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Instituto Tecnológico De Sonora Alberto Miranda Zamora

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Instituto Tecnológico De Sonora Alberto Miranda Zamora Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Historia del Diseño Alberto Miranda Zamora INDICE LA INVENSIÓN DE LA ESCRITURA.....................................................1 EL ALFABETO..........................................................................................3 LOS IMPRESOS LLEGAN A EUROPA....................................................5 DISEÑO GRAFICO DEL RENACIMIENTO...........................................7 UNA EPOCA DE GENIOS TIPOGRAFICOS.........................................9 TIPOGRAFIA EN EPOCA INDUSTRIAL.............................................11 FOTOGRAFÍA UNA NUEVA HERRAMIENTA...................................13 MOVIMIENTO DE ARTES Y OFICIOS................................................15 INFLUENCIA DEL ARTE MODERNO..................................................17 LA BAUHAUS Y LA NUEVA TIPOGRAFÍA.........................................19 ARQUITECTURA EN LA BAUHAUS....................................................21 BAUHAUS Y EL NUEVO DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL................................23 TALLER DE LA GRAFICA POPULAR..................................................25 FIGURAS INTERNACIONALES Y CORRIENTES ARTISTICAS EN MEXICO..................................................................................................27 ARTISTAS GRAFICOS NACIONALES..................................................29 Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Manual Historia del Diseño Alberto Miranda Zamora La invensión de la escritura Inicio Todas las escrituras fueron, en principio, pictográficas, con signos que representaban cosas, luego, los signos se convirtieron en ideogramas. Mesopotamia El sistema de escritura, inventado por los sumerios, surgió en Mesopotamia alrededor del año 3500 a.C. Al principio, esta escritura era representativa: un toro podía estar representado por la imagen de un toro, y un picto- grama de cebada significaba la palabra cebada. Aunque la escritura comenzó como imágenes, este sistema era inconveniente para transmitir algo más que simples sus- tantivos, y se volvió cada vez más abstracto a medida que evolucionaba para abarcar conceptos más abstractos. Egipto El origen del alfabeto se cree que comenzó en el antiguo Egipto, cuando la escritura tenia ya mas de un milenio de existencia. El primer alfabeto que se conoce surgió alrededor del ano 2000 aC, y se deriva de una adaptación alfabética de los jeroglíficos egipcios. Hoy, casi todos los alfabetos del mundo descienden directamente de este primer alfabeto, o se inspiraron en su diseño. Hacia el año 2700 aC los antiguos egipcios habían de- sarrollado un conjunto de 23 signos jeroglíficos para representar las consonantes de su lengua. Estos glifos se utilizaban como guías de pronunciación de logogramas, para escribir las terminaciones gramaticales, y, mas tarde, para transcribir las palabras y nombres extranjeros. 41 Alfabeto fenicio La primera escritura puramente alfabética se cree que se desarrolló alrededor del año 1850 a. C. por obreros semi- tas establecidos en el Sinaí, dándole a los glifos egipcios valores fonéticos de su lengua semítica. Durante los cinco siglos siguientes, esta escritura se extendió hacia el norte, y todos los alfabetos posteriores en todo el mundo descienden de ella, o han sido inspi- rados por alguno de sus descendientes. Esta escritura proto-sinaítica redefinió algunos jeroglíficos egipcios con valores consonánticos sobre la base de sus traducciones al semítico. Así, por ejemplo, el jeroglífico per (“casa” en egipcio) pasó a ser bayt (“casa” en semítico). Alfabeto griego En el siglo VIII ac los griegos ya habían adoptado el alfabeto fenicio y lo habían adaptado a su propia lengua, creando así el primer alfabeto “auténtico”, en el que las vocales tienen la misma importancia que las consonan- tes. Alfabeto latino Se considera que los etruscos adoptaron en el siglo VII AC la variante occidental del alfabeto griego usada en Cumas, una colonia griega del sur de Italia. En el siglo V AC, los latinos adoptaron 21 de las 26 letras etruscas originales. 2 El alfabeto conjunto de símbolos visuales o caracteres que se usan para representar sonidos elementales del lenguaje hablado. La subsecuente invención del alfabeto (palabra formada por las dos primeras letras del alfabeto griego, alfa y beta) fue un paso adelante de la comunicación humana. Pictogramas Cretenses Son los símbolos de dibujo luminoso de Creta y se usaban desde el año 2800 antes de Cristo, se han encontrado inscripciones pictográfi- cas cortas escritas desde el año 2000 antes de Cristo y han sobrevivido aproximadamente 135 pictografías que incluyen figuras, brazos y otras partes del cuerpo, animales, plantas y algunos símbolos geométricos por el año 1700 antes de Cristo. Estás pictografías parecen haber pro- ducido la escritura de letra ideal posible precursor del lenguaje griego hablado. Alfabeto Semitico del norte Fueron los inventores del alfabeto pero se cree que su origen se remon- ta a las personas del noroeste semítico de la región oeste del Medite- rráneo. Esta escritura primitiva se llama frecuentemente fenicio. Afabeto arameo y sus descendientes El alfabeto arameo posiblemente con influencias de el alfabeto hebreo antiguo, produjo alfabeto hebreo cuadrado, el cual evolucionó el alfa- beto hebreo moderno. 