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Proefschrift Frans Van Nijnatten Tussen Liberalisme En Conservatisme

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Proefschrift Frans Van Nijnatten Tussen Liberalisme En Conservatisme UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme: de verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter (1962-1980) van Nijnatten, F.J.C.M. Publication date 2012 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Nijnatten, F. J. C. M. (2012). Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme: de verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter (1962-1980). Vossiuspers - Amsterdam University Press. http://nl.aup.nl/books/9789056296988-tussen-liberalisme-en-conservatisme.html General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:23 Sep 2021 AUP-Nijnatten:AUP/Buijn 27-11-2011 15:47 Pagina 1 UvA Proefschrift Nijnatten van Frans Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen De verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter (1962-1980) Tussen liberalisme enconservatisme liberalisme Tussen Frans van Nijnatten Frans van Nijnatten werkt bij het ministerie van Defensie. De overwinning van de zuidelijke Democraat Jimmy Carter bij de Amerikaanse presi- dentsverkiezingen van 1976 geldt voornamelijk als een gevolg van de Vietnamoorlog en het Watergateschandaal, crises die het vertrouwen van de bevolking in de regering hadden aangetast. Jimmy Carters campagnearchieven vanaf 1962 leggen echter nog drie andere oorzaken van zijn overwinning bloot. Zo perfectioneerde Carter in de loop der jaren zijn candidate-centered-campagnes en in 1976 kwam hij met een vernieuwing die alle toekomstige presidentskandidaten beïnvloedde, namelijk de focus op de caucus van Iowa. Daarnaast gebruikte Carter een weldoordachte Southern Strategy, waarmee hij bijna het hele Zuiden van de Verenigde Staten als blok achter zich kreeg. Een derde nevenoorzaak van zijn overwinning die de campagnearchieven aan het licht brengen is zijn opstelling in het ideologische debat in de Verenigde Staten. Carter, die zichzelf geen aanhanger van de New Deal noemde, bewoog zich steeds tussen liberalisme en conser- vatisme en noemde zichzelf een populist. In 1976 bracht hij als centrumpoliticus een brede coalitie tot stand en sprak hij van een New Foundation voor Amerika. Maar met UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM zijn bittere nederlaag tegen Ronald Reagan in 1980 was Jimmy Carters politieke loopbaan voorbij. De campagnearchieven laten tevens zien dat Jimmy Carter vanaf 1962 volop deelnam aan het politieke spel. Dat hij een non-politicus was, een idealist die boven de politiek stond en daar niets mee te maken wilde hebben, blijkt slechts een mythe te zijn. 9 789056 296988 Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme Dit onderzoek is mede mogelijk gemaakt door een financiële gift van de Netherland-America Foundation in New York en het Roosevelt Study Center in Middelburg (NAF-Roosevelt Grant, 2004) De publicatie van dit proefschrift is mede mogelijk gemaakt door een financiële bijdrage van de J.E. Jurriaanse Stichting Lay out: Frans van Nijnatten Ontwerp omslag: René Staelenberg, Amsterdam Omslagillustratie: Enkele dagen voor de Democratische primary van 25 mei 1976 bezoekt Jimmy Carter de Swan Island scheepswerf in Portland, Oregon (Foto The Oregonian) ISBN 978 90 5629 698 8 e-ISBN 978 90 4851 613 1 NUR 697 © Frans van Nijnatten / Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press, 2012 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16B Auteurswet 1912 jº het Besluit van 20 juni 1974, Stb. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, Stb. 471 en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3051, 2130 KB Hoofddorp). