Préhistoires Méditerranéennes, Colloque | 2014 Le Phénomène Hypogéique Et Mégalithique Du Territoire De Mamoiada (Province D
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Préhistoires Méditerranéennes Colloque | 2014 Fonctions, utilisations et représentations de l’espace dans les sépultures monumentales du Néolithique européen Le phénomène hypogéique et mégalithique du territoire de Mamoiada (Province de Nuoro, Sardaigne). Analyse spatiale, environnementale et contextuelle du monde funéraire. The hypogeal and megalithic phenomenon of Mamoiada territory (Province of Nuoro, Sardinia). Spatial, environmental and contextual analysis of funeral world. Florian Soula Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/pm/1033 ISSN : 2105-2565 Éditeur Association pour la promotion de la préhistoire et de l'anthropologie méditerrannéennes Référence électronique Florian Soula, « Le phénomène hypogéique et mégalithique du territoire de Mamoiada (Province de Nuoro, Sardaigne). Analyse spatiale, environnementale et contextuelle du monde funéraire. », Préhistoires Méditerranéennes [En ligne], Colloque | 2014, mis en ligne le 10 décembre 2014, consulté le 01 mai 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/pm/1033 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 mai 2019. Tous droits réservés Le phénomène hypogéique et mégalithique du territoire de Mamoiada (Province d... 1 Le phénomène hypogéique et mégalithique du territoire de Mamoiada (Province de Nuoro, Sardaigne). Analyse spatiale, environnementale et contextuelle du monde funéraire. The hypogeal and megalithic phenomenon of Mamoiada territory (Province of Nuoro, Sardinia). Spatial, environmental and contextual analysis of funeral world. Florian Soula 1 Abridged version The territory of Mamoiada (fig. 1b), with an administrative area of 49 km², is at the heart of the Barbagia di Ollolai in central-east Sardinia, from 600 m. to 1130 m. above sea level. It is enclosed between the foothills of the central mountains of Gennargentu and the first benches of the plain of Nuoro, which is a corridor between the topographic high central plain of the island and the eastern seaboard. 2 The archaeological aspects of this area have been studied very few but we mainly dispose of a synthesis carried out by the engineers Giacomino Zirottu and Giacobbe Manca in 1999. Their work, which somehow needed systematic verifications, was used as a basis to the archaeological corpus of sites and to the research of settlements which where heavily lacking in the synthesis. 3 The hypogean phenomenon is actually up to 62 graves for the reporting period, that is to say, the occupations related to Neolithic Ozieri, Chalcolithic Sub-Ozieri (in spite of very few clues) and re-use of Chalcolithic Monte Claro (fig. 1a). Préhistoires Méditerranéennes, Colloque | 2014 Le phénomène hypogéique et mégalithique du territoire de Mamoiada (Province d... 2 4 The funeral megalithic phenomenon is, apparently, very poorly documented at Mamoiada. The dolmens reported, not exceeding ten, are systematically represented by the presence of one or more slab stone in a secondary position. Thus, if we can confirm the potential presence of 7 or 8 remains of funeral megalithic structures, it is rarely possible to infer that they belonged to dolmens. 5 The main question addressed in this analysis is to evaluate the spatial relationships between graves and necropolis, including an interpretation of the relative importance of the choice of location in the territory. So, we wonder what is the relationship between human choices and environmental conditioned choices. The aim is to determine what is the weight of each factor detectable in the present territory and to characterize the potential causes of their spatial distribution. 6 To do this, two approaches will be combined to understand the phenomenon as well in general and in detail: first, we will proceed to the determination of the geostatistical behaviours of the phenomenon related to the potential factors (topography, geomorphology, orientation, cumulative viewshed). On the other hand, the socio- territorial organization will be examined through the contextual analysis. Some more detailed examples of necropolis and isolated graves will also be offered. 7 With regard to the chronology of the territory of Mamoiada, the tombs are mostly due to the phase of the fourth millennium. As it is relatively common throughout the island, some re-use are known in the first two thirds parts of the third millennium, including the Chalcolithic culture of Monte Claro. 8 The various tests carried out on the hypogean graves of the territory of Mamoiada allowed to experience the importance of some factors in the choice of location of the necropolis, both in relation to environmental data (topography, geomorphology, orientation, visibility and landscapes) but also with respect to contextual information (other types of sites, geostatistical analysis). This led us to produce a systemic model of the organization and the functioning of the occupation of the territory of Mamoiada, distinguishing various subsystems. 