Geothermal Development in India
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Advancing the Role of Geospatial THEME Knowledge in Indian Economy 24-26 August 2021 HICC Hyderabad, India CLICK TO KNOW MORE Geothermal Development in India Mahesh Thakur Assistant Professor Centre of Advanced Study in Geology Panjab University Sector 14, Chandigarh India-160014 Outline Basic Concept Heat flow, Heat Production and Geothermal Geothermal Exploration Techniques Case Study of Dixie Valley, Nevada, USA Geothermal Resources in India Hot springs, Volcanoes Center of Advanced Study for Geothermal Energy (CASGE) PU Efforts for Geothermal Sector in India Future Scope Challenges to Geothermal Development in India Earth Age and Structure 4.54 Billion Years Present day Worldwide distribution of geothermal fields Active tectonic belts / plate boundaries / regions of high heat flow Sites of Quaternary volcanism (e.g., Pacific Ring of Fire) Gupta & Roy, 2006 Sources of Heat Flow Surface heat flow on Earth is due to 1) Secular cooling of the Earth (24 Tera Watt) 2) The remainder originates in the Earth interior through the radioactive decay of U, Th and K. (20 Tera Watt) Surface Heat Flow on the Continents Determination of Heat Flow Q= K dt/dz Q= Surface Heat Flow (mWm-2) K= Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) dt/dz= Geothermal gradient (oC/Km) SMU What is geothermal? • The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (Earth) and therme (heat). • The heat continuously flowing from the Earth’s interior, which travels primarily by conduction in the lithosphere, is estimated to be equivalent to 44 TW of power, and is expected to remain so for billions of years to come, ensuring an inexhaustible supply of energy. Why Geothermal ? Energy demand: base-load capacity (24x7), predictability Sustainability: sustainable resource. Lifetime of generation Climate/emissions: little land use, negligible to zero emissions Energy security: local resource and no fuel cost Competitive cost Geothermal Resource A reservoir inside the Earth from which heat can be extracted economically and utilized for generating electric power, suitable industrial, agricultural or domestic use. The essential requirements for a geothermal system to exist are: Large source of heat. Reservoir to accumulate heat. Barrier to hold the accumulated heat. Geothermal System Convective Hydrothermal Resources Convective Hydrothermal Resources occur where the Earth’s heat is carried upward by convective circulation of naturally occurring hot water or steam. Some high temperature convective hydrothermal resources result from deep circulation of water along fractures. White,1971 Electric Power Generation Geothermal power plants in operation at the present time are essential of three types Dry Steam power Plant Flash Power Plant Binary Power Plant / Organic Rankine Cycle Power Plant “Dry” Steam Power Plant Schematic Dry” steam extracted from natural reservoir 180-225 oC Flash Power Plant Schematic Dry” steam extracted from natural reservoir 180 oC Organic Rankine Cycle Power Plant Schematic Reservoir temperature 85-150 oC, closed system Direct Use of Geothermal Resources (T< 150 oC) (1) Swimming, bathing and balneology; (2) Space heating and cooling including district energy systems; (3) Agricultural applications such as greenhouse and soil heating; (4) Aquaculture application such as pond and raceway water heating; (5) Industrial applications such as mineral extraction, food and grain drying; (6) Geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps (GHP), used for both heating and cooling. Dixie Valley, Nevada, USA • Geology and Structure of Dixie Valley • 3D Inversion of Gravity data • Lopolith Removal using Magnetic data • 3D Thermal Modeling of Dixie Valley Thermal Modeling of Dixie Valley Geothermal System, Nevada Reno DV Nevada DEM of Dixie Valley, (USGS) 60 MW, Dixie Valley Power Plant, Nevada, USA Heat flow Data in Dixie Valley Geothermal Gradient oCkm-1 Elevation and Gravity Blue points are gravity station (2789) Lopolith Project Area Heat Refraction in 2D Vertical Variation of heat flow in wells due to heat refraction Conclusions Dixie Valley • Heat refraction and topographic effects increases subsurface temperatures in the Dixie Valley . • 3D thermal model conductive temperature at 5 km is 250 oC. • Humboldt lopolith will cause high velocities in the seismic studies causing difficulty in interpretation of the basement depth. • Moderately high heat flow anomalies along the valley range contact can be due to refraction of heat flow and may not be associated with any geothermal system. Geothermal