25t IN rulS ISSUE- • NEW GOvr. INS. VIETNAM • BlACK WILDCAT STRIKE • SPEECH BY FRED HAMPTON • LOS SIElE AUGUST 1969 0 192 VOL. 5 NO.7 • 5DS CONVENTION

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THE MOVEMENT PRESS

330 Grove Street

~.!r. & Mrs, Grant Cannon San Francisco, California 94102 4907 I: lat te Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45244

.~;~. } ------~--"""' LETTER FROM FORT DIX

Friends: us standing tall on the inside. We need To introduce myself, I shall only say the publicity and strength you can give that I am one of the prisoners that is us. We want to expose all of this! being charged with the charges that start­ After the first day of Investigatio: ed taking place in the Ft. Dix stockade about 12 or 13 of us were thrown into on the 5th of June, 1969. I am refering, maximum security cells. The first night of course, to the riot that took place in we were denied matresses, blankets, cell blocks 66,67, and 84. The military sheets or pillows. For two days we were is trying its utmost to keep this hap­ placed on DS (disciplinary restriction) pening out of the press and away from and were not allowed out to exercise; the eyes of the people by saying that shave or shower, to smoke, to read what happened was only a "minor distur­ and our visitors were turned away at bance" and that they now have every­ the gates that Sunday. Also we were not thing well under control. The facts that allowed to attend religious services. But' I wish to present are that it was not the main fault lies in the fact that for a minor disturbance and the Machine does the first 2 days we were openly refused not now nor will it ever have us under the right to notify our lawyers, congres5-' their control. The riot itself proved that men, senators or even President or loved the conditions in the stockadewere human­ ones. After 2 days the Machine realized ly unbearable. Riots do not happen because that we had a beautiful case against them they are fun to be in; they happen because and quickly gave us back most of our people, real people and sensitlve people, privileges. But in the days to come we react to inhuman and insensitive treat­ found out (and we have proof) that the ment. Therefore I hold it to be the law­ stockade commander himself was going makers themselves who are responsible through our privileged correspondance to for instigating this riot! If the Machine our lawyers, etc., opening them up, reading wishes to press charges let them charge them and then returning them to us saying those who are trUly guilty; the stockade that they were not addressed properly officials themselves! ·In other words the or some such nonsense. - Those letters Machine should clean its own house be­ he read were pertinent to our cases! cause it's filthy! Also he would hold up our personal mail I will not at this time attempt to fill for periods often exceeding one week and in the blanks by ellaborating on the riot then return them to us with some off­ itself-it could prove detrimental to our the-wall excuse. He did ttlis because case. I wish only to use this opportunity he wanted to keep the news offthe streets­ to expose the Military for the illegal­ he wanted to deny the public of the truth! You may be somewhat aware that I The -defense had to resort to "rule of ities that they have used against us since Now, as I said, we are tobecourt-mar­ am engaged in a distressful attempt to acception" to force the submission of the riot, and ask for you support on this. tialed. Eight of us are risking the pos­ obtain justice and regain my liberty. the evidence in support of motion for So far as I know 8 prisoners are going sibility of spending the rest of our lives I could not begin to correlate in a letter new trial. The judge stated that he would to be tried by general court martial for in a military prison, while the Machine all the activiities that led to my present have to deliberate over the evidence of their (participation?) 6 of us will be facing grows constantly stronger and goes on situation. To be brief, I' rna"POLITICAL the hearing and adjourned to court over general court for AGGRAVATED ARSON, to commit more and more illegalities PRISONER", victimized for none other until a later date (I contend his reason DESTRUCTION OFGOVERNMENT PROP­ against the people. We have put our foot than my organizing influential and effec­ for this was that the court was crowded ERTY, PARTICIPATING IN A RIOT and down and raised our hands in a clenched tive Human Rights activities to cure the !With people of the black community). CONSPIRACY TO RIOT! These prisoners fist. Will you stand with us against this?, conspicuous and detestable ills of this . On Monday, October 14th, I was se­ are Thomas Catlow, William Miller, Can we expect your help in writing society. During a 6-month period i was cretly called back to court,- when Allen farrell, Jeff Russell, Bill Brake­ letters of support to senators, congress­ arrested numerous times on trumped-up the judge handed down his decison to the field and Terry Klug. They are facing 40 men, the President and the Departme charges. I am now in jail, having been defense in an empty courtroom. "Motion years and six months as a maximum of the Army? Will you spread the word unjustly convicted of an alleged Sale of for New Trial Denied." The defense penalty for the charges against them. for us so that the masses will comero Marijuana. The conviction was based stated that notice of Appeal would be (The other two will not be facing the learn of these things? solely on the false evidence of one Hou­ filed within 10 days in Austin, Texas. conspiracy charge). About 22 others will The military is trying to rush this ston City policem~ who testified that I I am reminded of the 6th Amendment -be court martialed by special court-­ through and send us off to LevenworlO "gave him one- maijuana cigarette." As which say, tlln all criminal prosecutions maxiumum penalty is 6 months confine­ as quickly as possible-there is M'Cmt a result of this conviction I was sen­ the accused shall enjoy the right to a ment. time left for us to- act.- "'1' LEASE DC; tenced to 30 YEARS in the State Pen­ speedy and public trial, by an IM­ Those of us facing "trial" by general YOUR THING NOW! itentiary. PARTIAL JURY OF THE STATE AND court are all in maximum security cells The conviction and sentence arepend­ DISTRICT WHEREIN THE CRIMESHALL now. We are strong and our morale is In solidarity, ing, upon my appeal to the State Court HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY ASCER­ at its highest. We CAN and WILL win! of Appeal at Austin, Texas and I am TAINED BY LAW; and to be informed -with your help! We need you, all of you, Terry G. Klug advised that it would take"1or 2 YEARS" of NATURE and CAUSE of the accus­ to stand up on the outside with those of RAl6884493 or more before the appelate court can ation; to be CONFRONTED WITH THE Ft. Dix, N.J. annotate a decision in my case;meanwhile WITNESSES AGAINST HIM; to have I remain in jail. To this date the courts COMPULSORY PROCESS FOR OBTAIN­ have failed to set bail, which would ING WITNESSES IN HIS FAVOR, and to ·~·~P'it: .rc·~·iTi4·iri··iri··iti"!i··i:!i··:S··!i":r:··:r:·~:r:··:r:":t:··=r:··:.;:··:r:··:t:··:tC iti·~ .,.·_·~··iti'! allow me to remain at liberty while have assistance of counsel for his de­ ~JC·~·K.;e; , ,,•••".•••,•••••.•.•,•••".••••••••,••."•••,•••.'I,•••• ,••••,•••• ,~•••,••••••••••••.. ...~••••••,•••• '··~il my appeal is pending. I should be per­ fense." mitted to make bail in accord with the The action we propose will not only ~ni r~ 8th Amendment. "EXCESSIVE BAIL promply benefit my present crisis, but THIS ISSUE IS DEDICATED TO THE FOUNDING OF THE SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED; NOR EX­ may also result in constitutinglegal pre­ ~n~ PROVISIONAL REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF THE ~IJ CESSIVE FINES IMPOSED; NOR CRUEL cedents to alleviate future injustices in ~1~ REPUBLIC OF SOUTH VIETNAM. ~1~ AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT INFLICT­ cases similar to mine. ~ ~ ED" Presently, I am trying to arrange ~i.~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M A Imotion for a new jury panel' then an all-out concerted effort to require !! •••" ======&~&======•••, •••••,•••••••••, ••••, •••, ;ea ,••••,•••, •••••••••, •••••••••••••••, •••, •••••••••••••••••••" •••" . was filed, again statingitwas impossible the courts to set an "Appeal Bond", h' for the defense to obtain a fair and but as matters now stand, I am without impartial jury with 14 or more of the funds to finance such an effort, which jurors of the present panel being biased will involve exhausting all remedies (by self admission) and having only 10 of relief in State courts and proceeding challenges; again the motion was denied. to litigate through Federal courts to ~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'19~:I~~~~~~~~~~'I' .,.,~ .~_=~=====!Bx.~ ~ The jury heard only one direct ac­ the U.S Supreme, if necessary. All it ======, " , , ,.... •••,,;•••, cusation made by Officer Billy Wtlliams, funds and money available to me have ~~ . ~~ who testified that the defendant gave him been exhausted in the defense of this on e marijuana cigarette (there was no case and the numerous other charges Ini THE MOVEMENT is pUblished monthlY-bY THE MOVEMENT PRESS, 330 ~Ij corroborating witness). The "Guilty of that were filed against me. If I am ~ns Grove Street, San Francisco, California 94102--(415) 626-4577 ~U( Possession, Guilty of Sales, or Not to continue the struggle to Human Rights '~~ Subscriptions -- $2.50 per year; $3.00 foreign (no Canadian postal money ~tp~ ~n~ Guilty", as what cited on a "MULTIPLE and Freedom, I really must call on II~tt. order pease. 1 ) .. .. ~~ ~~ CHOICE VERDICT SHEET.' They re­ friends who feel that THEY CAN AND ~i ~~ turned their sole finding, "GUILTY OF WILL aid me in this matter. ~Ir~ Joseph A. Blum and Arlene Eisen Bergman, Editors ~ SALES", and had no'· finding as to If you are in a position to offer Possession. (Such implied finding should financial assistance to secure the fur­ ~en' Staff: Lincoln Bergman, Renee Blum, Gary Grimshaw, Frank Cieciorka, have functioned as an acquittal; in that ther defense of my conviction and sen­ ~ ~ B~ Jerry Densch, Comalana Smith, Terry Cannon. POW: Jeff Segal .. possession is essential to DELIVERY. tence, and the expenses incurred in the ~~ Under the law, verdict- as a conviction efforts incidental thereto, please do so ~n~ Chicago Staff: Room 204, 162 N. Clinton, Chicago, Illinois 60606--(312) 327- II~t! and the same jury gave proof of their truly needed; the fact is, I 110 need lo ~ 3681. ~,,~ ~~ ,~ bias and prejudice by sentencing me to assistance in obtalning funds and I need ~'.! ~I~ 30 years in the State Penitentiary. it very badly and very urgently. Without ~n~ Los Angeles Staff: Ken Cloke, Bob Niemann, Mike Davis, Judy Davis. 1657 ~ On October 10, 1968, at a hearing for such aid, the prospect of Justice pre­ ~ ~ Federal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90025 -- (213) 478-9509 II ~ a new trial, the defense SUbmitted over vailing in the end result seems most ~ W ~ .: ~·2 30 newspaper accounts of pUblicity and remote. ~n~ New York Staff: SDS Regional staff, 131 Prince street, New York, New York ~C' 12 TV film strips all ofwhich werewithin Grant me the privilege of extending in ~ ~ 10012 -- (212) 674-8310. ~ ~ a 16-month period preceeding my trial, advance my most gratifying "THANKS" ~ ~ in accord with "MOTION FOR NEW for our past and continued support; thus ~n~ Detroit staff: NOC, Box 9571 North End Station, Detroit, Michigan 48202. ~tp~ TRIAL"; said motion was based on I remain: In the continuous Struggle, I I :.".: denial 01.pretrial "MOTION for CHANGE •lo ~ Bulk orders at special rates available at all offices. W~~ OF VENUE". The State ex reI Carol Brother Lee Otis Johnson ~n~ ~JC~ ., .. Printed in San Francisco and New York :. ... Vance presented argument in objection ~, ~~ to a new trial, and asked that the court FUNDS SHOULD BE MAILED AND MADE .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ does accept the defense presentation of PAYABLE TO: ~~A~~~AA~AAAA~A~AAAAAAAAA.~.L~~ publicity into evidence. Judge Wendell Austin S.N.CC. Odem sustained the objection to refuse P.O. Box 6272 acceptance of the publicity iIto evidence. Austin, Texas 78702

PAGE 2 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 ~II ~ ~\tl' 1'4/ ~ . /~~ ~~f;r;;&~

