Leonidas Kavakos Enrico Pace

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Leonidas Kavakos Enrico Pace Martedì 24 gennaio 2017, ore 20.30 10 SALA VERDI DEL CONSERVATORIO Leonidas Kavakos violino Enrico Pace pianoforte Janácˇek - Sonata per violino e pianoforte Schubert - Fantasia in do maggiore D 934 Messiaen - Thème et variations Beethoven - Sonata n. 10 in sol maggiore op. 96 Di turno Direttore artistico Franca Cella Paolo Arcà Lodovico Barassi 5 minuti prima di ascoltare: Gaia Varon Con il contributo e il patrocinio di Leosˇ Janácˇek (Hukvaldy 1854 - Ostrava 1928) Sonata per violino e pianoforte (ca. 19’) I. Con moto II. Ballada III. Allegretto IV. Adagio l Anno di composizione: 1914/15 (rev. 1916/22) l Prima esecuzione: Brno, 24 aprile 1922 Tra gli appunti della Sonata per violino, si trova la data dell’1 agosto segnata in rilievo da Janácˇek. La data si riferisce alla dichiarazione di guerra della Ger- mania alla Russia, che segnava allo stesso tempo l’inizio delle ostilità tra Russia e Impero austro-ungarico. Janácˇek era convinto che la soluzione ai problemi della nazione ceca e morava passasse per la distruzione dell’odiato oppressore austro-tedesco, quindi sperava ardentemente in una rapida vittoria delle for- ze russe, corse in soccorso dei fratelli slavi attaccati. Non tutti però erano di questo avviso, nemmeno tra i nazionalisti cechi, che speravano piuttosto in una sorta di autonomia all’interno dell’Impero sull’esempio di quella ottenuta dagli ungheresi con la riforma costituzionale del 1867. In questo clima eccitato dalle notizie provenienti dal fronte, ma tutto sommato non molto diverso dagli anni precedenti la Guerra, Janácˇek lavorava alla sua terza Sonata per violino, l’u- nica in effetti a raggiungere lo stadio definitivo di lavoro ufficiale e pubblicato. Nel 1922, all’epoca della prima esecuzione della Sonata, finalmente rivista e ri- toccata in maniera definitiva, Janácˇek ricordava come avesse scritto il lavoro “mentre aspettavamo i russi in Moravia”. Il focoso maestro, che aveva appena compiuto 60 anni, non doveva tuttavia essere ritenuto un pericoloso nemico in- terno dalle autorità, che non presero alcun provvedimento nei suoi confronti per tutta la durata del conflitto. La curatrice dell’Edizione critica della Sonata, Alena Nemcova, suggerisce l’ipotesi che il lavoro sia stato scritto in realtà prima della Guerra, non solo perché l’unico riferimento al conflitto è la data aggiunta sugli abbozzi, ma anche perché almeno un movimento, “Ballada”, era stato scrit- to alcuni mesi prima come pezzo indipendente e pubblicato a parte nel 1915. Nel corso delle varie revisioni, “Ballada” venne aggiunto, quasi senza ritocchi, prima in terza e infine in seconda posizione all’interno della Sonata. Le correzioni e i ripensamenti continuarono tuttavia fino al 1922, quando la posizione di Janácˇek nella musica ceca e internazionale era totalmente cambiata. All’epoca della pri- ma versione, Janácˇek era ancora uno stimato maestro di provincia e niente più, noto soprattutto per il suo lavoro sul folklore moravo. Dopo la Guerra invece, soprattutto grazie al clamoroso successo del suo teatro dopo la riscoperta dell’o- pera Jenufa, la musica di Janácˇek aveva varcato i confini della Cecoslovacchia e conquistato l’attenzione della critica internazionale. Questa svolta risulta evi- dente anche nella Sonata per violino, che nella versione definitiva mette in luce i debiti con lo stile operistico e la vicinanza con la sua ultima opera Kat’a Kabano- va. Il tema principale del primo movimento, “Con moto”, e il tema d’apertura del terzo, “Allegretto”, riecheggiano in maniera marcata alcuni motivi dell’opera. Aldilà delle somiglianze tematiche, la scrittura frammentaria e psicoanalitica dei due strumenti, sottoposti a repentini scarti d’umore e impressionistiche ac- celerazioni emotive, sembra pescare direttamente nello stile teatrale, malgra- do Janácˇek si sforzi, in maniera eccezionale nella sua produzione strumentale, di conferire alla forma una struttura tradizionale, con i due movimenti laterali composti in forma sonata e l’“Allegretto” in stile di scherzo con trio. Guerra o no, la Sonata per violino non è un lavoro eroico, ma nasconde dietro la sua ap- passionata vitalità un fondo di tragedia e di disperazione, che trova forse la sua espressione migliore nelle scarne battute in tempo “Adagio” alla fine dell’ultimo movimento, con la dolce melodia intonata dal pianoforte che muore poco a poco tra i rintocchi funebri di un sol diesis minore. Franz Schubert (Vienna 1797 - 1828) Fantasia in do maggiore D 934 (ca. 27’) Andante molto - Allegretto - Andantino - Allegro - Allegretto - Presto l Anno di composizione: 1827 l Anno di pubblicazione: Vienna, 1850 L’ultimo lavoro scritto da Schubert per il duo violino e pianoforte, che compare in maniera sporadica nella sua produzione, è una forma ibrida come la Fantasia. La scarsa presenza di sonate a due nel catalogo di Schubert forse non è da at- tribuire a una mancanza d’interesse verso questa forma, ma a un declino gene- rale di questo genere nella musica viennese, che già si manifesta in