9 Hypogean tombs are not the only way to bury the dead during those periods. There are many other types, such as pit graves, less ostentatious than the hypogean tombs. It is assumed therefore that the hypogean necropolises assume a socio-territorial symbolic importance. The analysis of their organization within a given territory must distinguish the elements that go beyond the individual and tend to represent the group. 10 The main question of this work has given various answers to explain the modalities of implantation of the hypogean tombs. Analysis of the spatial distribution of tombs has shown that several factors, discussed separately, highlight a division within a general group, including topography, the geological potential of the outcrops, and the number of graves by type of outcrop and orientations. 11 We propose here the definition of a hierarchy in which the will to respect the socio- cultural conventions is essential but is locally limited by the physical appearance of the territory. 12 These conventions or rules governing the hypogean phenomenon analyzed in this territory can be summarized by looking for good visibility, especially on the central valley system, open landscapes with vast views. From the association of the research of large landscapes visibility and the cultural importance of central valley results the existence of two major quadrants of the orientation of the tombs that materializes a Préhistoires Méditerranéennes, Colloque | 2014 Le phénomène hypogéique et mégalithique du territoire de Mamoiada (Province d... 3 confrontation overall East / West. This valley was, during a previous work, described as a socio-cultural center because hosting one of the most important nuclei of human occupation and its particular artistic expression carried by the standing stones (Soula 2012b). The Mamoiada system remains open towards an exterior that remains to be better defined. 13 The contextual analysis, showing that the necropolises and isolated graves are located near settlements and at proximity with standing stones sites, offers a vision of an area divided into different sub-systems partially independent. Each of them shows that small areas are occupied by a social sub-system reflecting the existence of human groups linked between them into the general system. Each identified cell has its funerary space established according to the environmental potential of each micro-territory. We can also assume that this division of territory offers to each group more or less identical cultivable areas, grazing areas and water resources. 14 Added to the visibility and landscape factors, the archaeological contexts permit understanding the importance of the central valley of this territory (Soula 2012a, 2012b). This link has been noticed in the valley of Tirso, where vast necropolises are located in areas near the river and the largest concentrations of settlements (Depalmas 2000: 839). 15 We are finally at the heart of the notion of mediance, barbarism that we can traduce as mediancy, for which the landscape is "a significant and symbolic dimension of the environment," it is "an expression of mediancy" and "is indeed a logic of identification" (Berque 1990: 48, 111). 16 Without giving too much importance to the environmental determinism in the implantation of the tombs (Alba 2000: 770), we agree that the case of Mamoiada express itself through a complex equation mixing compromises between human factors and environmental ones. These natural factors do not seem as critical as we might think. Despite this limitation to the will to implant the graves near the settlements with special visibility on the natural and social landscape, this equation represent also a recognition of the division of territory and a socio-economic conscious manipulation destined to mark the identification of secondary human groups sharing a common identity. Introduction 17 Le présent article se concentre sur l’analyse du phénomène hypogéique du territoire de Mamoiada situé dans le centre de la Sardaigne. Il est avant tout nécessaire de préciser que les tombes hypogéiques ne constituent pas le seul mode funéraire mise en œuvre durant les périodes examinées mais du plus visible dans les paysages. Il existe bien d’autres types de sépultures, comme les tombes en fosses, moins ostentatoires que les hypogées. On postule de ce fait que la nécropole hypogéique revêt une importance capitale dans l’organisation et le symbolique socio-territoriale. L’analyse de leur organisation au sein d’un territoire donné doit permettre de distinguer des éléments qui dépassent l’individu et tendent à représenter le