..- .- Los Siete de la Raza are seven young Their newspaper, Basta Yal (Enaughl) Latinos from the Mission District in ~,~~ came out in late June, aimed atthe broad " San Francisco who are charged with 'rr ~ Mission community. It demands "Free murdering a cop and wounding another Los Siete!" and describes the work of Oft May Day. The Seven--Nelson Rod­ ~. the Seven in serving the people as op­ riquez, Mario and Tony Martinez, Jose ~.: ~ posed to a description of cops Brodnick Rios, Gary Lescallet, George Lopez, and ~ ~ ~' and McGoran as enemies of the com­ Bibi Melendez--are active in the lead- ::.::...... :....:.... munity: .( ership of COBRA (Confederation of ~ The parents of Los Siete asked the Brown Race for Action) at the College Panthers to lend their experience in of San Mateo, where they were deeply this kind of campaign. Huey Newton involved in the Third World strike last \~ sent a tape to them pledging "100% fall. They participated actively in the 44 support" from the Panthers. Since then strikes at San Francisco State and at ~~'E the parents and the defense committee Mission High this Spring. Organization­ have been meeting with the Panthers, ally, they were among the strongest developing a working alliance. The next organizers in COBRA, the Mission Re­ step will be to expand the Panther paper bels, and the Brown Berets! They were to represent the Brown community., heavy brothers on the block. Also, the national convention of SDS The ruling class has acted swiftly been viciously opposed by the ruling 1, they broke into the ho'me of a Latino unanimously passed a resolution in sup­ in repressing the work ofthese brothers. class. organizer in the Mission and threatened port of Los Siete, and the Young Lords In doing so, they are developing the It is no accident that the interests of him and his family. from Chicago have come to meetings history of the oppression of Brown American Imperialism throughout' the On May 1, dressed in plainclothes in San Francisco to offer their assist­ people to a new stage. From the ear­ Americas are maintained by brutal mil­ and driving a beat-up old car, McGoran ance. Contacts are developing withother liest days of American imperialism, itary regimes. While the exploitation, and Brodnik stopped several brothers Latino organizations, especially in the in the seizure of Indian lands on the for a while, is veiled in the priestly on the street. In the course of brutal­ SouthWest. International awareness of western frontier, in the conquest of countenance of the AID director, the izing and harassing these brothers, the case is the aim. the southwest in the Mexican-American Peace Corps volunteer, the Poverty Brodnik was killed and McGoran shot war, in the drive for hemispheric sup­ War porkbarrel organizer, the AFL­ in the jaw, both by the gun McGoran PROGRAMS FOR UNITY remacy with the Spanish American war, CIA trade-union organizer, and the "pro­ was- carrying. The brothers involved and in the plunder of the Americas gressive" ass licking of phony leftists, escaped, but the police hatred of the Right now the sorts of things the organ­ during this century, the capitalist class the nature of the oppression soon re­ community was expressed anyway. Over ization is working on are, first of all, has increasingly depended on the oppres­ quires that the robbery of the people 150 rounds were fired into the home getting some unity between all the var­ sion of the Brown nations to maintain be armed. M1l1tary suppression of all of Jose Rios--his younger sister, baby­ ious gangs in the Mission. Young blacks a sizable margin of profits. democratic illusions grows into counter­ sitting at the time, was shot in the hip-­ and browns, Philippinos, Indians and insurgency as the natives grow restless and the house was teargassed repeatedly. Samoans are moving on each other over IMPERIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA in their exploitation. The repression In the days that followed, Jose's mother such immediate issues as who's going AND SAN FRANCISCO against the new revolutionaryleadership was fired from her job at Mary's Help to get the few jobs Alioto has thrown As American Imperialism has contin­ broadens into a massive military oc­ hospital, 300 students at Everett Junior out for the summer. The key to organ­ ued the forced underdevelopment of the cupation of the entire community as High and 500·at Mission High were in­ izing the young people in the Mission nations to our south through brutal the masses grow in political concious­ terrogated by the local specialists in is seen as buUding an awareness of exploitation for profit, the people of ness and as even the reform leaders corporal punishment, dozens of homes the need for unified action against the those nations have sought to relieve are forced to the left. The probability were broken into without search war­ real enemy. The committee comes their oppression through migration to the of fascism is realized as the police rants. The Old Bayshore Freeway had up against arguments like "You want United States, widely touted as the"Land and m1l1tary forces begin preparations a 24-hour blockade up for two weeks, the Blacks to control everything" from of Opportunity." Once here, they have for genocide against all potentially rebel and the 150- man Alioto police squad the younger Latinos. This will be a found that their oppression as colonial commun1t1es. This is as true in the went into action against the community, major struggle in the Mission, a struggle subjects remains the same. While 50% Mission District of San Francisco as it frisking and beating people in bars and for mUlti-national, Third World con­ of the production workers in California is in the homelands of the people of Pool halls. Nightly, they have performed sciousness. are black and brown, these are concen­ the Mission District. sweeps down all the major streets of Los Siete De La Raza is also working trated in unskilled categories. While the Mission district, stopping, frisking, now with La Raza on their breakfast 40% of the workers in San Francisco DOMESTIC COUNTER-INSURGENCY and busting on any. excuse any group for children program. The main problem commute from the suburbs, 18% of the of 3 or more who are on the street. with this kind of service will be to .. Chicano and Latino workers in the Mis­ Before the strikes at San Francisco Six of the seven charged--several > present the program in a way that sion District are unemployed. In the State, the College of San Mateo, and Mis­ were definitely not at the scene at the links it up with a political perspective. Bay Area, public transportation for the sion High School, the ruling class con­ time--were captured five days after Also a medical clinic is getting to­ Latin community has been curtailed, and trol of the Mission district was main­ Brodnik's death, and charged with felony gether, a legal defense service is op­ " $1 million allocated for public parks in tained by massive infusions of federal ·murder. Charles Garry has agreed to erating, and a day-care center is planned. , the Mission District has mysteriously "poverty war'" money. Daily police har­ lead the defensa. The defense of Los Again, these programs come from, and disappeared under th e local Alioto re­ assment . was the extent of military Siete is the dnfense of the Brown Lib­ their success depends on, the strong gime. Nearly 40% of the income of Latin operations. eration Movement. identification of Latino youths with the workers returns to the oppressive state With the strikes grew a pattern of overwhelming problems of family sur­ through direct and indirect taxes. In repression against the leading revolu­ DEFEND LOS SIETE vival in the Mission. the Mission district, rents have nearly tionary leadership in the Mission. But Involvement of community people in doubled in the last three years. Urban as the "reform" leaders were pres­ Early in May there was a large meet­ carrying out these programs will be "redevelopment", designed to make San sured to support the strikes, and as ing, mostly of other Latinos who had effective in building a working unity Francisco Wall street West, is attemp­ the community visibly developed a bro:wn­ worked with Los Siete. It was decided and sense of community among the ting to disperse the Latin nation once national, working-class consciousness, that a mass political campaign would people in the Mission. Once Los Siete again. All attempts to bring the educa- the police occupation of the community be put into action in defense of the De La Raza gets the community moving ,~ tional resources to the service of the multiplied its size and intensified its seven. Some resisted the political aspect with them on such programs, the next Latin communitY-oat the College of san viciousness. of the defense but most had learned step will be to direct that momentum to Mateo, at San Francisco State, at UC On April 25, the San FranciscoChron­ important les.wns from Huey's case. other struggles and freeing Los Siete. '. Berkeley, at Mission High School--have icle told a horror story about a gang "The brothers aren't criminals, they of "hoodlums and punks" who were are' political prisoners", had to be ex­ FREE LOS SIETE DE LA RAZAl bothering people on the street and dis­ plained. So a new organization, Los Siete rupting businesses near the corner of De La Raza, (The Seven of the Race) was - ~TS fa;- ';fS}Jill de la Rm 20th and Missioa. Even the Mission formed to do the job. The main work is oc: '" Ba"Js, .<#, ,..j. ._ merchants were so disturbed by this to politically educate the Mission people liHf"~~' 12.'t'l ~/...ma st. S.~ story that they called a press con­ so that they will come to the brothers' ". . 8:00 PM SO~ ference and denied the account as bla­ defense. To Los Siete di~ la Raza, the ~~:.' LONGSIIO(4lfIrtEIV~ tant lies; they even sought out Nelson defense of the seven Is synonomous with .., 1IA4.L. Rodriquez, one of Los Siete, and apol­ 'too NORTH POINT - S. F. the defense of La Raza across this coun­ 8:00 PM VJo ogized to him. Nevertheless, Mayor try and in Latin America. Joseph Alioto announced the formation The defense committee is carrying of a new "150-man emergency police on and developing the work of Los Siete squad" to deal with the growing problem in community organizing. Most of the of hoodlums and punks in San Francisco. members are inexperienced and a con­ Officers Brodnik (and his 2-foot rubber crete strategy for this work hasn't yet hose) and McGoran were notorious in been fully developed. There is much the Mission for their harassment of bro­ concentration on immediate daily tasks thers on the block. They were among and not much time to sit down and the most vicious cops during the State make broad plans. But >ecause the strike, and were well known for the people in Los Siete are doing a lot beatings they gave in the course of of daily work, as plans do deveiop, scores of arrests during the rebellions they will be based on concrete exper­ at Mission Hie:h. The night before May ience.