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme De verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter 1962-1980 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van Rector Magnificus, prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op vrijdag 13 januari 2012, te 10.00 uur door Franciscus Jacobus Cornelis Maria van Nijnatten geboren te Zegge PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Promotor: Prof. dr. R.V.A. Janssens Overige leden: Dr. E.F. van de Bilt Prof. dr. J.C. Kennedy Prof. dr. R. Kroes Prof. dr. M. van Leeuwen Prof. dr. C.A. van Minnen Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Inhoud Inleiding 7 Hoofdstuk 1. Presidentsverkiezingen en het Zuiden 29 van de Verenigde Staten Van de Reconstruction tot de jaren dertig 29 Roosevelt en de New Deal 36 Ontwikkelingen na de Tweede Wereldoorlog 40 Hoofdstuk 2. Good, clean government 55 Inleiding 55 Politiek in Georgia 58 Desegregatie: druk op het politieke systeem 65 Van gemeenschapsleider tot politicus 72 Botsing met de ‘courthouse gang’ 88 Conclusie: afwachten in het centrum 93 Hoofdstuk 3. Jimmy Carter, plain man’s man from Plains 101 Inleiding 101 Het verkiezingsjaar 1964 105 Staatssenator Jimmy Carter 111 Twee campagnes 121 Naar een professionele campagne 131 Politicus van het centrum 140 Voorronde en algemene verkiezing 152 Conclusie: nederlaag en vooruitgang 155 Hoofdstuk 4. Jimmy Carter, ‘unperverted’ liberal 163 Inleiding 163 Het verkiezingsjaar 1968 167 Jimmy Carter, ‘conservative progressive’ 175 Imago en marathon 180 Voorronde en algemene verkiezing 187 Van ‘important factor’ tot partijleider 193 Conclusie: Be ready, Mr. Carter 202 5 Hoofdstuk 5. End the plague of regionalism 211 Inleiding 211 Gouverneur Jimmy Carter 216 Voorverkiezingen en conventie 239 De campagne tegen Gerald Ford 259 Conclusie: een verenigd land? 276 Hoofdstuk 6. Liberalism’s great lost opportunity 289 Inleiding 289 President Jimmy Carter 293 Ideologische positie en leiderschap 309 Voorverkiezingen en conventie 321 De campagne tegen Ronald Reagan 331 Conclusie: het einde van een lange campagne 350 Conclusie 361 Summary 377 Nederlandse samenvatting 381 Lijst van afkortingen 387 Bronnen en literatuur 389 Register 413 Dankwoord 427 6 Inleiding n een open brief aan de New York Times benadrukte Jimmy Carter dat de Amerikanen bij de presidentsverkiezingen van 1976 het bewijs van Izijn karakter, geloofwaardigheid en leiderschap zouden kunnen aflezen aan zijn intensieve manier van campagnevoeren: ‘Surely a candidate who cannot withstand the strain of a rigorous campaign is unlikely to be equal to the even greater pressures of the Presidency’.1 Carter wilde met een zogeheten presidential primary route strategy deelnemen aan alle Democratische voorverkiezingen en caucussen, want alleen zo konden zoveel mogelijk partij-aanhangers een oordeel over hem vellen.2 Carter meende dat zo’n strategie passend was voor politieke kandidaten in een tijd waarin het vertrouwen van de Amerikanen in de regering, aanvankelijk door de Vietnamoorlog en later door het Watergateschandaal, sterk was afgenomen. Bovendien was Carter een presidentskandidaat uit het diepe Zuiden van de Verenigde Staten, een regio waar de rassenscheiding altijd het meest strikt was nageleefd. Vanwege die segregatie waren zuidelijke Democraten lange tijd niet in aanmerking gekomen voor de presidentiële nominatie van hun partij.3 Met zijn primary-strategie wilde Carter ook in het Noorden en Westen stemmen winnen, om daarmee aan te tonen dat presidentskandidaten uit het Deep South niet langer kansloos waren. De inschatting dat hij een nationale kandidaat kon zijn maakte Carter op basis van recente ontwikkelingen. De economische groei in het Zuiden en de daarmee gepaard gaande migratie naar de regio hadden geleid tot een herschikking van wat de historicus Bruce Schulman de Amerikaanse politieke ‘national power’ noemt. Die macht was verschoven van het Noorden naar de Sunbelt, de streek die het Zuiden en het Zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten tot aan Californië omvat. Tevens was er een ‘Southernization of American life’ opgetreden, waarbij kenmerkende aspecten van de zuidelijke maatschappij hun weg vonden naar het Noorden en daar ‘gewoon’ werden. Dit proces was mogelijk geworden door de desegregatie van de jaren zestig, waardoor gematigde zuidelijke Democraten aansluiting kregen bij de liberale partijfactie in het Noorden 1 Jimmy Carter, ‘Why I Am Running’ in: The New York Times, 5 september 1975. 2 Ralph M. Goldman, Search for Consensus. The Story of the Democratic Party
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