Energy Resources in India In the Indian landmass, hot water springs occurring in different parts of the country represent the KNOWN potential geothermal energy resources. Usually moderate- to- low enthalpy resources Exception: Barren Islands (active volcano) Modified after GSI, 2002 Distribution of Hot Springs in India Puga-Chhumathang, Higher Himalaya Manikaran, etc. (active tectonic zone) (75-100 oC) Tapoban group Lesser Himalaya (50-80 oC) Tattapani group Central India (75-100 oC) (stable craton) Bakreshwar-Tantloi, Eastern India Surajkund, etc. (stable craton) (45-71 oC) SONATA group Central India (30-65 oC) Precambrian terrain (stable craton) West Coast group Deccan Traps (35-70 oC) (stable craton) (+ Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, etc.) No clear association with Quaternary or Late Tertiary magmatic heat source World Geothermal Installed Capacity Leading Countries in Electric Power Generation (Lund,2005) India has no Geothermal Installed Capacity . Centre of Advance Study for Geothermal Energy (CASGE) Geothermal power generation has five main components involved namely, Heat Flow data collection Exploration of geothermal reservoirs Data integration through Geographic Information System (GIS), Drilling strategy for geothermal reservoir, Reservoir engineering Installation of geothermal plant (energy conversion) Geothermal Gradient Resistance reading in KΩ Light aluminum reel for transport 600 m 4-conductor shielded cable Metering wheel for depth measurement Divided Bar Thermal Conductivity Warm end Copper Lexan ΔT1 } CopperCopper Rock ΔT2 sample Thermocouples CopperCopper Lexan ΔT3 Copper } Cold end q T11 T22 T33 Gamma Ray Spectrometer Germanium-Lithium detector crystal cooled with l5iquid nitrogen, Spectra analysis for eU, eTh and K with Canberra software, Puga Valley, Ladakh • Located in Tso Mori area south of Indus Suture Zone Puga is one of the most promising geothermal field of India. • The temperatures at Puga geothermal field rises upto 84°C. • The drilling has yielded steam which has temperatures upto 140°C and water stream mixtures with temperatures upto 125°C. • Thermal studies and chemical thermometry indicate reservoir temperature exceeding 220°C at a depth of 2.5 Km. • The Puga geothermal field is considered to have a geothermal potential of 3-20MWe Topographic map of Puga Hot springs Geological map of Puga Valley and Chamuthang area, Ladakh showing the major tectonic structures. Modified from Shankar et al., 1991; Azeez and Harinarayana, 2007. Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh • Manikaran is located in Parbati valley, Kullu district, HP. • The surface temperatures at Manikaran geothermal field are up to 96°C. • The hotsprings in Manikaran has been used for recreational purposes. • The utilization of geothermal energy can be seen in Gurudwara Shri Manikaran Sahib where food is prepared using the heat of geothermal water to feed the pilgrims visiting the shrine. • A 5KW geothermal power plant was installed in Manikaran which now stands abandoned after a landslide activity destroyed the plant. Field studies at Manikaran • Field studies are being done by Panjab University in Parbati valley geothermal fields of Manikaran and Kasol, H.P.. • GPR survey was conducted on and along the hot springs of Manikaran area. • The structures along the Parbati valley are being studied. Manikaran geothermal springs Food being cooked at Manikaran in geothermal spring. GPR survey in Manikaran, H.P. • GPR survey was done in Manikaran to identify cavities or vugs through which the geothermal water rises to the surface. GPR profile taken in Manikaran shows a high reflective zone which could possibly be a water layer sub-surface GPR profile Joint sets in Manikaran Quartzite Major river sub-basins of Indus Basin in Punjab (Area Coverage in %) Heat flow data collection in Punjab SK Sahoo, PRSC Rise in Number of Tubewells Year Diesel Operated Electric Operated Total (Lakh) 1980-81 3.2 2.8 6 1990-91 2 6 8 2000-01 2.85 7.88 10.73 2008-09 2.71 10.05 12.76 2009-10 2.7 11.06 13.76 2010-11 2.4 11.42 13.82 2011-12 2.26 11.57 13.83 2012-13 1.94 11.91 13.85 2013-14 1.79 12.26 14.05 2014-15 1.71 12.35 14.06 2015-16 1.65 12.54 14.19 Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Punjab Challenges in India • Data sharing for geothermal exploration between major Oil companies and Panjab University. • Government national policy on geothermal development needs to implemented. • India's industry representation in Geothermal is negligible. • Demonstration project is needed in order to show the geothermal potential in India. Thanks .