AUGUST 1969 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 3 COMPLETE SATISFACTION! SPEECH BY FRED ~A.& They say you got to crawl before you can ALL POWER TO mE PEOPLE. walk. And the Black Panther Party,as the What we are basically going to be talkiIlg about today is what the pig vanguard party,thought that the Breakfast for Children Program was the best tech­ is doing to the Panthers all around the country. We are going to have to nique of crawling that any vanguard party talk about what we are going to have to do about the repression that could follow. And we got a whole lot of folks that's going to be walking. And they are putting on the Black Panther Party. We are not worried about then a whole lot of -folks that's goima. be .' getting off it-let's try to deal with it. running. And when you got that, what you ';~t,. ~ got? You got a whole lot of PIGS that's .'f,,\\? ·;;t· ..a whole week dedicated to the hungry in gonna be running. That's what our pro­ Chicago. Talking 'bout the starvation rate grams about. alike--niggers'll run up to you and talkthat We got to talk first of all about the here that went up 15%. Over here where The Black Panther Party is about the shit about , Man, I read in the Tribune main man. The main man in the Black everybody should be eating. Why? Because complete revolution. We not gonna go out today. Well you say, Man, fuck it right Panther Party, the main man in the strug­ of capitalism. there andhalf do a thing. And you can there. If you dj.dn't read it in the BLACK gle today--in the United states, in Chicago, What are we doing? The Breakfast for let the pigs know it. They come here PANTHER paper, in the MOVEMENT-­ in Cuba and anywhe-re else--the main man Children program. We are running it in a and hide--they so uncomfortable they then you ain't read shit. in the liberation struggle is our Minister of Defense, and yours too, Huey P. Newton. ~ - - He's the main mail· because the head of C, from the BlackPanther, June 28, 1969 MICKEY WHITE the imperi3.list octopus lies right in this country and whoever is dealing with the We in the Black Panther Party have head of the octopus in this country is the 16 CHICAGO PANTHERS another brother I want to take some time main man. He's in jail now. We must to rap about. This brother is constantly tell the world that Huey P. Newton was ~ on our mind. This brother's name is tried by the pigs and they found him guilty. Michael White--Mickey White. This bro­ He was tried by the people, who found him FACE CHAIR ther is beautiful. He's being held now not guilty, and we say let him go, let in jan for one hundred thousand dollars him free, because we find him not guilty. Sixteen members of the Black fense; Robert Bruce, captain; Mer- bail. Some of you who listen to the radio This is our relentless demand. We will Panther Party including the chair­ ril Harvey, captain; Nathaniel Ju­ might have heard about brothers in the not let up one day, we will. not give up man, minister of education and the nior, field secretary; Yvonne King, state c~~pter, our field secretary' of the struggle to liberate our Minister of minister of culture were indicted field secretary; Chuckles May, mi­ Defense Captain,brother Nathaniel Junior Defense, Huey P. Newton and we will Tuesday by the county grand jury -nister of education; Charles Mar­ and brother MerrU Harvery being laid continue to exert pressure on the power on charges of conspiracy, aggra­ tis, Harlon Walton, and Willie I­ up on some Phoney gun charge. We don't structure and constantly bombard them vated kidnapping, aggravated bat­ vory. Ransom was set by the grand say the Panthers don't want guns, but with the people's demand that Huey P. tery, burglary and unlawful use of jury on most defendants at $100, we already g'ot guns and we don't have to Newton be set free. weapons. The aggravated kidnap­ 000. At the time the indictments go and try ahd steal or connive to buy It was Huey p. Newton who taught ping charge carries a maximum were handed down, Hampton, White any guns from anybody. What they are us how the people learn. You learn by penalty of death. The states at­ and Powell were already' in jail. ( trying to do is to squash out the Black participation. When Huey P. Newton torney's office leaked to the press White has been in jail'since April Panther Party--they're trying to squash started out what did he do? He got a gun on -June 5 the story that the May 28, unable to make ransom on the out the leadership. Trying to squash out and he got.Bobby and Bobby got a gun. ~ grand jury was planning extensive original arrest. Arrested were Bobby Rush, the Deputy Minister of They had a problem in the community indictments against the Panther Valentine, Angrum, O'Neal and Defense. Trying to squash out Chaka because people' was being run over--kids leadership as part of the city's Har!an .Walton. The other 9 are and Che, the Deputy Minister of Ed­ were being run over--at a certain inter­ war on "gangs". The case which still at large after a series of ucation. section. What did the people do? The peo­ was chosen for use in attacking early morning raids by the GIU Mickey White was in that bullshit)Yitfi ple went down to the government to redress the Panthers was the arrest last in suburban SUmmint, Argo and Nathaniel Junior and Merrill Im'fvey. their grievances and the government told April of a half-dozen Pantherswho Maywood failed to ·find them. Last week when they went to court even them to go to hell: "We are not going to were charged with holding and tor­ At their arraignmentWednesday the jUdge in court said, you all gonna get put no stoplights down there UNTIL WE turing a couple in Suburban Sum­ morning, White, Valentine, Angr­ a fair trial whether you deserve it or not. SEE FIT." What did Huey P. Newton do? mit in an alleged attempt to re­ urn, and Powell succeeded in get­ These are the types of actions we are Did he go out and tell the people about the cover a stolen gun. Three times the ting ransom reduced from $100, confronted with. Mickey White is in sol­ laws and write letters and try to prop­ defendants appeared in court in 000 to $10,000. O'Neal's ransom itary confinement and doesn't get to come agandize '.em all the time? NO! Some of Oaklawn and three times the state was kept at its original $10,000-. out of his cell for anything at any time. refused to produce any witnesses And he might be in that cell for the rest that's good, but the masses of the people /) Although the indictments came don't read--that's what IheardHueysay-­ and asked for a continuance of the only 24 hours after States Attorney of his life. His bond is $100,000. That's they learn through observation and par­ pretrial hearing. Then Tuesday it Hanrahan and Mayor Daley had $10,000 cash. ticipation. Did he just say this? NO! So was learnedwhy--the state was ex­ Mickey White is a: proven revolutiona.ry. I called a press conference to 'an­ what did he do? He got him a shotgun, tending the case to include all the nounce a special grand jury would , He's not nobody we THINK is going to be he got Bobby and he gothimahammer and Panthers they wanted to put in be used to "smash the gang struc­ 1 a revolutionary. He's not nobody we trying went down to the corner. He gave Bobby jail. ture" in Chicago, Hanrahandenied to make a revolutionary. He's a proven the shotgun and_ told him if any pig Named in the indictment are the indictments were an attack on ( revolutionary. All of you have to under­ motherfuckers come by blow his mother Fred Hampton, deputy chairman the Panthers. "This is not an in- ( stand that Micky White is a Panther fuckin brains out. What did he do? He for DUnois; Richard Powell, sec": . dictment of the party itself, but in ideology, he's a Panther in word and went to the corner and nailed up a stop tion leader; James'White, section is against certain members for I he's a Panther in deed. He's a Panther sign. No more accidents, no more trou­ leader; David Valentine, informa­ specific crimes," But then he that understands it!> a class struggle-­ ble. And then he went back--another sit­ tion l1eutentant; Wilmer Angrum, added, "1 believe the character of not a race question. You have to under­ uation like that. What'd the people do? deputy minister of education; Wil­ the organization can be determined stand the pressures the Black Panther They looked at it, they observed; they liam 0' Neal, deputy minister ofde- by the crimes of its members." Party goes through saying this. You can didn't get a chance to participate in it. see the pressures the Black Panther Next time what'd they do? Same kind -..;> ~ - - Party goes through by making a coalition of problem came up. The PEOPLE got with whites. THEIR shotguns, got THEIR nine mil­ socialistic manner. People came and took sitting on a taperecorder, they got their You can see that we had a group in imeters, got THEIR hammers. How'd our program, saw it in a socialistic fas­ gun in their hair--they got to hide all California who committed their first acts they learn? They learned by observation hion not even knowing it was socialism. ,this shit and they come here and do all of violence on the Black Panther Party. and participation. They learned one thing. People are gonna take our program and this weird action. All they got to do is Ron Karenga and US never shot nothing When there is a llre you gatt.er round the tell us to go on to a higher level. They 'come up to 2350 West Madison any day but dope until they shot them brothers. fire. Huey got a shotgun and everybody gonna take that program and work it in of the week and anybody up there'll let They been. an organization longer than gathered round him and Bobby. They saw a socialistic manner. What'd the pig say? them know, let the motherfucker know: the Black Panther Party. When the Black what was going on and they had a chance He say, "nigger--you like communism?" Yes, we subversive. Yes, we subversive Panther Party stood up and said we not to participate in it. As the vanguard leader "no sir, I'm scared of it." "You like with the bullshit we are confronted with going to fight racism with racism US he taught the people about the power socialism?" "No Sir, I'm scared,,91 it." today. Just as subversive as anybody can said UNO, we can't do that. because it's structure; he led the people down the "You like the breakfast for children be subversive. And we think them mother­ a race question and if you make it a correct road of revolution. What are we program?" "Yes sir, I'd die for it". fuckers is the criminals. They the ones class question then the revolution might doing? Pig said, "Nigger, that program is a always hiding. We the ones up in front. come sooner. We in US ain't prepared for socialistic program." "I don't give a We're out in the open, these motherfuckers no revolution because we think that"power BREAKFAST FOR CHILDREN fuck if it's Communism. You put your should start wearing uniforms. They want grows from the sleeve of a Dashiki.rThey hands on that program motherfucker and to know if the Panthers are goin' under­ are armed with rhetoric and rhetoric Our Breakfast for Children program is I'll blow your motherfucking brains out." ground--these motherfuckers IS under­ alone. And we found that when you're feeding a lot of children and the people And he knew it. We been educating him, ground. You can't find 'em. People calls armed with rhetoric and rhetoric alone understand our Breakfast for Children not by reading matter, .but through ob­ the pigs but nobody knows where they at. a lot of times you get yourself hurt. program. We sayin' something like this,.­ servation and participation. By letting They're out chasingus. Theyhiding--can't Eldridge Cleaver told them, even though we saying that theory's COOl, but theory him come in and, work our program. ~y even see'em. you say you fight fire with fire best, with no practice ain't shit. You got to Not theory and theory alone, but theory When people got a 'Problem they cometo we think you fight fire with water. You have both of them--the two go togetfiiir. and practice. The two go together. We the Black Panther Party for help andthat's can do either one, but we choose to fight We have a theory about feeding kids free; no only thought about theMarXist-Leninist good. Because, likeMaosays, we are sup­ with water. He said, we're not going to What'd we do? We put it into practice. theory--we put it into practice. This is posed to be ridden by the people and Huey fight racism with racism, we're going to That' s how peoPle learn. A lot of people what the Black Panther Party is about. says we're going to be ridden down the, fight racism with solidarity. Even though don't. know how serious the thing is. path of social revolution and that's for you think you ought to fight capitalism They think the children we feed ain't SUBVERSIVES the people. The people ought to know that with black capitalism, we're going tofight really hungry. I don't know five year the Black Panther Party is one thousand capitalism with socialism. . old kids that canactwell, but Iknow that if Some people talkalot about communism, percent for the People. They write a lot We got a whole lot of people being they not hungry we sure got some actors. but the people can't understand and pro­ of articles, you know:' niggers'll run busted and you don't even know about We got five year old actors tlutotcouldtake gress to the stage of communism right' up to you in a minute--when I say niggers all these people. There's one here you the academy award. Last week they had away or because of abstract arguments. I mean white Diggers and black niggers CONTINUED ON ~EX~ PAGE PAGE- 4 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 p~W~,~T~lJ~~~~ , Huey P. Newton-----~- When a person studies mathema­ sisters who we .may have seen as exploiting 01' being exploited. Al­ tics, he learns that there are many enemies, and those expoliters who though this system may make the mathematical laws which deter­ we may have seen as friends are society function at a high level of mine the approach he must take to revealed for what they truly are technological efficiency, it is an ,solving the problems presented to to all oppressedpeople. The people 1llegitimate system, since It rests bim. In the study of geometry, one are th~ idea, the respect and dig­ upon the suffering of humans who of the first laws a person learns nity of the people, as they move are as worthy and as dign1f1ed as Is that "the whole Is not greater toward their freedom is the sus­ those who do not suffer. ThUS, the than the sum of Its parts". This ta1n1ng force which reaches into second type of prisoner says that means simply that one cannot have and out of the prison. The walls, the society is corrupt and il­ a geometrical figure such as a the bars, the guns and the guards legitimate and must be overthrown. circle or a square which in Its can never encircle or hold down This second type of prisoner is totality, contains more than It the idea of the people. And the the political prisoner. They do not •does when broken down into people must always carry forward accept the legitimacyof the society smaller parts. Therefore,' If all the idea which is their dignity and and cannot participate in its cur­ the smaller parts add up to a cer­ their beauty. rupting exploitation, whether they tain amount, the entire figure can­ The prisonoperateswith the idea are in the prison or on the block. not add up to a larger amount. that when It has a person's body The prison cannot gain a vic­ The prison cannot have a victory it has bis entire being--since the tory over either type of prisoner .over the prisoner, because those whole cannot be greater than the no matter how hard it tries. The in charge take the same kind of sum of its parts. They put the body "Dlegitimate capitalist" recog­ approach to the prisoner and as­ in a cell, and seem to get some nizes that If he plays the gaine ,the sume If they have the whole body .sense of relief and security from prison wants him to play, he w1ll in a cell that they have there all that fact. The idea of prison vic­ 'have his time reduced and be re­ • _UJfil.~fl)~'~~ that makes up the person. But a tory then, is that when the person leased to continue hiS- actiVities. fi­ in jail begins to act, think, and be­ ! prisoner is not a geometrical Therefore, he is wUling to go "1 gure, and an approach which Is lieve the way they want him to, then through the prisonprograms and do 5" 'SUC,<;llssf~ they have won the battle and the in mathematics. ls the thingS, he is told. He is wUling s-o. wholly unsuccessfUl when dealing person isthen" rehabilitated" . But . to say the things the prison ::;- with human beings. this cannot be the case, because authorities want to hear. The pri­ o In the case of the human, we are those Who operatethe prisons;h3.ve son assumes he is"rehabilitated" B not dealing only with the single in­ failed to examine their own beliefs and ready for the society. The g dividual, we are also dealing with thoroul1;h1y. and they fail to under­ prisoner has really played the stand the tYPes of people they at­ prison's game so that he can be J lE the ideas and beliefs which have ~ ~ motivated him and which sustain tempt to control. Therefore, even released to resume pursuit of his ) ('> when the prison thinks it has won capitalistic goals. There isno vic­ ,:0:' him, even when his body is con­ "d fined. In the case of humanity the the victory, there is no victory. tory, for the prisoner from the git- whole Is much greater than its There are two types of prison­ . go accepted the idea ofthe society. ~ be~use ers. The largest number arethose He pretends to accept the idea of parts, the whole Includes it "1 the body which Is measurable and who acceptthe legitimacyofthe as­ the prison as a part of the game he 1\ sumptions upon which the societyis has always played. .~ "d conflneable, and also the ideas ~g which cannot be measured and based. They wish to acquire the The prison cannot gain a victory if· ,~ which cannot be confined, The Ideas same goals as everybody else, over the political prisoner because "':0' are not only within the mind of the money, power, greed, and conspic­ he has nothing to be rehabilitated prisoner where they cannotbe seen uous consumption. In order to do from or to. He refuses to accept '

