New Generation of Solar Cell Technologies

New generation of solar cell technologies

Emerging technologies and their impact on the society 9th March 2017

Dhayalan Velauthapillai Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Business Administration Campus Bergen Solar Power Capacity

2 DIFFERENT GENERATION OF SOLAR CELLS - First generation solar cells

Single crystalline silicon (28 %) Multicrystalline silicon (21%)

• 86% of the solar cell market • Cells made using crystalline silicon wafer. • Consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction diode.

Source : http://www.24hoursolarstore.net/ 3 Advantages/Disadvantages of Silicon

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

› Second most • Need thick layer abundant element in the crust (crystalline) › Well-developed • Brittle processing • Limited substrates techniques › Huge market for • Expensive single crystalline Si crystals › Highest efficiency • Wastes during processing Second generation – Thin film solar cells

Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) (20 %)

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) (17 %)

5 Emerging solar cell technologies

• Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) • Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar cells (QDSScs) • Polymer Solar Cells • CZTS based thinfilm solar cells • Perovskite Solar Cells • Intermediate band solar cells

6 Advanced Nanomaterials Research at HVL

A. Computer simulation studies on nanomaterials for clean energy applications B. Synthesis, characterization studies of nanomaterials C. Fabrication and characterization of next generation solar cells

7 A. Computer simulation studies

• Nanomaterials for Intermediate band solar cells

Ag2GeBaS4 – Total and Projected Density of States (Ag)

Calculated electronic band structure of (a) K6C60, (b) Au2Cs2I6,

8 Advanced Nanomaterials Research B. Synthesis and characterization • ZnO based nanostructures

• TiO2 based nanostructures C. Fabrication and characterization of next generation solar cells

• Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

• Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar cells (QDSScs)

• Polymer Solar Cells

• CZTS based thinfilm solar cells

• Perovskite Solar Cells QDSSC 10 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

11 Michael Grätzel Dye Sensitized Solar Cells holding one of his dye- sensitized solar cells Credit: EPFL

Thanks: GCELL

The colors of the SwissTech Convention Center come from dye-sensitized solar cells integrated into the facade in panels made by Solaronix.

Credit: Solaronix 12 Daucus Carota dye

2 Jsc= 3.70 mA/cm Voc= 0.26 V FF= 39 % η= 0.78 %

13 Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells Maximum certified efficiency: 11.3% Commercial status: development, no products

Credit: Adapted from J. Phys. Chem. Lett. CdS Quantum dots Sensidized Solar Cells X-ray diffraction studies UV analysis

Absorption spectra of (a) ZnO nanorods, X-ray diffraction pattern of (a) ZnO NRs, (b) CdS Quantum dot and (c) CdS QD The schematic diagram of the (b) CdS QD and (c) CdS QD sensitized sensitisized ZnO nanorods thin film fabricated solar cell ZnO NRs based thin film FESEM analysis EDAX analysis J-V Characteristics

Voc = 0.67 V Jsc = 4.5 mA cm-1 FF = 0.43

The constructed solar cell exhibited an efficiency 1.3% EDAX spectra of CdS QD J-V characteristics of CdS FESEM image of prepared CdS sensitized ZnO nanorods quantum dot sensitized ZnO QD sensitized ZnO nanorods nanorods based solar cells D. Vinoth Pandi, et al., The performance of CdS quantum dot sensitized ZnO nanorod-based solar cell. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology: p. 1-6. CdS qunatum dot sensitized solar cells

ZnO Voc (V) FF (%) PCE nanorods Jsc (%) Thickness (mA/cm2)

1.6 µm 3.40 0.30 33 0.70 3.0 µm 3.63 0.31 39 0.87

5.0 µm 16 4.20 0.33 0.38 1.06 Organic solar cells Maximum certified efficiency: 11.5% Commercial status: advanced demonstration, some products for sale

Thin, flexible organic photovoltaic panel and charges phone or battery indoors or out. Thanks: Infinity PV

Thanks to Chemical and Engineering News, Konarka Technologies

Thin organic solar-cell panels can be integrated into cement and metal portions, not just glass, of a building facade. Thanks: Heliatek DEVICE STRUCTURE Inverted Organic Solar Cells

Doped TiO2 / PTB7:PC71BM BASED INVERTED POLYMER SOLAR CELLS Material Jsc Voc (V) FF (%) PCE (%) P3HT (mA/cm2) Al-doped 15.26 0.76 65.69 7.66 TiO2 Ga-doped 15.48 0.77 64.86 7.72 TiO2 PC BM In-doped 71 15.45 0.76 65.06 7.67 -1 TiO 2  -2 -2.3 eV -3 - 3.31 eV -4.06 eV -4 -4.16 eV -4.3 eV -4.3 eV -4.7 eV

-5 Al Energy (eV) Energy ITO - 5.15 eV -5.3 eV -6 PTB7 MoO -6.1 eV 3 -7 PC71BM

-7.06 eV -7.16 eV  -8 Nano ZnO GZO 19 Organic Semiconductor Lab. CZTS Solar Cells (submitted in Feb 2017) source: Ossila

21 Perovskite solar cells Maximum certified efficiency: 22.1% Commercial status: development, no products

Credit: J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3)

22 PEROVSKITES – CHARACTERIZATIONS

100

XRD 90

UV [%] Transmittance FTIR 75

3924.44 3894.00 3860.40 3843.27 3743.15 3678.23 3647.91 3618.97 3564.38 3441.83 3059.76 2953.79 2698.51 2362.22 1835.15 1740.96 1693.17 1645.49 1548.70 1517.66 1478.47 1396.06 1242.49 1064.80 983.03 903.84 677.39

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Wavenumber cm-1

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SEM IMAGES PARTICLE SIZE

HRTEM IMAGES Solar Paint – in future ???

Synthesizing nano materials • Microwave method • Chemical method • Sol-Gel method • Dip Coating facilities • Spin Coating facilities

Solar simulator and IV characterization system for solar cells25 Advanced Nano materials for Clean Energy Applications (ANCEA)