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continued from page 50 > lished hierarchical relations. Geeske whose paper demonstrated how multi- tural Logics of Transnationality, Durham, Info > Boode illustrated this by showing how ethnicity in Malaysian companies can be London: Duke University Press (1999). Others show that either Western or cultural boundaries between Thai staff an asset as well as a liability to both man- – Pries, Ludger, ‘The approach of transnation- The interdisciplinary ASEF-Alliance local styles of doing business are advo- and Western management, cast in per- agement and staff. al social space’, in: Pries, Ludger (ed.), New sponsored workshop ‘Transnation- cated instead of some hybrid mix of sistent unequal power relations, gener- In the final analysis, organizational Transnational Social Space. International al Exchanges: Business Networks both. As Helen Kopnina pointed out, ate and enforce structures and practices change always challenges group iden- migration and transnational companies in the and Identity Formation in Nine- recruitment practices in small- and of domination. In contrast, Hyunghae tities and sets new targets for identifi- early twenty-first century, London: Routledge teenth and Twentieth Century Asia medium-scale Singaporean Chinese Byun and Sierk Ybema demonstrated cation. Mergers, acquisitions, strategic (2001), pp. 3-36. and Europe’ was organized as a companies may show a preference for that such structures and practices of alliances, and diverse forms of part- joint activity of the Free University, professional managers over family domination are reproduced in Western nerships between both large- and small- Prof. Heidi Dahles is Professor in Organiza- Amsterdam and the University of members; this, however, does not nec- contexts by Asian (in this case Japanese) scale enterprises generate new organi- tional Anthropology at the Department of Cul- Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The papers essarily imply that family ties and pater- companies, which maintain a strict hier- zational forms and necessitate the ture, Organization and Management, Free presented at the workshop will be nalist hierarchies do not figure in the archical and top-down approach to man- redefinition and renegotiation of orga- University, Amsterdam. Her research focuses published in an edited volume and power relations within the firms. agement based in an integration per- nizational boundaries. The disappear- on processes of identity formation in multi-eth- a special issue of a business jour- It is becoming more and more spective. In transnational organizations, ance of borders, in both past and pres- nic organizations in Southeast Asia. nal. The abstracts are available at: accepted, in both managerial and schol- inter-organizational relationships ent, has not necessarily led to more [email protected] www.asia-alliance.org arly debates, that heterarchy1 should between groups of people from differ- openness or cosmopolitan orientation, replace hierarchy and local autonomy ent cultural, ethnic, religious, gender, but has given rise to the emergence of should replace centralized decision and class backgrounds pose problems socially constructed borders within and making, resulting in an ‘integrated vari- in terms of management of group inter- across spaces. < Note > ety’ model of management that com- ests and the management of boundaries bines the autonomy of local manage- between these groups. There is a multi- References 1 heterarchy: lit.: ‘the rule of foreigners’; in the context of late capitalist organi- ment with the integrative regime of a plicity of coordination and control ele- – Gunder Frank, Andre and Barry Giles, The zations this concept refers to diverse loci of power and control within and global organization. Nonetheless, man- ments, and there may be considerable World System: Five Hundred Years or Five outside these organizations, which are partly converging, partly conflicting, agement practices in transnational com- tensions between them, as discussed by Thousand?, London: Routledge (1992). and continuously changing in a complex global economy. panies often perpetuate long- estab- Mhinder Bhopal and Chris Rowley, – Ong, Aihwa, Flexible Citizenship. The Cul-

