digital learning (via fund joint master’s degree courses. MOOCs); All these funding lines fall under the n Strengthening strategic cooperation, part- target “learning mobility,” which shall pro- nerships, and capacity building. vide not only more but also better mobility. The Commission sees the suggested set Hence, the Erasmus Charter for Higher of measures as a “toolbox” from which each Education has to be adopted by all partici- higher education institution can choose the pating institutions, ensuring for example specific instruments fitting to its own inter- the recognition of credits achieved abroad nationalization strategy. Some of these will as well as certain quality standards for the be sponsored by Horizon 2020 and ERAS- single programs. MUS+, by far the bigger number will have “Cooperation” is the second major target to be financed by the member states through MANAGING of ERASMUS+. Here, the strategic partner- their own budgets. ships possibly will be the most prominent So will all this money really make Europe AND GROWING funding stream. Meant to intensify struc- more successful in the worldwide race to EDUCATION tured and long-term cooperation among attract the brightest and most innovative higher education institutions and/or other minds? ABROAD educational institutions, strategic partner- There are, of course, some obstacles still to UPCOMING WEBINARS: ships can be formed between at least three be overcome, even inside the EU. As the fund- institutions from at least three different EU ing process of Horizon 2020 is strictly driven The Clery Act and Education countries. The so called “knowledge alli- by the excellence and quality of the compet- Abroad: Collaborations Between ances,” however, will help to link higher ing research proposals, some of the smaller Education Abroad and Risk education institutions and enterprises.
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