definitely have to know about and trult' s people being taken. why haven't they shot to make a committment. al programs--and'that p·rogram is over­ our Deputy Minister of Defense--Bobby it out with some pigs." Well, what do we A lot of people think the revolution is whelming--the people are educated to the Rush. Our Deputy Minister Bobby Rush say? If you kill a few, you get a little bullshit, but it's not. A lot of us think point that they can run things themselves. was busted on some bullshit with a gun satisfaction. But when you can kill them that when you get in the revolution you That's what you call educating the peo­ thing. He's got three gun charges. He's' ALL you get complete satisfaction. That's can talk your way out of things, butthat' s ple, organizing the people, arming the been convicted of one with a six month why we haven't moved. We have to organize not true. Ask Bobby Hutton, ask Huey people and bringing them revolutionary lead. He's out on appeal now. I know a the people. We have to educate the people. Newton, ask Eldridge Cleaver, Mickey political power. That means people'spow­ lot of you people say, well goddamn, We have to arm the people. We have to White and..Dennis Mora. Ask these people er. That means the people's revolution. you got a Mickey White defense fund, teach them about revolutionary political whether it~ a game. If you get yourself And if you're not about being involved an Eldridge Cleaver defense fund, a power. And when they understand all that involved in a. revolutionary struggle then in a people's revolution then you got to Mer1ll Harvey defense fund, a Nath­ we won't be killing no few and getting no you've got to be serious. You got to know do something. You got to support the aniel Junior defense fund, a Huey New­ little satisfaction, we'll be kUling' em all what you're doing. You got to alreadyhave people's revolution. Ton defense fund, a Fred Hampton, Jule, and getting complete satisfaction. practiced some tyPe of theory. That's the Che, and Chaka defense fund--and I reason we ask people to follow the lead­ COMPLETE SATISFACTION just can' t keep up with all these defense GO WITH THE PEOPLE ership of the vanguard party. Because funds. But since we the vanguard party So what should we do if we're the we all theorizing and we all practicing. The BlackPanther Party is the vanguard we try to do things right, so we got one vanguard? What is it right to do? Is We make mistakes, but we're always party. You better get on the Black Panther defense fund so you don't get mixed up it right for the leadership of that strug­ correcting them and we're always getting Party. If you can't get on, goddamit you on what name to send it to. We'll de­ gle to go faster than the followers of that better. - better get behind. If you can't get behind cide who it goes to. You can just send struggle can go? NO! We're not going to We used to run around yellin 'bout goddamit, you better get behind somebody it to Political Defense Fund, 2350 W'est be dealingin commandism,we'renotgoing Panther Power--the Panthers run it. We else so you'll at least be able to follow Madison. If you want to send something to be dealing in no tailism. We say that admit we made mistakes. OUr ten point indirectly, motherfucker. We ain't asking to Breakfast for Children, you can send just as fast as the people can possibly program is in the midst of being changed you to go out and ask no pig to leave it to 2350 West Madison also, and you go, that's just as fast as we can take it. right now, because we used theword'white' us alone. We know that the pigs fuck can earmark that money to go to the While we take it we must be sure when we should have used the word'cap­ with us cause they know we're doing ,Breakfast for Children program. that we are not missing the people in the italistt• We're the first to admit our mis- ' something. '. We got Mickey on our mind tonight-­ valley. In the valley we know that we can takes. We no longer say 'Panther Power Cause a lot of dudes walk around and everybody knows we got Huey P. learn to understand the life of the peQple. because we don't believe the Panthers and write articles about it. I know some Newton on our mind tonight. We got We know that with all the bullshit outthere, should have all the power. We are not revolutionary groups say these niggers every political prisoner in jail on our you can come to consider yourself on for the dictatorshipofthe Panthers. We are are runnin around saying these things-­ • mind tonight. Let's talk about it. We the mountain toP. I may even consider not for the dictoatorship of Black people. the PL motherfuckers talking that bull­ .understand that Mickey White, Huey P, 'myself one day on the mountaintop. I We are for the dictatorship of the people. shit, couldn't even find things to crit­ Newton and Dennis Mora; people like I may have already. But I know that in the The difference between the people and icize. They was so far in the ground. J30bby Hutton and Eldridge Cleaver-­ valley there are people like Benny and the vanguard is very important. You' got What was they doing? Organizing ground­ ,all of these people either dead, or in there are people like me, people like Mic­ to understand tl~t the people follow the hogs, educating groundhogs, arming "exile or in jail. A lot of people under- key White and people like Huey P. Newton vanguard. You got to-understand that the groundhogs and teaching groundhogs rev­ standing this w11l lose real faith in the and Bobby Seale. And that below the valley Black Panther Party IS the vanguard. olutionary political power. vanguard by not understanding what we're are people like Bobby Hutton, people like If you are about going to the people you ""talking about. Eldridge Cleaver. We know that going into got to understand that the vanguard leads CONTINUED ON P.IO '!Y A lot of these people will go up to the valley is a dangerous thing. We know the people. After the social revolution, .:li0u in a minute and say, "Why all these that when you go out to the valley you got the vanguard party.throul1;h our education- ~UGUST 1909 THEMDVEMENT PAG~~" -

~~You're either part of the .part of the

/" occured (RSU, Cal; Columbia expUlsion been plotted by the National Office for of the expansion committee), and de months in advance. The blundering way facto splits existed in manyother places. in which the final split occurred proves On the national level the antagonisms PL's claim a lie. If the expulsion bad were clear way before the split. At been carefully pre-mediated the strength the NC in Ann Arbor last fall PL ac­ of SDS would have been immediately tively opposed a "Solidarity With Cuba apparent, but it wasn't. Week". People understood that a re­ On its face, the walkout seemed to be jection of the Cuban revolution and an act of frustration. A little less than refusal to hold educational and agita­ half of the people walked out, apparently tional activities in support of Cuba could because they felt challenged by the only help the imperialists. Panthers to do so and becausethey found At the NC in Austin there was bitter it impossible to be heard above the thun­ debate over support for the Panthers. derous chanting of PL, "How could we deinand of People understood that PL's position The Panthers definitely did take the that the Panthers are racist and reac­ lead in the expUlsion of P L. They read people outside the organization tionary could only aid the ruling class a statement to the convention that stat­ what we could not demand of in the attempts to smash the Panthers. ed: "If the PLP continues its egocentric ("Despite the frequent waving of the policies and revisionist behavior they people inside?" Quotations of Mao-Tse-tung", it'is quite will be considered as counter-revolu­ -Bernardine Dohrn apparent that the Panthers have no class tionary traitors and will be dealt with outlook and believe they are out to fight as such. SDS will be judged by the com-_ The 1969 convention of SDS a war against white people in general"• pany they keep and the efficiency and marks a turning point in its his­ --PL Magazine, February, 1969) Also effectiveness with which they deal with in Austin people understood thatthey had bourgeois, factions in their organiza­ tory. For the first time SDS adopt­ to strongly reject PL's criticism of the tion." The statement was also signed ed certain Marxist political prin­ Vietnamese leadership if they were to by the Young Lords, the Brown Berets, and the Young Patriots. ciples. For the first time SDS effectively struggle against imperialism. ("NLF-type liberation programs will The walkout was spontaneous. Only expelled members ofthe organiza­ take radicals right to the graveyard,"-­ after 24 hours of discussion (without tion who opposed these principles. PL Magazine, August 1969) The harm PL) did people clearly understand the that PL 'was doing to the Vietnamese necessity for the expulsion and the rea­ struggle was spelled out by Le Phoung, sons for it. The expulsion of PL and its sup­ an NLF representative in SWeden in a Some accused SDS of walking out in porters must be understood in the con­ letter to the GUARDIAN on April 5, fear of losing the organization on the text of the historical development of 1969: "They (PL) defame the political basis of votes to PL. Aside from the the movement and the position of SDS program of the NLF, they defame it fact that credentials counters claimed in the national (even international) po­ flagrantly. While progressive people that SDS had a slight margin over PL litical arena. Since its beginning in 1962 throughout the world support the NLF (and that the meeting after the walkout as a left-liber,al student organization, and its political program, these people grew from some 600 to over 1000) most and especially in the last two years, of us. People at the convention under­ wrongly criticize the political program. people were clear that working with SDS has grown into the largest national stood that the political stakes have been While the US imperialists slander our PL was untenable, whether PL be maj­ political organization of revolutionary raised--that the political scene in this front, they slander our front too. That is ority or minority. Most people thought white youth. No other organization has country has become increasingly po­ aiming at deceiving public opinion, in­ that if allowed to speak, SDS would win anywhere near its mass base and rep­ larized. Either you're for the NLF or cluding American public opinion. That a slight margin over PL in a vote over utation. Therefore its actions and po­ you're for imperialism; you're for black is aiming at harming the antiwar move- expUlsion. That vote was- never taken. licies set the tone for the white move­ liberation or you're for racism. "Either The reasonwas not because people feared ment in general. you're part of the solution or you're the vote, but because people felt very Although the organization has been part of the problem" , strongly about their political principles extremely loose and decentralized, with and didn't want to have them bogged affiliation being more often a matter of down in parliamentary procedure and affinity than formal membership, SDS WHY THE EXPULSION constitutional debates which would leg­ haS been the only mass organization Before the main business ever really itimize PL. Yes, SDS dropped its own to assert leadership over that amor­ got underway people were talking about constitution. They felt that the constit­ phous body called the "New Left". This how PL and its supporters were, indeed, ution was irrelevant and were sick and - fact makes the organization an arena part of the problem. SincePL began par­ tired of phoney votes with PL. for every conceivable political viewpoint ticipating in SDS about two years ago competing for national circulation. Such they have incurred the hostility of ~any CLASS STRUGGLE ideological competition has a double SDS people. In edge. It has been healthy for the organ­ the 24 hours following the walkout, Until recently, many people opposed people made a serious attempttoanalyze ization in exposing the membership to PL for the wrong reasons. Much of many political ideas and allowing them what had happened and to map out a the hostility was based on a mistrust program for the future of SDS. At first to sort out those which served best of a strongly disciplined outside cadre people were elated and confused. As the in practice. At the same time it has (that is, on anti-communism). Also some often crippled SDS's ability to act, as people rejected PL's heavy working class debate wore on, however, the various forces at the convention became clear. competing sect groups have been more orientation. They didn't criticize PL for concerned with pushing their line than The decision to expel PL on a prin­ being reformist or economist in its cipled basis reflected a class analysis in taking care of business. approach to the working class, they just Nevertheless, under the leading influ­ rejected approaching the working class of the various political positions taken. Although SDS includes people from ence of third world struggles (especially altogether. While most people in SDS those of the Vietnamese and the Blacks) have abandoned their anti-communist many different class backgrounds, and, although many groups within SDS differ SDS has been developing a revolutionary and anti-working class attitudes in the perspective. The basis of this perspect- ­ course of the struggle (eg. anti-war in their definition of the working class, ive has been the understanding that the movement supporting the NLF or Black everyone gives lip service to the fact principle contradiction in theworld today liberation struggle urging white rad­ that the working class (black and White) is between U,S. imperialism and the icals to organize white poor and working wUl make the revolution. So in making a oppressed -nations of the worl(;!. SDS people), PL does deserve some credit class analysis of the forces at the Con­ has tried to forge an alliance with these for pushing these ideas inside SDS. vention. we must look at which class oppressed peoples by building an anti­ As the reasons for the hostility to PL imperialist student movement on cam­ changed and the antagonisms became puses through-out the country in support more bitter. More and more SDS peo­ of the struggles for self-determination. ple have formed collectives based on SDS sees these struggles as part of an principles of Marxism-Leninism: demo­ international class struggle which im­ cratic centralism, class line, criticism plies the necessity to link up with the and self-criticism. The objection to PL working class. came to be based on PL's incorrect Along with this ideological develop­ ideology and practice rather than on ment in the U.S." ment has come increased militance in anti-communism. Chapters and collec­ So, in a certain sense, the expulsion struggles and an attempt to spread the tives all over the country learned in of PL was inevitable; a splitwasalready movement to sectors previously un­ practice that the application of PL's an accomplished fact before the con­ touched by SDS--namely, working class ideology meant the subversion of rev­ vention. The actual expulsion awaited a youth. In short, SDS has begun to take olutionary struggles for open admissions catalyst. The catalyst came after two its politics more seriously, which, in of black and brown stUdents; for black days of Roman circus when PL's dis­ turn, has meant that the ruling class studies; for people's parks. Even when ruption made rational political discus- ­ takes SDS more seriously. This spells PL didn't have a chance to explicitly sion impossible. The Panthers were increased repression. oppose an ongoing struggle they effec­ booed, thunderous PL chants would not Although repression was not explic­ tively subverted the development of any allow the National Secretary to address itly discussed at the convention, this kind of struggle by bogging chapters the Convention and PL took over the issue was omnipresent. Pigs outside down in endless sectarian debates. Many stage. Rudd, Klonsky, and Dohrn led taking pictures, spies and provacateurs SDS people found themselves becoming a walkout. inside, the need for tight security meas­ dogmatic and forgetting practice in the ures served as constant reminders of course of their struggle against PL. TACTICS OF THE EXPULSION the murders of our Panther allies and In many places at the chapter level,Splits threats of long prison sentences for all or attempts at expulsion had already PL claimed that their expUlsion had PAGE 6 THE MOVEMENT JULY 1969 0 • Q