Asia and : A Missing Link of Nearly Seven Million Words The significance of the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) archives for research on the seventeenth entered the vocabulary of the inhabitants of the colonized Research > and eighteenth centuries was fully acknowledged earlier this year when the organization’s complete archives, regions of the Cape. Some words were part of the standard General including the relevant archives held at the Archives Repository, were incorporated into the Memory trade jargon, referring to beautiful and exotic fabrics, while of the World list of UNESCO, the cultural branch of the United Nations. The Resolutions of the Council of other words referred to social behaviour. Words like pikol (Afr. Policy of the VOC, covering the whole period of Dutch occupation of the from 1651 to 1795, are aanpiekel), combaars, baadjoe, piering, and bakkaleien (from presently being digitized by two TANAP (Toward A New Age of Partnership) teams in Cape Town. eastern , Afr. baklei, to quarrel or fight) were even- tually incorporated into Afrikaans. Drawing of Bali The work involved in the digitizing project was carried out For geographers and onomasticians the resolutions offer opposite of in two phases by a team of two computer experts and two an extremely rich source for place-name research, including Banjoewangie, early proofreaders. Firstly, the 121 already published volumes were the names of regions, rivers, mountains, and towns, being nineteenth century. scanned, digitized in Word, proofread, corrected and finally either of Dutch or indigenous origin. The fact that the texts converted into XML format. Secondly, of the 110 volumes also include a large number of personal names of VOC concerning the transcription project, 75 volumes which were employees, casual visitors, freemen and their families, high- initially transcribed in Word had to be converted into XML profile Easterners banned from their countries, and slaves format. (The remaining 35 volumes of the transcription proj- and their families, should be of great importance to genealog- ect are transcribed directly in XML format.) At present, ships’ ical research. Those interested in maritime history can find names and geographical names are two of the encoded text many ships’ names, reconstruct sea routes, locate ship- types. Once the encoding has been done, searches may be wrecks, and much more besides. After the completion of the executed on the Internet and all the encoded information cov- editing later this year, the sources will be made available on ering these subjects may be extracted. When the information the TANAP website. < has been converted into XML as data, it can be made avail- able, for instance, in either printed or electronic format. Dr Helena Liebenberg is a language researcher who is presently The publication of the massive quantity of information involved in the transcription project in Cape Town, transcribing sev- By Helena Liebenberg contained within these 231 volumes will not only be of inter- enteenth- and eighteenth-century Dutch documents and translat- est to historians, sociologists, and anthropologists, but is also ing these texts into modern Afrikaans and English on request. She rom 1652 to 1795 the Council of Policy was the highest expected to capture the attention of linguists, as it offers has a keen interest in the origin and development of languages, in Fgoverning body at the Cape. Prior to 1652, on 26 June examples of Asian influence on the development of the particular Afrikaans. 1649 to be exact, Leendert Jansz and M. Proot compiled a Afrikaans language. A number of words from Malay origin [email protected] remonstrantie or short exposition of the advantages that the VOC would derive from a fort and garden at the Cape of Good www.tanap.net Hope (C. 274 ‘Letters received’). Jan van Riebeeck com- mented on this letter in June 1651. According to the relevant documents the Council of Policy had already been established Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Koloniën, 4.MIKO, inventarisnummer G1.6. Collectie Nicolaas Engelhard (1761-1831). Engelhard Nicolaas Collectie G1.6. inventarisnummer 4.MIKO, Koloniën, van Ministerie Haag, Den Archief, Nationaal before the landing at the on 6 April 1652,

since the first resolutions that Jan van Riebeeck and the Anna de Koningh, < Council of Policy took were recorded on board the daughter of Angela Drommedaris, when the Council was actually known as the of Bengal, a slave Broad Council (made up of captains and other high-ranking woman at the Cape officials of the fleet). When the captains of the fleet that and an unknown founded the settlement left the Cape, other officials were white father. Anna, appointed in their stead. The meetings of the Council of Pol- married to Oloff Mar- icy did not take place regularly but were dependent upon the tini Bergh, a VOC commander, who was the convener. All letters from the Lords official, was the Seventeen (the Directorate in Amsterdam) and from Batavia progenitress of the had to be opened and discussed at the Council meeting. Bergh family in Responses had to be drawn up by the Council and signed by South Africa. After all members. All written work was carried out under the Anna’s birth and hav- Council’s supervision. ing been emancipat- In order to make all this information available to the world ed, Angela was mar- TANAP decided to launch and finance a transcription pro- ried to Arnoldus ject and a digitizing project. The former involves transcrib- Basson and in her ing 110 volumes (1744-1795) or approximately 4.5 million turn became the words. The latter involves scanning, digitizing, and convert- progenitress of the ing the 121 already published volumes (1652-1743) into XML, Basson family in Asia’s Past Secured Past Asia’s ‘to Register World the of Memory the launched UNESCO ago years Ten valu- the of preservation the upon calling amnesia collective against guard ensuring world the over all collections library and holdings archive able doc- the selected UNESCO August, of end the At dissemination.’ wide their among Register, the in included be to countries 20 of collections umentary which are the VOC archives worldwide. The enormous size and global archives VOC of kilometres the of listing the make archives these of spread unique. rather worldwide hard the rewarding indeed, landmark a is this programme, TANAP the For hoped is It years. last the over Koenders Pieter en Albada van J. of work par- records, of preservation stimulate will recognition UNESCO this that ticular those in India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia, which are often in a col- Western such that think still often Politicians condition. deplorable alone let history, national own their research to needed not are lections past, colonial despised a of remnants than Rather general. in history Asian studies. modern in use to put been have and can collections such Niemeijer Henk involving approximately 2.5 million words. South Africa. Repository Archives Town Cape the of Courtesy

IIAS Newsletter | #32 | November 2003 51