3 Alfabeto griego Es un alfabeto de veinticuatro letras. Los griegos adoptaron el primer alfabeto completo de la historia, entendiéndolo como la escritura que expresa los sonidos individuales del idioma, es decir que prácticamen- te a cada vocal y cada consonante corresponde un símbolo distinto. Su uso continúa hasta nuestros días, tanto como alfabeto nativo del griego moderno como a modo de crear denominaciones técnicas para las ciencias, en especial la lógica, la matemática, la química, la física, la economía, la astronomía y la informática. Alfabeto Latino Vino a los romanos de Grecia por medio de los antiguos etruscos, una antigua gente cuya civilización en la península italiana alcanzo su esplendor. Actualmente, la expresión alfabeto latino se utiliza para cualquier derivación directa del alfabeto usado por los romanos. Es- tas variaciones pueden perder letras como el : Euskera o añadir letras como es el caso del español con respecto al alfabeto romano clásico. Alfabeto Coreano El alfabeto coreano o hangul es el alfabeto nativo coreano. Cada blo- que silábico hangul consiste en alguno de los 24 fonemas: 14 conso- nantes y 10 vocales. Estos pueden ser escritos tanto horizontalmente, de izquierda a de- recha, como verticalmente, de arriba hacia abajo, con las columnas dispuestas de derecha a izquierda. 4 Los impresos llegan a Europa Principios de la imprenta en occidente La utilización de las piedras para sellar quizá sea la forma más antigua conocida de impresión. Esta era utilizada principalmente en Babilonia y en pueblos, cumplian el rol de sustituir firmas y símbolos religiosos, estos ar- tefactos estaban compuestos por sellos y tampones que con ayu- da de algunos pigmentos grababan figuras en arcillas y piedras. Procesos de impresión en el siglo XV Xilografía Tipografía Técnica de grabar imá- Impresión mediante el genes en una plancha uso de piezas de metal de madera vaciando las independientes, móviles partes que en la repro- e intercambiables. ducción o impresión deben quedar en blanco. Llegada del papel a Europa Se relata que anteriormente los egipcios usaban una variación de papel para elaborar sus escritos, pero no fué hasta el año 105 d. c. cuando China empezó con la producción del papel y tuvieron que pasar 600 años para que la elaboración del papel llegara a Europa. La idea de imprimir se les había ocurrido a los chi- nos por muchos siglos antes, pero se vieron limi- tados a por su lenguaje, ya que mientra el lenguaje europeo cuenta con dos docenas de caracteres, la china está compuesta por millares de estos. 5 Johannes Gutenberg Johannes Gutenberg fue un orfebre alemán, inventor de la pren- sa de imprenta con tipos móviles moderna (hacia 1440). En vez de utilizar las habituales tablillas de madera, que se desgastaban con el uso, confeccionó moldes en madera de cada una de las letras del alfabeto y posteriormente rellenó los moldes con hierro, creando los primeros tipos móviles. Tuvo que hacer varios modelos de las mismas letras para que coincidiesen todas con todas, en total más de 150 tipos, imitando perfectamente la escritura de un manuscrito. Biblia de Johannes Gutenberg Primera imprenta de Gutemberg Cómo plancha de impresión, amoldó una vieja prensa de uvas, a la que sujetaba el soporte con los tipos móvi- les, dejando el hueco para letras mayúsculas y dibujos. Éstos, posteriormente, serían añadidos mediante el viejo sistema xilográfico y terminados de decorar de forma manual. Tipos móviles de Gutenberg Son unas piezas habitualmente metálicas en forma de pris- ma. Creadas de una aleación llamada “tipográfica” (plomo, antimonio y estaño). Cada pieza contiene un carácter o sím- bolo en relieve he invertido. Siglo XIX Frederick Koenig construye la primera imprenta cilíndrica de vapor en 1814 Times londinense se imprimió por primera vez en una má- quina de cilindro. Por lo tanto, tras los 360 años de la prensa manual de Gutenberg, la impresión mecanizada celebró recientemente su 200 aniversario. 6 Diseñorenacimiento gráfico del El renacimiento implicó un gran avance en cuanto al diseño editorial. es en esta época cuando se plantean nuevas tipografías, maquetaciones, ilustraciones, decorado e incluso los contenidos del libro. en venecia durante las últimas dé- cadas del s. xv es donde inicia una nueva tendencia alejándose de
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