Beethoven alla fine del primo decennio dell’Ottocento. La nuova generazione di virtuosi richiede ai compositori lavori meno elaborati dal punto di vista formale e più ricchi di passaggi spettacolari, che mettano in luce la bravura dell’esecutore, sulla falsariga delle stelle del belcanto italiano che si esibiscono in teatri traboc- canti di spettatori. Proprio per due giovani virtuosi cechi, il pianista Karl Maria von Bocklet e il violinista Josef Slavik, subito accostato a Paganini dalla critica al suo arrivo a Vienna, Schubert scrive nel dicembre del 1827 la Fantasia in do maggiore, eseguita in pubblico nel gennaio dell’anno successivo senza grande successo. Il lavoro deve aspettare fino alla metà dell’Ottocento per essere pub- blicato postumo, continuando tuttavia a non destare particolare attenzione. La Fantasia infatti presenta la scrittura brillante e virtuosistica richiesta dall’occa- sione, ma conserva allo stesso tempo gran parte delle qualità artistiche dell’ul- timo Schubert. Per molti versi si potrebbe considerare la Fantasia una sorta di compendio del suo ultimo stile, anche se in una forma rapsodica e non organica. La prima caratteristica che balza in primo piano è lo stile orchestrale della scrit- tura, con il tremolo dell’accompagnamento pianistico che sale come un suono nebbioso per preparare l’ingresso del violino. Questo tipo di tecnica, introdotta nella musica da camera da Schubert a partire dall’Ottetto, trova pochi mesi dopo la sua espressione più alta nel Quintetto per archi in do maggiore, con il quale la Fantasia ha delle marcate affinità, a partire dal tema principale del violi- no, con la sua ambigua oscillazione iniziale tra minore e maggiore. Il la minore dell’“Allegretto” successivo, collegato senza interruzioni al precedente episodio come tutti gli altri segmenti, mette in luce quella noncuranza apparentemente svagata già presente nella coppia di Trii con pianoforte dell’estate preceden- te, scritta anch’essa per l’amico Bocklet. In maniera analoga, sotto la scrittura brillante dei due strumenti cova un irrequieto malessere, che spinge il tema a divorare sempre nuove armonie, infilandosi come in un cul de sac in cromatismi ingarbugliati senza sbocco. Sull’ultima sospensione si schiude invece un pae- saggio del tutto nuovo e diverso con l’“Andantino” in la bemolle maggiore, che rappresenta il cuore espressivo della Fantasia. Schubert si rivolge di nuovo alla forma favorita della sua musica da camera, il tema con variazioni, prendendo spunto da un Lied intitolato Sei mir gegrüßt, ricevi il mio saluto. Per essere esatti, la seconda frase del tema cita il Lied, laddove il testo recita esattamente le parole del titolo. La frase, apparentemente affettuosa, nasconde però una piccola ferita, con l’irregolare sottolineatura dell’accordo di do maggiore, che in questo contesto armonico risuona come una specie di dissonanza dolorosa. Nel mondo riservato e chiuso di Schubert, questa citazione sembra un messaggio in codice, decifrabile solo da chi è in grado di riconoscere il senso e il destinatario. Proprio la frase del saluto viene elaborata per fare da ponte verso il finale e il ritorno della tonalità di do maggiore, che ricompare nella forma originale del tema, come un ricordo dell’inizio. In questo sembra di riconoscere una sorta di omaggio a Beethoven, scomparso da pochi mesi. L’idea ciclica della forma era affiorata già nelle sue ultime opere, ma il ricordo di Beethoven sembra anni- darsi soprattutto nello stile affermativo e kantiano dell’“Allegro vivace” finale, così poco affine alla sensibilità di Schubert. Infatti l’autore declina a modo suo questo finale, non solo offuscando il nitore diatonico del tema con modulazioni ambigue, ma soprattutto aprendo uno squarcio lirico nell’eroismo schilleriano dell’“Allegro” con la citazione completa del Lied nella tonalità di la bemolle mag- giore, prima di terminare la Fantasia nel segno di una coralità d’intenti positiva che sembra più che altro un ottimismo della volontà. Olivier Messiaen (Avignone 1908 - Clichy 1992) Thème et variations (ca. 11’) Thème. Modéré - Var. I. Modéré - Var. II Un peu moins Modére - Var. III Modéré, avec éclat - Var. IV Vif et passionné - Var. V Tres modéré l Anno di composizione: 1932 l Prima esecuzione: Parigi, 22 novembre 1932 Il 22 giugno 1932 Messiaen sposava la violinista Claire Delbos. Rimasta orfana in tenera età del padre, il filosofo e professore della Sorbona Victor Delbos, Claire, soprannominata Mi, fu una figura molto importante per Messiaen, che scrisse per lei vari lavori tra i quali lo splendido ciclo vocale Poèmes pour Mi. La loro unione fu minata dopo la guerra dall’insorgere della malattia mentale, che costrinse Claire a vivere gli ultimi anni in una clinica psichiatrica. L’estate del 1932 tuttavia fu un periodo molto felice e ricco di grandi speranze. Messiaen aveva ottenuto il posto di organista alla Chiesa della Trinité, che raggiungeva ogni giorno con una bella traversata di Parigi a piedi dalla nuova casa della coppia in rue des Plantes, oltre il Cimitero di Montparnasse.
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