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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Anti Trichomonas Activity of Leaf, Stem, and Flower of Rheum Ribes L. Extracts Abstrac

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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Anti Trichomonas Activity of Leaf, Stem, and Flower of Rheum Ribes L. Extracts Abstrac Original Research Paper Chemical composition of essential oil and anti trichomonas activity of leaf, stem, and flower of Rheum ribes L. extracts Forough Naemi1, Gholamreza Asghari2*, Hossein Yousofi3, Hossein Ali Yousefi3 ‎1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I. R. Iran 2Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I. R. Iran 3Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I. R. Iran Article history: Abstract Received: Oct 14, 2013 Received in revised form: Objectives: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually Nov 7, 2013 transmitted diseases in humans and is caused by the protozoan Accepted: Nov 11, 2013 Trichomonas vaginalis. Nowadays, increasing resistance to drugs Vol. 4, No. 3, May-Jun 2014, such as metronidazole resulted in many problem, so new effective 191-199 remedies are needed. In this study, we evaluate constituents of essential oil and anti-trichomonas activity of Rheum ribes. * Corresponding Author: Materials and Methods: The essential oil from Rheum ribes L. Tel: +983117922644 flower growing wild in Iran was analyzed by GC/MS. The Fax: +983116680011 parasites were treated with different extract and fractions of the [email protected] flower, stem, and leave of the plant. Anti-trichomonas activity was Keywords: evaluated using an in vitro assay. Essential oil Results: In all, 19 compounds were identified; palmitic acid Rheum ribes [27.08%], n-eicosane [9.9%], n-tetracosane [7.34%], linoleic acid Trichomonas vaginalis [6.56%], and ethyl linoleate [4.76%] were the main components of the oil. Rheum ribes extracts and fractions concentration dependently inhibited the ability of parasites to growth. This was associated with polarity of solvent used for fractionation and plant parts used for extraction. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate the potential of Rheum ribes extracts as an anti-trichomonas agent for human use. Further studies are required to evaluate its toxicity and safety. Please cite this paper as: Naemi F, Asghari G, Yousofi H, Yousefi H. Chemical composition of essential oil and anti trichomonas activity of leaf, stem, and flower of Rheum ribes L. extracts. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2014; 4 (3): 191-199.‎ Introduction 100 million new people every year and it Volvovaginitis as a common medical is the most prevalent non-viral sexually problem can lead to considerable infection. Infant mortality, preterm discomfort and repeated medical visits. delivery or low birth weight, and Infection, allergy, and systemic diseases susceptibility to HIV infection are related can happen due to volvovaginitis. Its main to trichomoniasis(Schwebke and Burgess, causes before menopause are bacterial 2004; Upcroft and Upcroft, 2001; Patel et vaginitis, volvovaginal candidiasis, and al., 2000; Petrin et al., 1998). Trichomonas vaginalis (Nyirjesy et al., Metronidazole is the approved drug for 2006). Trichomoniasis infects more than the treatment of trichomoniasis, but some AJP, Vol. 4, No. 3, May-Jun 2014 191 Naemi et al. resistant strains have been detected chrysophanol derivatives (Naqishbandi et (Edwards, 1993; Grossman and Galask, al., 2009; Abu-Irmaileh and Afifi, 2003; 1990). In addition, it is inhibited in the Tabata et al., 1994) and it can be first trimester of pregnancy, drug allergy, considered as a potential candidate for and sometimes for side effects. Therefore, melioration/management of type II we need to find new alternative drugs for diabetes (Kasabri et al., 2011). It can trichomoniasis control. In all over the decrease plasma lipids at the rank of or world, there is a widespread acceptance for more than nicotinic acid (Hadjzadeh et al., using medicinal herbs. Herbal remedies 2004; Hajzadeh and Jafari, 2004). have significant benefits such as fewer It was reported that, it has good effects side effects, better patient tolerance, and on lipid as well as glucose profile in type better accessibility (Vermani and Garg, II diabetic hypercholesterolemia patients 2002). without any adverse effect on kidney and Rheum ribes L. is a member of the liver (Falah Hosseini et al., 2008). polygonaceae family which is distributed Moreover, it was demonstrated to have in Iran and a few neighboring countries antimicrobial activity against Bacillus (Fazli-bazaz et al., 2005). It is a perennial subtilis and Enterobactera erogenes (Alan and cultivated in some temperate countries et al., 2012) Staphylococcus aureus for its edible red leaf stalks (Dehkardy, (Alaadin et al., 2007) P. aeruginosa, and 2002; Zargari, 1991). Its Persian name is Proteus spp (Fazli-bazaz et al., 2005). “Rivas”‎ (Zargari,‎ 1991).