PROBLEM~ or, . SOLUTION"--eldridge cleaver

interests the various positions taken So this factor may become less sig­ objectively serve and how they are nificant in attracting people to PL in s~rved. the future. , The lies and distortions PLuses PL/WSA to organize would not be effective at all were it not for the fact that SDS PL/WSA inevitably label all those who organizers have largely abdicated the disagree with them as anti-working hard job of organizing in such places class. They challenge the slogan"Power as the Bay Area. sent at the convention, they joinedforces to the People" with their own slogan on principled grounds to expel PL. There are also some people who dig the Rev­ "Power to the Workers". (As if workers' ISC interests were different than the inter­ olutionary Youth Movement, but who ests of the people). But after the chants remain unattached to either Weather­ die down, and people have a chance to The Independent Socialist Club is a bureau or RYM II. The Revolutionary evaluate practice, it appears that it is small trotskyite group which condemns Youth Movement is tied together by a PL who is reallyanti-working class since all existing socialist governments as com mon recognition of the black liber­ it is PL that takes positions which support bureaucratic and undemocratic, but ation struggle as the leading force in the ruling class. claims it's for socialism. The ISC had the anti-imperialist struggle. In additon to opposing revolutionary been politically irrelevant in SDS until The RYM is by no means a monolithic struggles (NLF, Ho, Panthers, League of convention time. (At Austin NC, they group. There are plenty of disagreements Revolutionary Black Workers etc), the had 9 votes, the 9 ISC members pre­ 'among various groups within RYM. That's arguments PL has been using to expand sent) At the Convention, they had an natural and healthy. What gives that group the ranks of the WSA, have the familiar estimated 100 votes. some degree of unity is the agreement on ring of bourgeois liberalism. The domestic application oftheir anti­ important. basic principles that at this It was no accident that time after GQmmunist international position is re­ stage in the struggle divide them off from time before the walkout ISC • on the jection of all forms of"stalinism" within the counter-revolutionaries. Different basis of principles" was consistently SDS. Although the final vote of RYM collectives with different experiences, able to support PL in votes and chants. was delayed hours because they were and different ideas are attemptingto deal Both presented a liberal "free speech" allowed to speak, they maintained that with the American reality. Eventually argument in oppostion to the national RYM and PL shared equally ,in. the through theory and practice some will office and their supporters (revolution­ same sin: "stalinism". They never made find new directions which will again ary youth movement). PL recruited many a principled stand against the position divide revolutionaries from counter-rev­ people, not on the basis of the political adopted in support of the NLF, DRV, olutionaries. At this point in the struggle content of their position, but on the basis Cuba, China, Korea, Albania. Rather both our practice and theory have not of the fact that PL hadn't been given they accused the supporters of that reached this point. . equal time in New Left Notes. They principle of being elitist, manipUlative, At times however, there is a disturbing ushered many WSA supporters into char­ Stalinist, etc. This is the same kind tendency among many groups that think tered busses and planes to prevent of argument that liberal academics and they have already reached this point. an "anti-communist ouster" of PL from politicians make against the left in They tend to label disagreen ~ntswithall­ SDS. Their arguments were reminiscent general. It has been traditionally used ies the same way one labels an enemy. of the recruitment ofPeace and Freedom to smash revolutionaries by depriving ideological struggle apart from the rank Personal, cliquish and political prefer­ Party signatures "you don't have to be them of potential supporters. and file and then carries this rhetoric ences intersect and the thing can become for PFP you only have to be for our While the motives for ISC's criticism to the floor of its convention without downr.ight immature and dangerous. Ar­ ,right to be on the ballot." were opportunist: "We're independent, adequate explanation. The gulf that ex­ rogance and dogmatism tend to blossom••. The effect of these liberal arguments if you don't like them, join us", many ists between SDS membership and lead­ and they are poisonous weeds. 'was evident in the composition of the people who supported the "independent" ership is partially explained as the re­ We are not against comradely ideo­ WSA cheering galleries. Most seemed position had good reason to be turned sult of the limited number of sophis­ logical struggle, but we are against strug­ very young, just out of middle class ticated cadre needed to both run the gling with comrades as if they were the suburban high schools. Siding with PL organization and do mass work. Faced enemy. When a hundred flowers bloom they gave them a chance to seem hip by with the necessity of ideologically de­ they all bloom in the same soil, where dif­ mouthing revolutionary rhetoric, and feating counter-revolutionaries like PL, ferences between comrades are dealtwith at the same time, not supporting rev­ the cadre turned in upon itself instead on the level of persuasion, honesty, non­ olutionary struggle which they feared. of going to the masses in the organiza­ SUbjectivity and working together when­ (Their parents told them the Panthers tion to teach them and learn from them. ever possible. This' qualitative change in were racist 'and so did PL) Many of the rank and file failed the relationship between groups and in­ This is not to say that all PL support­ to advance their understanding of rev­ dividuals has to accompany the ideological ers were wimpy mi(J,dle classkids. Some olutionary theory on the basis of con­ advancement that has pushed SDS from were sincere supporters of revolution, crete struggles on the local level. They Port Huron to Chicago, from exclusion of new to the movement, whose only source failed to form collectives and engage Communists to becoming Communists. of information was PL cadres. One in study, criticism and self criticism. "To treat comrades like enemies is to insisted, "How can you say PL is counter­ The gulf thus created between the lead­ go over to the stand of the enemy". Mao revolutionary? TheY're responsible for ership and the rank and file was man­ The RYM, which includes Klonskyand the success of the struggle at SF State, ifested at the convention in many people Dohrn, and all the new national officers, the vanguard struggle of the year." being turned off by the rhetoric of the pressed for the expulsion of PL, but His PL teachers apparently didn't feel "NO". Another problem is that some people tried to make clear that PL was being it necessary to mention that struggle expelled on the basis of certain political was led by the TWLF which not only who are still hung up on high school memories of being excluded from the principles. They maintained that PL pUblically condemned PL, but also ex­ was the real anti-communist force be­ pelled two black PL's from its ranks. "group" or on the super anarchist days of SDS, reject the notion that people should cause they opposed the following po­ No doubt PL also attractedmanysup­ sition: porters by claiming to be "Maoist". caucus and work out political positions before mass meetings. They call this 1.) We support the struggles of the Black' The Chinese revolution has tremendous and Latin colonies within the U.S. prestige around the world. As long manipulative and entist. When ISC says_ this, they're being hypocritical , since for national liberation, and we recognize as P.L. fashioned itself to be Mao's those nations' rights to self-determin­ heir in the U.S., some of China's pres­ ISC has its caucuses before meetings all the time. But other people, with no ation (including the right to political tige rubbed off on P.L. Now other secession, if they tlesire it.) groups are actively challenging PL's collective or caucus to attend have a 2.) We support the struggle for national monopoly of Maoism and pointing out legitimate gripe. Collectives are a pos­ itive and necessary form of political liberation of the people of South Viet­ how PL, in fact, contradicts Mao and the nam, led by the NLF and the South e,xperience of the Chinese revolution. action, far superior to having iso­ Vietnamese Provisional Revolutionary lated individuals just doing their thing. Government. We also supportthe Demo­ The problem is not that people belonging cratic Republic of Vietnam ,.led by to collectives were manipulative, rather President Ho Chi Minh, as well as that SDS people hadn't done the hard the People's Republic of China, Korea job of orgli\llizing regional collectives and Albania. And the RepUblic of Cuba, where none exist or incorporating new all waging fierce struggles against US people into already existing collectives. imperialism. We support their right off by RYM (and, of course PL). RYM The upshot of the ISC's opportunism people have spent a lot of time in the to pick up the gun to free themselves and the vulnerability of RYM was that from the brutal rule of US imperialism. last few months in "sharp ideolciical a substantial minorityofpeople werewon struggle" with PL and among them­ These principles were passed and all to an anti-communist line in the name those who couldn't support them were selves. In the course of this struggle of "anti-Stalinism". This, in effect,was excluded from the organization. (ISe, positions tend to harden before they playing into the hands of the ruling while it doesn't support the 2nd point, are tested in practice. People become class, even though these "independent" did not force expulsion of itself by dogmatic.. forces never won a vote. keeping quiet on its international po­ in the course of these ideological litics.) struggles certain phrases (which the RYM RYM people tried to spell out what ISC labels "Stalinist rhetoric") became these principles meant in practice: active understood for more complex ideas. The Revolutionary Youth Movement support of all- third world struggles; This is fine for discussion within a is split between two forces: the Weath­ ego black stUdies, community control of , small collective that has been working er bureau and RYM II (the names coming together for a long time but it causes from the titles of their respective posi­ severe problems when the leadership tion papers). Although the tension be­ CONTINUED ON PAGE 22 of a mass organization engages in this tween these two groups was always pre-

