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What One Intelligence Test Measures: a Theoretical Account of the Processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Unclassified) 12 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 319 811 TM 015 132 AUTHOR Carpenter, Patricia A.; And Others TITLE What One Intelligence Test Measures: ATheoretical Account of the Processing in the RavenPte.. eL=zsive Matrices Test. INSTITUTION Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, Pa.Dept. of Psychology. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Rockville, Md.; Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va. PUB DATE 3 Apr 90 CONTRACT MH-00661; MH-00662; N00014-89-J-1218 NOTE Ap. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Abstract Reasoning; Cognitive Measurement; *Cognitive Processes; *College Students; Computer Assisted Testing; Higher Education; *Intelligence Tests; *Nonverbal Tests; Problem Solving; Psychological Testing; Simulation IDENTIFIERS Analytic Ability; BETTERAVEN Computer Program; FAIRAVEN Computer Program; *Raven Progressive Matrices; Tower of Hanoi Problem ABSTRACT The cognitive processes in a widely used, non-verbal test of analytic intelligence--the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (J. C. Raven, 1962)--were analyzed. The analysis determined which processes distinguished between higher-scoring and lower-scoring subjects and which processes were common to all subjects and all items on the test. The analysis was based on detailed performance characteristics on the Tower of Hanoi puzzle such as verbal protocols, lye fixation patterns, and errors. The theory was expressed as a pair of computer simulation models--FAIRAVEN and BETTERAVEN--that performed like the median or best subjects in the samples of 12 and 22 college students. The processing characteristic common to all subjects was an incremental, reiterative strategy for encoding and inducing tie regularities in each problem. The processes that distinguished among individuals were primarily the ability to induce abstract relations and the ability to manage dynamically a large set of problem-solving goals in working memory. Five sample test items, 3 tables, 12 figures, an appendix summarizing correct solutions by the models, and a 59-item list of references are included. (SLD) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ****** * ********* ****************** ********** ***************** ***** ***** WHAT ONE INTELLIGENCE TEST MEASURES: A THEORETICAL ACCOUNT OF THE PROCESSING IN THE RAVEN PROGRESSIVE MATRICES TEST Patricia A. Carpenter Marcel Adam Just Peter Shell Psychology Department Carnegie Mellon University In Press Psychological Review The research reported here was supported in part by Contract N00014 _,J-1218 with the Cognitive Science Program of the Office of Naval Research.Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.Reperduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United bta,,es Government. E trZTIWW33TAIUTWIWdillSPA 41.1MIIMM REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRIC.IVE MARKINGS Unclassified 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b.DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE . distribution unlimited 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERS) ONR90-1 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE. SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION (If applicable) Carnegie Mellon University Cognitive Science Program Office of Naval Research (Code 1142PT) 6c. ADDRESS (Gty, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) Department of Psychology 800 North Quincy Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Arlington, VA 22217-5000 Ba. NAME OF FUNDING /SPONSORING 61,. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) N00014-89-J-1218 8c. ADDRESS (City, State,and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE C- ':UNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NC 0602233N RM33M20 9 4428017- 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) What One Intelligence Test Measures: A Theoretical Account of the Processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Unclassified) 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) t ---------- Patricia A. Carpenter, Marcel Adam Just, & Peter Shell 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT Technical FROM TO 90, 04, 03 70 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION . 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue onreverse if necessary and identify by block numbe-) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Measurement of intelligence, reasoning, 05 09 problem-solving, individual differences 19.ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify byblock number) ... This paper analyzes the cognitive processes ina widely used, non-verbal test of analytic intelligence, the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Raven, 1962).The analysis determines which processes distinguish between higher-scoring and lower-scoring subjects and whichprocesses are common to all subjects and all items on the test.The analysis is based on detailed performance characteristicssuch as verbal protocols, eye fixation patterns and errors.The theory is expressed as a pair of computer simulation models that perform like the median or best college students in the sample. The processing characteristic that is common to all subjects isan incremental, reiterative strategy for encoding and inducing the regularities in each problem.Tha processes that distinguish among individuals are primarily the ability to induce abstract relations andthe ability to dynamically manage a large set of problem-solving goals in working memory. ,........ 20. DISTRIBUTION / AVAICABIUTY.DF ABSTRACT 1517 ABSTRACT SECURITYCLASSIFICATION 121UNCLASSIFIEWUNLIMITED SAME AS RPT. OTIC USERS Unclassified 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLVINDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Indude Area Code)22c. OFFIcE SYMBOL Dr. Susan Chipman 202-696-4318 ONR1142CS 11111111. 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. DD rollm1473;84mpa'' SECURITY CLASSIMTION OF THIS PAGE All other editions are obsolete. 1 Abstract This paper analyzes the cognitive processes in a widely used, non-verbal testof analytic intelligence, the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Raven,1962). The analysis determines which processes distinguish between higher-scoring andlower-scoring subjects and which processes are common to all subjects and all items on the test.The analysis is based on detailed performance characteristics such as verbalprotocols, eye fixation patterns and errors.The theory is expressed as a pair of computer simulation models thatperform like the median or best college students in the sample. The processing characteristic that is common to all subjectsis an incremental, re- iterative strategy for encoding and inducing the regularities in eachproblem.The processes that distinguish among individuals are primarily the ability to indur-,abstract relations and the ability to dynamically manage a large set of problem-solvinggoals in working memory. 2 This paper analyzes a form of thinking that is prototypical of what psychologists consider to be analytic intelligence.We will use the term "analytic intelligence" to refer to the ability to reason and solve problems involving new information, without relying extensively on an explicit base of declarative knowledge derived from either schooling or previous experience.In the theory of R. Cattell (1963). this form of intelligence has been labeled fluid intelligence and has been contrasted with crystallized intelligence. which more directly reflects the previously acquired knowledge and skills that have been crystallized with experience.Thus, analytic int.1ligence refers to the ability to deal with novelty. to adapt one's thinking to a new cognitive problem.In this paper. we provide a theoretical account of what it means to perform well on a classic test of analytic intelligence. the Raven Progressive Matrices test (Raven. 1962). This paper describes a detailed theoretical model of the processes in solving the Raven test. contrasting the performance of college students who are less successful in solving the problems to those who are more successful. The model is based on multiple dependent measures. including verbal reports. eye fixations and patterns of errors on different types of problems.The experimental investigations led to the development of computer simulation models that test the sufficiency of our analysis. Two computer simulathins. FAIRAVEN and BETTERAVEN. express the differences between good and extremely good performance on the test.FAIRAVEN performs like the median college student in our sample: BETTERAVEN performs like one of the very best.BETTERAVEN differs from FAIRAVEN in two major ways.BETTERAVEN has the ability to induce more abstract relations than FAIRAVEN.In addition. BETTERAVEN has the ability to manage a larger set of goals in working memory and hence can solve morecomplex problems.The two models and the contrast between them specify the nature of the analytic intelligence required to perform the test and the nature of individual differences in this type of intelligence. There are several reasons why the Raven test provides an appropriate test bed to analyze analytic intelligence.First. the size and stability of the individual differences that the test elicits. even among college students. suggest that the underlying differences in cognitive processes are susceptible to cognitive analysis.Second, the relatively large number of items on the test (36 problems) permits an adequate data base for the theoretical and experimental analyses of the problem-solving behavior.Third, the visual format of the problems makes it possible to
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