‎ Traditionally, it Moreover, it is showed to possess anti- has been used in Iran as sedative and mood HSV activity (Hudson et al., 2000). enhancer (Sayyah et al., 2009) and in Flower extract of the plant effectively Turkey for the treatment of urinary reduced disease incidence of cumin wilt inflammation and as a diuretic agent (Ghorbany and Salary, 2005). Some (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010). In Iran, studies showed an antioxidant effect of R. the plant roots are used as oriental laxative ribes (Ozturk et al., 2007) and the medicine and an anti-psoriatic drug anticholinesterase effect (50%) due to both (Shokravi and Agha Nasiri, 1997). Fresh terpenoides and alkaloids stems and petioles are used as appetizer (Gholamhoseinian et al., 2012; and digestive in Turkey. Its rhizomes are Gholamhoseinian et al., 2009). The R. used to treat hypertension, obesity, and ribes is considered a rich source of kidney sand and stones (Abu-Irmaileh and vitamins A, B, C, and E (Falah Hosseini et Afifi, 2003). Young shoots and petioles al., 2008) and also minerals such as are consumed against diarrhea, stomachic, aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, and antiemetic. It is used against magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, zinc hemorrhoids, measles, smallpox, and (Ozcan et al., 2007), cupper (Andiç et al., cholagogue (Baytop, 1999) and also 2009), and selenium (Munzuroglu et al., against ulcer, as anti-helmintic, and 2000). Chemical studies on the roots of R. expectorant (Tabata et al., 1994). The stem ribes showed presence of chrysophanol, and root have been used for the treatment physcion, rhein, aloeemodin, physcion-8- of anemia, anorexia, weakness, anxiety, O-glucoside, aloeemodin-8-O-glucoside, and it has good effects on major sennoside A, rhaponticin (Tuzlaci and depressive disorder (Sayyah et al., 2009). Meric li, 1992; Meric li and Tuzlaci, 1990), Its hydroalcoholic extract has some and flavonoids (Octay et al., 2007; Zargari, effective in treatment of obsessive 1991). compulsive disorders (Sayyah et al., 2011). In this study, we examined in vitro It has a significant hypoglycemic effect activity of plant part extracts to figure out due to anthraquinone glycosides of aloe which part is more efficiently active emodin, emodin, physcion, and against Trichomonas vaginalis. AJP, Vol. 4, No. 3, May-Jun 2014 192 Anti trichomonas activity of Rheum ribes Materials and Methods evaporator, the extracts were concentrated Plant materials at low temperature and pressure. The crude The fresh leaves, stems and flowers of methanol extracts (10 ml) were reserved Rheum ribes in flowering stage were for evaluation of anti-trichomonas activity. collected in May 2012 from the Alvand The remaining extract were mixed with mountain, altitude 3111 m, Isfahan methanol (90 ml) and water (10 ml) and province, Iran. The plant was recognized then partitioned using n-hexane (3×100 by Mr. Parvazian, technical officer of ml) and dichloromethane (3×100 ml), Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University sequentially. Finally, 11 fractions were of Medical Sciences, Iran. The voucher obtained including total extract specimen was deposited in the herbarium (methanol), hexane fraction, of faculty of pharmacy and Pharmaceutical dichloromethane fraction, and residual Sciences (Voucher specimen No. 2291). aqueous fraction. The extracts and Then, it was cut to pieces, air dried for fractions were dried in room temperature. seven days, and were ground into powder. The dry extracts were kept in air tight containers for in vitro anti-trichomonas GC –MS Analysis screening (Muhit et al., 2010). The air-dried flower of the plant was powdered. The essential oil of powdered Preparation of test microorganism flower was obtained using hydro-distillation. Trichomonas vaginalis was obtained Then essential oil was injected to GC- from parasitology lab of Isfahan Mass apparatus (Agilent 6890) equipped University of Medical Science, which was with a HP-5MS fused silica column isolated from vaginal discharge of female (30×0.25 mm2: film thickness 0.25 µm) patients attending to Obstetric and and interfaced with a Agilent 5975 mass Gynecology Clinic at Shahrekord. This selective detector. The oven temperature parasite was cultured in vitro at 37 °C in was programmed from 60 -280 °C at rate TYIS33. Log phase culture was diluted of 4 °C/min. Helium was used as carrier with TYIS33 medium for obtaining 10000 gas at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Other cell/ml. Extracts and fractions were diluted conditions of the instrument were as with water to obtain final concentration of follows: ionization voltage 70 eV, injector 0.125, 0.25, 5, and 10 mg/ml and then the temperature 280 °C, and ion source extracts and fractions (100 µl) were mixed temperature 200 °C. Identification of with parasite (10 µl) + medium (890 µl). components of oil were based on GC Metronidazole (100 µl) + parasite (10 µl) retention indices relative to n-alkenes and + medium (890 µl) were used as positive computer matching with the WILEY275.L control. Medium (100 µl + 890 µl = library, as well as by comparison of the 990µl) + parasite (10 µl) was used as fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra negative control. with those reported in the literature All tubes were incubated at 37 °C. (Adams, 1995; Davies, 1990). After 24 and 48 hours, samples were taken from each tube and viable parasites, Extraction and fractionation completely active and flagella active were The crude extract was prepared by counted with hemocytometer in triplicate.
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