JULY 1969 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 7 BLACK BROTHERS HAVE A TT I By Kathy McAfee campuses and in the factories. They explained that we were not there to organize the workers or to The insurgencies of young and black work­ lead them, but to learn from them and to give them every kind of support we could. The SDS speakers ers in basic industry are among the most received long and loud applause, andthere was a important political developments the move­ strong feeling of unity and determination. The next time the Brothers came to open the hall, they found that ment has seen. They are beginning to break the lock had been changed by the Union. through die carefully constructed barrier be­ As pig harassment made the blocking of entrances tween bread and butter issues and questions more difficult, the tactic changed on Monday to students and some workers standing out on the of politics and control which has prevented roads leading to the plant and waving workers on to workers from understanding and challenging the reopened union hall instead of to work. This pattern continued through the week, with the UBB the basis of their exploitation. Militant black holding meetings during each shift to discuss griev­ caucuses are attacking the white supremacist ances and strategy. (After a couple of days, the union hall was reopened) Anywhere from 50 to 150 workers practices that have kept workers divided and USUally attended. New demands were added, including powerless. At the same time, through the recognition of the UBB as spokesman for the black example of their determination to strike a workers, more representation of blacks in grievance procedures, and protection of all striking workers blow at the companies, they are beginning to from firing and other reprisals. build the basis of unity. The actions of these SDS ON PICKET LINE workers have shown that even while it is reproduced in the institutions of the super­ Through most of the week, from 25 to 50 SOS people from different chapters left New York and structure, the class struggle is still very much north Jersey each day at 4 AM and 1 PM to join the alive around the point of production. picket lines at shift change: Most of the time we drove to the union hall where we met briefly with a few of the Brothers to discuss tactics. Then we went out onto the roads leading to the plant. Some of us Increasingly, especially among blacks, these in­ talked with the black workers who were with us, but surgencies are seen by the workers themselves as part very few of us made any attempts to approach of a broader political movement. During the recent white workers. And, except for a few small caucuses, black wildcat at Ford's Mahwah, N.J. assembly plant, we held no general meetings. among ourselves to the strikers were aware of the actions taken by discuss strategy. black workers at other plants throughout the country. We were tremendously elated by the initial suc­ They also saw in the militancy of the struggles of cess of the strike, and by the feeling that we were black students in the high schools and colleges an finally involved in something .. real-. Our presence example they should follow, and they asked both SOS United Black Brothers (UBB). "UBB- buttons began did seem to have some effect in boosting the moral and the Black Panthers to come and gi ve them support. to appear in the plant, especially on the night shift. of the strikers and in encouraging other workers The importance of building strong ties between This spring, on the April 23 night shift, a black not to go in. Especially in the beginning, not all of these workers and the movement--or rather, of worker from the body shop went to the office of the striking workers were enthusiastic about us. A making these struggles part of the same movement, supervisor Ray Eskew, well-known as a racist, few of the older workers in particular resented can hardly be overstated. But because of our lack to ask about a work assignment. When Eskew ordered the presence of students, and especially students of experience, and often because of political con­ the man back on the line, the worker told Eskew to from SDS, but the majority seemed to feel that they fusion, most movement people are not very clear stop treating him "like an animal-. Eskew's response: needed and wanted our support. about what our specific role in relation to workers' .. You're fired, you black motherfucker- . But because for most of us, this was our first movements should be. This was very apparent at The worker went back to the line and told the experience with an industrial strike, we weren't Mahwah. other men what had happened, and a meeting was sure of how to evaluate the strike and our role in Ford Mahwah is a huge complex employing 4,200 held pver dinner break in the locker room. Some of it, and we made a number of mistakes which will workers. Since it is an assembly plant, few sk11led the workers were ready to walk off right away, but be discussed later. workers are needed, and about a third of the workers it was agreed to go to theunion committeeman and That week production was slowed on all shifts are black. Most of the whites live in the surrounding the company labor relations department first. When and shut down on the night shift on three occasions. suburbs, but'the blacks commute from' the cities, the union man and the labor relations rep said they Especially in the beginning, a large proportion of including Newark and New York, about 50 miles away. could do nothing but write out another grievance, the the black workers, and maJIY whites as well, stayed As is true everywhere, black workers have the men were ready for action, and this time the action off the job. For a Wildcat, and especially one led least seniority rights, and are systematically pre­ would be organized. by workers who are in the minority in the plant, vented from getting them. (They are most often this was extremely successful. fired, harassed into quitting, or let go before the THE DEMANDS But it became apparent by the middle of the week end of the 90-day probationary period, afterwhich they that the strike was no longer gaining momentum. are supposed to get their rights as union members.) The next day the UBB called a meeting of black The number of workers on the lines and at the meet­ As at most places, blacks have the worst jobs, workers only and adopted a list of demands including ings was not increasing--if anything, there were like in the body shop, and are concentrated on the (1) removal of Ray Eskew as foreman, (2) transfer of fewer. The company was making no concessions. night shift, which is worse in terms of both hours all racist foremen from Ford Mahwah, (3) re-hiring In a Wildcat, this kind of stalemate can be fatal. and work load. This way most of the black workers of all workers fired by these racists, and (4) an Especially for older workers with debts to pay and are separated from the whites. Needless to say, the end to the kangaroo court grievance procedures used families to feed, every day's loss of pay causes a white controlled union does nothing to right the by the company, with the union's cooperation, whenever hardship, and every day off the job makes firing imbalance. a man is fired. more likely. As soon as it appears as if substantial SPEED-UP As th e word spread, production was slowed on the concessions cannot be won, the pressure on a man April 24 night shift, and many black workers failed to return to work is tremendous. But conditions are bad and growing worse for all to report. UBB demands were not met, and the Brothers the workers, black and white. The already exhausting began to organize workers to stay off the job. They FORD POWER pace of the assembly line is speeded up whenever took over the union hall, abOut a mile from the plant, the company can get away with it. Fork lifts and and they called on SOS and the Panthers for support. Ford's power was greater than the power of the other machines ar e made to carry loads well beyond On the morning of Friday, April 25, about 50 SOS wildcat. In the first place, the experience of work­ their safe operating limit. The stifling heat of the people showed up at the plant. We m11led around the ing for Ford robs workers of the ability to con­ plant during summer has often caused workers to gates with the black workers, helped pass out leaf­ trol their own lives. The physical plant itself and collapse on the line. Meanwhile, air-conditioning lets, and shook our heads in sympathy when black the authority structure within the plant separates equipment sits on the roof of the plant--uninstalled. workers' cars conveniently"stalled- right where they workers and prevents them from working cooperatively Instead, there are bottles of salt pellets. Breakdowns blocked the plant entrances. Not enoughworkers stayed and from using their own minds and w11ls. in equipment and floors covered withwater and grease out that day to shut down production, but the night shift, The existence of the union does nothing to over­ make jobs dangerous, but an injured man has to wait which is about 70% black, was shut down completely. come this fragmentation; it does not give workers for permission from a foreman to leave the line. As soon as it was clear that no cars would be the experience of organizing themselves, or a sense Speed-up pressure forces workers to ignore safety produced at Mahwah that night, we all gathered for of their own power. The problem with the union standards not only for themselves but also for the an open meeting in the union hall. Close to 300 is not so much a lack of formal democracy--the cars they produce. Mahwah's production policy was workers were there, mostly black, some Puerto UBB was able to influence the election of a sym­ summed up by one worker: "When a part doesn't fit, Rican, and a very few white. One by one, black pathetic (White) president of the local, only to find get a hammer. If it still doesn't fit, get a bigger workers got up and described conditions in the that after a few weeks in office, the new officer hammer.- plant and their treatment there. The main theme acted just like the old one. Rather, the problem Blacks are hurt worse, but everybody is harassed, which emerged was the denial to blacks of "human with the union is its pro-capitalist ideology, the and all new workers are threatened with probationary dignity", and their determination to fight back. Many whole series of practical accomodations it has made firings. The union lets Ford get away with all this, workers, in talking about the strike, used analogies with the companyover the years, and most importantly, and fails to fight over individual grievances as well; with the struggles on the campuses. They clearly its systematic denial of information to the workers. 2,000 unprocessed grievances were left standing felt that their strike and the students' fights were During the' strike Ford didn't hesitate to use all at the end of last year. in some way part of the same struggle. One black the resources it had to attack the workers. For In January, 1968, racial harassment provoked a worker from the paint shop day shift said,1/ For years -example, every 15 minutes the company sponsored spontaneous walkout of black workers. The walkout I've put up with this shit. Now my son's in high school an announcement on Newark's black radio station lasted four days until union officials talked the men and he's not taking it any more. IfI don't do something, telling the lie that production was back to normal and into returning with promises they never kept, and I'm not really a man!' that all workers were returning to their jobs. Ford several men were suspended. Then last fall, a The SOS people who were invited to speak talked sent telegrams to striking workers, urging them group of black workers formed a caucus called the mainly about the common fight against racism on the to return, and threatened to fire anyone automatically PAGE 8 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 who missed five days. It forced those who worked against the boss, even when this has meant defying that we movement people made in relating to the to stay overtime and report early so that the picket the white workers. Once black workers have achieved strike. In the first place, our lack of familiarity with lines would be less effective. Finally, when the company this unity and strength, then black and white workers wildcats or with strikes of any kind led to some strange saw that it was safe to do so, it began firing the strike can unite without whites dominating. attitudes. There were some people who, when it be­ leaders one by one. During the stz:ike many of us were confused about came clear that the UBB wasn't going to bring down Ford could never have succeeded in this if it were how Mahwah fit into this analysis. The tactics of the Ford in a day, lost enthusiasm very quickly. There' not for the collaboration of the UAW. First, when it UBB are different in many respects from those of the were others who, when we saw that the blacks didn't became clear that the wildcat was serious and had a League of Revolutionary Black Workers in Detroit, always know what to do made statements like, "If lot of support among black workers, the union tried with which we were more familiar. This seemed to they can't even get themselves together, why should to take credit for what the UBB had achieved. Early us to imply that their strategy was different, too. we be out here supporting them?", revealing the in the week, the racist supervisorwho causedthe orig­ For example, except for the first meeting, all the racist assumption that blacks are incapable of org­ inal incident was "transferred", and the union claimed UBB meetings were open to white workers as well anizing without our advice. it was responsible for this. It told workers to stay on as blacks. A special leaflet was handed out asking On the whole, however, people were willingto come the job--"We're taking care of everything" --and for support from white workers and the UBB em­ to the plant regularly, respect UBB leadership, and boasted that a high "Negro" union official had come phasized in the leaflet and in speeches at the meet­ support the strike in any way they could. The trouble all the way from Detroit just to sit on a committee ings that ALL workers were affected by the issues was that, outside of standing on the picket lines, we to discuss Mahwah grievences! The union lied to the of the strike--lousy working conditions, harassment, weren't sure what to do, and very few of us spent workers about what was actually happening, and wasn't probationary firings, the sell-out union, etc. much time talking with the workers, black or White. above playing on racism to keep the workers divided: Some of us privately criticized the UBB for not We didn't familiarize ourselves with the workers' "There's no meeting today, and anyway, they won't putting their explicit emphasis on racism. We felt grievances and conditions .inside the plant. We stood let whites into it/, The union red-baited SDS and told that they were not appealing to the consciousness of on the sidelines speculating about the consciousness workers that outside agitators were leading the UBB the black workers, and the fact that even on the night of the workers and the effect of the strike on them by the nose. Toward the end of the strike, it issued shifts quite a few black workers stayed on the job instead of finding out from the people involved. De­ a press release stating that "Black militants using seemed to confirm this. We understood that conditions spite all our rhetoric in the movement about the Hitler-like tactics and SDS hippies will not dictate in Detroit and Mahwah are different--at Mahwah, black need to communicate our anti-racist and anti-im­ to the UAW." workers are in the minority, and the plant is sur­ perialist politics, we did almost nothing to explain This baiting by the union did seem to have an effect rounded by conservative, white, suburban Jersey-­ even to the strikers who we were, and why we as on many of the workers, who became much less will­ and we thought that the UBB had changed their line SDS supported the strike. Thus we not only failed ing to admit publically that they had invited us, and after the first day, when they saw that white support to project our politics and to arm the workers with certainly it intimidated many of our own people. would be needed in order for the strike to succeed. political ideas, but we did nothing to combat the The misleading radio announcements and union' baiting of us as outside agitators and hippies bent statements, the firings and threatened firings began RACE AND CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS on disruption. to have their intended effect, and gradually people It became clear after a while that the reason we began returning to work. By the middle of the second However, conversations which some of us have had were not talking to workers was that we ourselves week, the strike had ended without the remaining de­ with leaders of the UBB since the strike have revealed were not really sure why we were supporting the mands (after the transfer of Eskew) being met, and that the Brothers had a more subtle and probably a strike and what our relation was to black and White without the rehiring of the fired men. more realistic understanding of the relation of race workers. In fairness it should be said that a couple to class consciousness than we did. of our LEADERS explained very well at the early In the first place, the Brothers explained, nobody had strike meetings that we were there because we and UNITED BLACK BROTHERS to explain to workers that the basic issuewas racism-­ the workers were fighting a common enemy--racism, Although several of the leaders have been fired, "We were talking about racism even if we said 'op­ and we were there to learn. But ALL of us should have the UBB still has a solid core of workers in the pression' , and every black worker knew it. On the level been much more clear, at least to the black workers, plant. Many members and supporters were gained of black consciousness, black workers are already that (1) we were there to support the strikers and during the strike, which indicated to workers that together. The problem is to convince them you're learn from them, and not to organize or lead them, as the UBB is serious. The brothers say they have gone not bullshitting, that you're really serious about going the media were claiming; (2) we saw the anti-racist back into the plant to organize, and will come out out. We've already got their minds; we just have to aspect of the strike as part of the same struggle we again, stronger than ever. A group of Puerto Rican get their bodies to move, and this is a process that are engaged in around the schools; (3) we believe that workers has organized in coalition with the UBB, and takes time." This is why the UBB felt it was essential we and the strikers are fighting a common enemy in there is a growing number of white contacts. (UBB to meet with the blacks alone FIRST and convince them the system run by and for the owners of Ford and membership is officially open to whites.) to vote in favor of the strike before going on. "This other corporations, that di vides and channels us in the Since the strike there have been several unexplained way it was a black thing from the beginning." schools so that it can better divide and exploit us in fires, a breakdown on the assemblyline because some­ The ultimate goal, the UBB says, is class conscious­ the factories; and (4) we were there not as a student one jammed a metal block into the machinery, and a ness, "But class consciousness has to develop in power interest group, but as part of a revolutionary short, spontaneous walkout over the heat in the plant. stages. We wanted to appeal to the white workers POLITICAL MOVEMENT organized to fight that A UBB member said the Brothers were not connected because eventually everybody is going to walk out of system. with these incidents: "They're doing on their own now, that plant together. White workers have their priv­ Some SDS people were disturbed about our presence and that's revolutionary." Another brother said, "The ileges--an easy job on the day shift', a house in the on the line because they felt we were"alienating white seeds are definitely planted in the workers minds-­ suburbs, and they go on vacations with their brownie workers." No doubt we did cause resentment among from here you can develop class consciousness." . cameras--but they also know they're oppressed. They many white workers, especially since we never ex­ The Mahwah experience raised a lot of questions in bitch in the lunch room just like we do, and they know plained to them why we were there, at the same time the minds of SOS !'eople about the relation of race to that if a white worker steps out of line. he can e-et that we helped encourage the strikers and persuaded class demands--a problem that has divided the white "The way we look at it," a UBB leader said, "Is other workers to stay out. Sometimes a white worker movement and that is causing tensions within the rev­ that the door is always open for the white workers-­ would respond angrily to a student with a leaflet, say­ olutionary black movement as well. we're just not going to wait for them. I'm not going ing or implying, "Who are YOU to tell ME to strike?" It is clear that white supremacist practices and to spend my energies organizing white workers, but other times workers were friendly, took the leaflets, attitudes are an extremely important factor in keep­ eventually they're going to come along. We encourage and sometimes decided not to go to work. ing industrial workers divided and preventing the this, and it's already beginning to happen at Mahwah. development of class consciousness. The basis of But white workers are going to have to accept just­ WHITE WORKER RESPONSE unity is a strong black movement that attacks those ifiable black demands, and they're going to have to privileges at the same time that it fights the boss accept black leadership." Very few white workers ever came to UBB meetings and the oppression off all workers. In fact, the de­ "The thing that scared the union most during the and it is difficult to evaluate their response to the velopment of any strong workers' movement ejepends strike was that white workers would walk out, too. strike. Many stayed off the job for at least a day, and now on the momentum and the consciousness of the Some of them wanted to come out, but the union did there was reportedly a great deal of sentiment in sup­ black workers in the vanguard. everything possible to sabotage it. One thing we need port of the demands among those who did go to work. In the case of the League of Revolutionary Black now is some good white organizers in that plant." But with the union actively working to undermine the Workers and other