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New Generation of Solar Cell Technologies

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New Generation of Solar Cell Technologies New generation of solar cell technologies Emerging technologies and their impact on the society 9th March 2017 Dhayalan Velauthapillai Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Business Administration Campus Bergen Solar Power Capacity 2 DIFFERENT GENERATION OF SOLAR CELLS - First generation solar cells Single crystalline silicon (28 %) Multicrystalline silicon (21%) • 86% of the solar cell market • Cells made using crystalline silicon wafer. • Consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction diode. Source : http://www.24hoursolarstore.net/ 3 Advantages/Disadvantages of Silicon ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES › Second most • Need thick layer abundant element in the crust (crystalline) › Well-developed • Brittle processing • Limited substrates techniques › Huge market for • Expensive single crystalline Si crystals › Highest efficiency • Wastes during processing Second generation – Thin film solar cells Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) (20 %) Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) (17 %) 5 Emerging solar cell technologies • Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) • Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar cells (QDSScs) • Polymer Solar Cells • CZTS based thinfilm solar cells • Perovskite Solar Cells • Intermediate band solar cells 6 Advanced Nanomaterials Research at HVL A. Computer simulation studies on nanomaterials for clean energy applications B. Synthesis, characterization studies of nanomaterials C. Fabrication and characterization of next generation solar cells 7 A. Computer simulation studies • Nanomaterials for Intermediate band solar cells Ag2GeBaS4 – Total and Projected Density of States (Ag) Calculated electronic band structure of (a) K6C60, (b) Au2Cs2I6, (c) and Ag2GeBaS4. The Fermi level is set to zero. 8 Advanced Nanomaterials Research B. Synthesis and characterization • ZnO based nanostructures • TiO2 based nanostructures C. Fabrication and characterization of next generation solar cells • Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) • Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar cells (QDSScs) • Polymer Solar Cells • CZTS based thinfilm solar cells • Perovskite Solar Cells QDSSC 10 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 11 Michael Grätzel Dye Sensitized Solar Cells holding one of his dye- sensitized solar cells Credit: EPFL Thanks: GCELL The colors of the SwissTech Convention Center come from dye-sensitized solar cells integrated into the facade in panels made by Solaronix. Credit: Solaronix 12 Daucus Carota dye 2 Jsc= 3.70 mA/cm Voc= 0.26 V FF= 39 % η= 0.78 % 13 Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells Maximum certified efficiency: 11.3% Commercial status: development, no products Credit: Adapted from J. Phys. Chem. Lett. CdS Quantum dots Sensidized Solar Cells X-ray diffraction studies UV analysis Absorption spectra of (a) ZnO nanorods, X-ray diffraction pattern of (a) ZnO NRs, (b) CdS Quantum dot and (c) CdS QD The schematic diagram of the (b) CdS QD and (c) CdS QD sensitized sensitisized ZnO nanorods thin film fabricated solar cell ZnO NRs based thin film FESEM analysis EDAX analysis J-V Characteristics Voc = 0.67 V Jsc = 4.5 mA cm-1 FF = 0.43 The constructed solar cell exhibited an efficiency 1.3% EDAX spectra of CdS QD J-V characteristics of CdS FESEM image of prepared CdS sensitized ZnO nanorods quantum dot sensitized ZnO QD sensitized ZnO nanorods nanorods based solar cells D. Vinoth Pandi, et al., The performance of CdS quantum dot sensitized ZnO nanorod-based solar cell. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology: p. 1-6. CdS qunatum dot sensitized solar cells ZnO Voc (V) FF (%) PCE nanorods Jsc (%) Thickness (mA/cm2) 1.6 µm 3.40 0.30 33 0.70 3.0 µm 3.63 0.31 39 0.87 5.0 µm 16 4.20 0.33 0.38 1.06 Organic solar cells Maximum certified efficiency: 11.5% Commercial status: advanced demonstration, some products for sale Thin, flexible organic photovoltaic panel and charges phone or battery indoors or out. Thanks: Infinity PV Thanks to Chemical and Engineering News, Konarka Technologies Thin organic solar-cell panels can be integrated into cement and metal portions, not just glass, of a building facade. Thanks: Heliatek DEVICE STRUCTURE Inverted Organic Solar Cells Doped TiO2 / PTB7:PC71BM BASED INVERTED POLYMER SOLAR CELLS Material Jsc Voc (V) FF (%) PCE (%) P3HT (mA/cm2) Al-doped 15.26 0.76 65.69 7.66 TiO2 Ga-doped 15.48 0.77 64.86 7.72 TiO2 PC BM In-doped 71 15.45 0.76 65.06 7.67 -1 TiO 2 -2 -2.3 eV -3 - 3.31 eV -4.06 eV -4 -4.16 eV -4.3 eV -4.3 eV -4.7 eV -5 Al Energy (eV) Energy ITO - 5.15 eV -5.3 eV -6 PTB7 MoO -6.1 eV 3 -7 PC71BM -7.06 eV -7.16 eV -8 Nano ZnO GZO 19 Organic Semiconductor Lab. CZTS Solar Cells (submitted in Feb 2017) source: Ossila 21 Perovskite solar cells Maximum certified efficiency: 22.1% Commercial status: development, no products Credit: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) 22 HRTEM PARTICLE SEM FTIR UV XRD IMAGES IMAGES SIZE PEROVSKITES PEROVSKITES – CHARACTERIZATIONS 100 95 90 85 80 Transmittance [%] Transmittance 75 70 3924.44 3894.00 3860.40 3843.27 3743.15 3678.23 3647.91 3618.97 3564.38 3441.83 3059.76 2953.79 2698.51 2362.22 1835.15 1740.96 1693.17 1645.49 1548.70 1517.66 1478.47 1396.06 1242.49 1064.80 983.03 903.84 677.39 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Wavenumber cm-1 C:\OPUS_7.2.139.1294\MEAS\MAI - 3.0 MAI - 3 POWDER 2/9/2016 Page 1/1 Solar Paint – in future ??? nanoflexpower.com Image credit: Mathew P. Genovese, et al. ©2011 American Chemical Society Facilities at HiB (Chemistry and Electronic Labs) Synthesizing nano materials • Microwave method • Chemical method • Sol-Gel method • Dip Coating facilities • Spin Coating facilities Solar simulator and IV characterization system for solar cells25 Advanced Nano materials for Clean Energy Applications (ANCEA).
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