black workers' movements, it has strike, and without organizers in the plant to mob­ been the identification of the workers with the black SUPPORTERS CONFUSED ilize sympathetic white workers, it is hard to judge liberation movement--their "national consciousness" CONTINUED ON PAGE 22 --that has given them the determination to stand up In retrospect, we can recognize a lot of mistakes CAPITAL COUNTBRS CRBBPS Business's counterattack on the complete confusion by the influx oftrained to national security." Contacted putting in his morning'swork radical students' summer "work­ competent radical students into the sum- Meanwhile a Dayton, Ohio firm called at East-of-the-Sun/West-of-the-Moon's mer workforce. "First we refused to Agitator Detection, Inc., claimed in a bicycle factory, that nation's Minister of in" moved into high gear yester­ hire anybody with long hair,"one per- letter sent to the nation's top one hun- Health, Education, and Welfare, Pundit day with the announcement by sonnel manager said. "Then we found out dred corporations that it already has Plato, told newsmen he thought the NAM that the radicals had cut it off and that available a "sure-fire method for keep- moratorium would "probably bring great the National Association of Manu­ the boys with long hair were actUally ing radical America out of work." success." facturers (NAM) of a nation-wide clean-cut Americans." "We have complete, computerized files "Nothing wUl convince the American At plant gates in Ingleside, New Jer- on every known American dissident,". worker that SDS has something to say,· "moratorium on hiring." No NAM sey., last week, agitators from the Stu- the company wrote, "30 million of them. the Pundit explained, "quicker ~han the member will hire anyone under dents for a Democratic Society (SDS) And all 160 million of their friends, rel- boss's getting upset about their saying handed out copies of a 1965 yearbook atives and fellow travellers." it." thirty . from the local high schOOl which, they " We can make it easy for you to be To save themselves, American bus­ until means are found for discriminating said, contained the names and photo- sure of employees who are good, pure, inessmen will have to adopt an "if-you­ between radicals and "garden variety graphs of "at least 35 known communists honest, capitalist tools." the letter told can't-beat-them-join-them" strategy,Pla­ American workers wUling to put up with and hundreds of their Classmates, friends, the corporations. "They will help you to told reporters. the inequities that make this country and fellow travellers." shut down your plant and retire!' it "If they get rid of their big houses and great!' "We are checking the yearbook against explained, pointing out that a success- big cars, take off their business suits, At the New York press conference our personnel files," the manager of the tul strategy for weeding out "potential learn to look like, dress like, talk like, announcing the moratorium, an NAM plant told newsmen. "If any of our work- revolutionaries" will mean a severe labor and act like good Americans, and join spokesman confessed that "triedand true" ers can be shown to have attended Ingle- shortage. the workers on the line, they have some methods of weeding out agitators have side High School in 1965, they wUl be But apparently American workerswon't chance of survival." the Minister said, proven of no use this summer against immediately discharged." let the influx of radical stUdents shut their affixing a bicycle seat while his grandson the young. "The nihilistic party disci­ Coincident with the announcement on factories down. In Detroit, where auto- screwed it tight. "otherwise, I wouldn't pline of these anarcho-communist hippie the NAM moratorium on hiring, the De- makers closed down their plants last give them much chance--Americans don't freaks has forced them to look like, partments announced a $1.3 million con- week rather than hire young people or cotton much to trOUble-making minorities.· dress like, talk like, and act like nor­ tract to the Stanford Research Institute militant blacks, loyal workers showed up mal good Americans." the spokesman to do basic research on a technology for work yesterday anyway. said. "Their threat to the American way for" sniffing out the bearers of an alien "This is OUR factory." they told sur- Reprinted from the Midpeninsula Observer of life has never been greater than now, philosophy." prised company officials. "YOU go home." when they have decided to cut their "This nation needs a machine at the Spokesmen for the.workers saidtheywould hair and go to work." plant gate to tell if a worker is thinking," continue to produce this year's models, Hecent weeks have seen the hiring a Defense Department official told news- until they could convert the plants to policv of whole industries thI:own into men. "If he's thinking, he's a threat "making something useful" . __ AUGUST 1969 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 9 9 2 l I THE ARMY IS REVOLTING 'tence for desertion. He was convicted last far from intolerable." Brass-brained By Andy Stapp April of splitting from the 525 M1l1tary Shoultz apparently never asked to see Inte1l1gence Packet A in June 1967, five those inmates in the Wolson Army Hos­ Thirty-eight soldiers are being held for courtmartial by the Army days before it shipped to Vietnam. Klug pltal psyche ward who completely flipped spent a year and a half in Europe doing out while being tortured in the straps brass in the aftermath of the June 5 rebellion in the Fort Dix anti-war work with GIs on the bases. in the Dix stockade. When Major Casey Stockade. With many of the men facing virtual life imprisonment, As he stated at the time, "My reasons orders his flunkies to give a man a for going AWOL and remaining AWOL few hours in the straps the prisoner's the importance of the case takes on Presidio-like proportions. are not pacifistic. The U.S. is fighting wrists are strapped to his ankles and an illegal war, it is fighting a war of he is repeatedly dropped on his face Ten of the thirty eight have been singled vicemen's Union, received the full brunt capital interest. It is killing and maiming until Casey has decided that he has been out for especially severe charges. Terry - of the Brass' rage after the revolt. He the brave people ofVietnam for the interest properly punished for whatever infraction Krug has been framed up with the heaviest was kept totally without food for three of Big Businessmen. The Vietnamese of the stockade rules the man committed. indictments: Riot (ten years), Inciting to days in an unsucessful attempt to make people ,have been fighting against aggres­ Shoultz' letter continues, "There was a Riot (six years), Conspiracy to Riot (Ten him "confess". During these three days sion in their country for many hundreds­ show of force by m1l1tary policemep, but years), Willful Damage of Government he was often taken from his segregation of years. They will not lose this war!" there was no physical contact between Property (six months)and AggravedArson cell and paraded in leg irons in front m1l1tary policemen and prisoners. Nine (twenty years). Under Willful Damage of of the other prisoners as an "example". GESTAPO TACTICS prisoners were treated for minor cuts and Government Property the charge reads Of course it is because Tuck is an bruises sustained during the mass evac­ that"Terry G. KIug did on or about 5 June example to the other men that the Brass On July 9th Brakefield had his Article uation from the barracks. They were 1969 destroy a footlocker of the value of fear him so much. 32 hearing, which is similar to. a grand treated at the post hospital..." Shoultz $13.36." On the charge of Aggravated Arson jury hearing. In a highly irregular man­ claims that there was no physical con­ the indictment reads that "on or about POLITICS OF THE UPRISING euver the Ft. Dix Brass insisted that the tack between guards and prisoners during 5 June 1969 Terry G. Klug did set fire Article 32 take place inside the stockade the riot, but that nine prisoners had to to Cell Block 67 of the value of $12,169." The May 20 issue of the Bond, the instead of at the Courts and Boards Bldg. treated at the post hospital! It is obvious others selected for the heaviest charges ASU newspaper, had been clandestinely Brakefield was represented by Roland that the Brass is prepared to pile lie are Bill Brakefield (Riot, Conspiracy to circulated in the Dix Stockade shortly Watts of the Workers Defense League at upon lie to obscure what really happened Riot, Inciting to Riot, and Aggravated before the rebe1l10n. Almost two hundred the request of the ASU. At one point in on the night of June 5th at the Ft. Dix Arson). prisoners had a chance to read in it this this star chamber proceeding, (no civ­ Stockade. Thomas Katlow (Riot, Inciting to Riot, statement from Tuck. "Icallupon all Afro­ ilians besides Watts were permitted to But there are other voices te1l1ng the Conspiracy to Riot). American servicemen to give support to be present) the brass got tripped up on story of an uprising of men who were op­ Donald Hill (Riot, and Inciting to Riot). oppressed peoples in the effort to destroy its own Gestapo tactics. A GI prisoner pressed so hard they could not stand, voi­ George Irrizzari (Riot and Inciting to U.S. Imperialism and to refuse by any on the stand as a government witness a­ ces from inside the stockade itself. Riot.) means necessary to serve in these racist gainst Brakefield was asked by the pro­ In a letter smuggled out. three weeks Jeffery Russell, whose wife is about to wars. The only way we can really win secutor to acknowledge a statement he after the rebe1l10n Terry KIug, facing have a baby, (Riot, Inciting to Riot, and is through total mass reVOlution." had signed that said Brakefield had con­ 46 years in prison writes, "I think one Conspiracy to Riot). Like Tuck, Brakefield and Klug are spired to riot. "Is this really my state­ of the biggest factors in this case and Dennis Kirby (Riot and Inciting to Riot). also ASU organizers. Both men were ment," the GI asked ingenuously, "when· a thing which will decide whether we win William M11ler (Riot and Inciting to immediately hustled off after the uprising you consider that the interrogators for the or not is outside support. We need a great Riot.) "- to maximum security cells under a Code Criminal Investigation told me that if amount of pUblicity and support or we're Tom Tuck (Riot and Willful damage of 14, (very sensitive person). Klug has I didn' t sign it I would probably be in as good as lost. What I am working up Government Property). Tuck, who is Black ,already begun to serve a three year sen- prison for quite a few more years and to say is that we are going to have to and an organizer for the American Ser- if I did sign it I might be allowed to have depend on your help. We're going to more food and a few movies and even get have to put our faith in the Union and out soon?" The Army prosecutor became the union in turn will have to trust us. flustered and quickly called the next 'It will have to know that under no cir­ witness. cumstances will we back down, make CONTINUED FROM "P.5 In a letter to the National Office of any agreements, or accept any bargains HAMPTON The American Servicemen's Union, Col­ or deals. It's all I live for Andy; to fight. I say that we're the first group to come onel James C. Shoultz, the Pentagon's That's my every hope, my every desire, So what do we say? Don't get the pigs Acting Provost Martial General, wrote my every dream. For me the revolution above' ground where the people can fol­ oHa us cause we can stand em. We jail low you and see you. And if you make a that, "Weekly inspection indicate that is all powerfUl, all great, all pure, all Mickey White, we should let em murder conditions at the Fort Dix Stockade are mistake it's better than not even being at Bobby Hutton, we should let em run sacred. Hasta la victoria siempre!" all. When I made that mistake I made it Eldridge Cleaver out of the country. for the people, and I correct it for the Why? Because you can jail a revolut­ people. You don't hear there was a raid ionary, but you can't jail the revolution. ....-- on PV s office last night. You ain't·never You can run a freedom fighter around heard that. When you heil of PL busted the country but you can't run freedom in New York, PL's leacrer in jail with fighting around the country. You can no bars, PL leader run out of the coun­ II!'!rder a tjberator, but you can't mur­ try, PL leader shot 18 times while he der liberation. was running with his back turned and K11l a few and get a little satisfaction. MORE REVOLTS hands tied up, PL leader gets breakfast Kill some more and you get some more for children for 1800 people a week. You satisfaction. Kill "em all and you get Revolts took place in June at Army stockades at Fort Jackson, South Carolina ever hear it? Ya never heard it. I want to complete satisfaction. We say All Power hear it. If you do hear it, it'll be be­ and Fort Riley, Kansas. to the People--Black :power to Black At Fort Jackson, Julio Rivera, a prisoner who refused topuIlKP was severely cause of the Black Panther lead. I' m People and Brown Power to Brown Powel' not putting all these things out and saying beaten by three sargeants and had to be hospitalized. 150 prisoners gathered PeOPle, Red Power to Red People and to protest the beating, and asked to see the Commanding officer of the stockade. PL doesn't know 'em. But I'm saying Yellow Power to Yellow People. We say that when people write somethinglikethis, The Army backed down...releasing Rivera and several othe.- prisoners from White Power to White People EVEN. confinement. Rivera plans to bring charges against the sargeants a lot of people don't understand it. ADd I And we say Panther Power to the van­ wanted to take the time to explain it. At Fort Riley a guard shot a prisoner who was supposedly trying to escape. guard Party and we say don't kill a few The rebellion broke out the next day when other prisoners heard that he had There are some things that PL says and don't kill some more. As a matter that a.e valid. Don't misunderstand me. died. Rocks were thrown at m1l1tary pigs and two prisoners were wounded of fact we rather you didn't move until when the pigs opened fire. ~ We don't get mad because.in someway or you see we ready to move, and when you another PL is trying to better the Black The executive director of the American servicemen's Union, Bob Le May see we ready to move you know we not said, -these uprisings came close on the heels of an even bigger revolt at Panther Party by trying to criticize it. dealing with a .few. we not dealing wh But I just want to let you know, ain't the Fort Dix stockade where the inmates had been driven by the brass' torture some more. You know that when we get and abuse to the point where they could only rise up and fight their oppressor. nothing all right and ain't nothing all ready to move we dealing from com­ wrong. We're not all right--though we We support all r~bellions of servicemen who are held as prisoners by the plete--that's what we're after--total, brass. All stockade prisoners should be released and the war criminals of trying to get that way. We make mis­ everything, everybody--complete satis­ takes but we understand that we gonna faction. the Pentagon put behind bars." make some more mistakes. And we gonna Right on. try and correct these mistakes and we POWER TO THE PEOPLE gonna try and keep on moving. PAGE 10 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 FUNDAMENTAL RESOLUTION . of south vietnam congress . of people's representatives EDITORIAL NOTE: fication of the country and voices the unshaka­ industry and trade, develops education, health, The Vietnamese people have taken the lead ble resolve of the 14 million South Vietnamese to cultural and social work with a view to conti­ in the struggle against U.S. imperialism. That fight to a finish in a self-denying spirit for them, nuously improving the material and moral living struggle has entered a new stage with the It is now a task of paramount importance for conditions of the people, especially of the labour­ our whole armed forces and people in South Viet ­ ing people, and mobilizing manpower and material establishment of the Provisional Revolution­ Nam to strengthen unity, to step up the struggle, resources according to the motto .. All for the front, all for victory" ary Government of South Vietnam. We are to bend all energies to the fight to defeat the (J ,S. imperialists' aggressive policy. to overthrow proud to publish the Fundamental Resolu­ the reactionary stooge administration, to liberate Article 3 the South, defend the North, achieve an in Ie pend . tions of the South Vietnam Congress of The Hepublic of South Viet Nam follows a ent, democratic. peaceful, neutral South Viet foreign policy of peace and neutrality, is ready People's Representatives, which established Nam, and the ultimate peaceful reunification of to establish diplomatic, economic and cultural the Provisional Revolutionary Government, the country. relations with all countries irrespective of politi­ To make clear the unconquerable will for and the Program of Action of the Provisional cal and social regime, in accordance with the independence and freedom of our people who five principles of peaceful coexistence, pursues have been winning sue ;css after SLiccess, to Revolutionary Government. These documents a good-neighbour policy with the Kingdom of crystallize, consolidate and develop the splendid should be useful in the education for "Bringing Cambodia on the basis of respect for her inde­ achievements of our resistance War to meet the pendence, sovereignty, neutrality, and territorial the War Home," to Chicago, October 11. aspirations of all social strata for democracy integrity in her present borders, as well as with and revolution, and the imperative requirements the Kingdom of Laos on the basis of respect of the situation, and to vigorously push forward NDEPENDENCE, sovereignty, unity and for the 1962 Geneva ,Agreements on Laos, acti­ territorial integrity are sar.red and inalienable the resistance to total victory, the South Viet vely supports the movement for national inde­ I fundamental national rights of every people. Na.n Congress of People's Representatives so­ pendence, against imperialism. colonialism, and The U.S. imperialists, challenging human lemnly proclaims the founding of the republican neo-colonialism, and for peace in South-East rights, the right of self-determination of all regime in South Viet Nam and lays down Asia and the world. hereafter major provisions regarding the organi­ peoples and the 1954 Geneva Agreements on sational structure of the regime. Viet Natn, have committed half a million Artidl' 'f troops to an aggression against South Viet Nam, PART ONE the most atrocious aggression in human history. Viet Nam is one, the Vietnamese people are They want to turn South Viet Nam into a The RepublicBn Rell:ime in South Viet Nam. one. The right of the Vietnamese people to neo-colony and a military base of the United defend their Fatherland is their sacred, inaliena­ States, to prolong the partition of our country, Article 1 ble right of self-defence. and to conquer the whole of it, thereby The political regime of South Viet ~am is a After the liberation of South Viet ~am, the posing a serious menace to the security of the Republican regime. reunification of Viet Nam will be achieved step Indochinese countries and to peace in South­ by step by peaceful means, through agreement East Asia and the world. a) National Flag: The Congress of People's between the two zones, wi thout foreign inter· Fired by the traditional dauntlessness of a Representatives decides Lo adopt the flag of the ference. South Viet Nam National Front for Liberation, nation which has had, throughout its 4,000 years' history, to couple combat against foreign the symbol of the national union and indomi­ aggressions and construction, and as the conti­ table spirit of the South Vietnamese people, as the PART TWO National Flag of the Republic of South Viet nuation of the anti-colonialist tr'adition of one The }'rovhionol 'Revolutionar y G,n'ermnent people who have, generation after generation Nam. for a century, preferred every sacrifice to ser­ of the Republic of South Viet Nam Dnd People'., b) National Anthem: The Congress of People's Revolutionary Committee. at various le\'el•• vitude, our sacred resistance war against the Representatives decides to take the song" Libe­ U.S. imperialists and their henchmen, deriving rate South Viet Nam" wh,ch voices the South great strength from its own righteousness, has Vietnamese people's determination to fight and to Article 5 been unceasingly and successfully progressing. win as the National Anthem of the Republic of The Provisional Revolutionary Government of U.S. setbacks have been proportionate to its South Viet Nam. escalation of the war. As the fight goes on, our the kepublic of South Viet Nam is the most cen­ tralized organ of power; it embodies the South armed forces and people have grown ever c) Motto: the Motto of the Republic of South stronger, and won ever more substantial suc­ Vietnamese peoiJ1e's will and aspirations, impels Viet Nam is: Independence, Democracy, Peace, forward the resistance to victory, creates condi­ cesses.• In the Spring of Mau Than (1968), the Neutrality. large-scale, powerful, sustained generalized tions for the formation of a Provisional Coalition Government with a view to organizing free offensives and uprisings launched by our armed Acticle 2 forces and people throughout South Viet Nam general ele~tions, electing a Constituent Assembly, achieved considerable and comprehensive re­ The internal policy of the Republic of South -suIts, which ushered in a new glorious stage of Viet ]'.lam is to promote the unity of all people CONTINUED ON PAGE- 14 our struggle against U.S. aggression, for national irrespective of social status, religious belief, salvation. • nationality, political tendency and past record, Although their failure is no longer left in provided they stand for peace, independence and doubt, the U.S. aggressors are still obdurately neutrality. refusing to comply with the legitimate The Republic of South Viet Nam firmly upholds demand of our people, of the American national sovereignty, guarantees democratic people and all peace-loving peoples in the liberties, respects freedom of belief, carries into world, for the ending of the war of aggression effect equality among all nationalities, carries and the total withdrawal of U.S. troops. out land policies, increases production, develops In this momentous hour of our history, the South Viet Nam Congress of People's Represent­ atives, expressing the will of our entire people, proclaims that the basic objectives of the South Vietnamese people are independence, democracy, peace, neutrality and ultimately, peacdul reuni-

1-0 2 rn Q) ..:l ~ ~ ~ o ~ p.,

AUGUST 1969 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 11

FUNDAMENTAL

RESOLUTION. ••

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11

working out a Constitution, and appointing the Government of South Viet Nam.

Article 6 The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Viet Nam has as its tasks to mobilize and lead the entire armed forces and people, to lead the people's revolu­ tionary committees at all levels, and the various ministries to develop the successes already achieved, to step up the general offensives and uprisings along with the diplomatic struggle, to unceasingly develop the resistance potential in all fields with a view to defeating the U.S. imperialists' aggressive policy, overthrowing the reactionary puppet administration, compel­ ling the United States to renounce its aggression and to withdraw from South Viet Nam all U.S. and satellite troops and attaining the objectives: l11dependence, democracy, peace, neutrality, and the ultimate peaceful reunification of the country.

Article 7 In the present emcrgency, thli: Provisional Revolutionary Government of thc RepUblic of South Viet Nam is entrusted by the Congress of People's Representatives with full powers to Congress and the actual situation in a given direct, and take cvcry necessary step related to of a Chairman. a Vice-Chairman and the memo the internal and external policies of the country. area, decisions on the tasks, powers and organi- bel'S. ,Abiding by the resolutions of the Congress of zation of people's revolutionary councils and People's Representatives, the Political Program­ .people's revolutionary committees at all levels. Article 13 me of the South Viet Nam National Front for Liberation and the Political Programme of the On the basis of the resolutions of the Congress Viet Nam Alliance of National, Democratic and PART THREE of People's Representatives, the Political Prog­ Peace Forces, the Provisional Revolutionary ramme of the South Viet Nam National Front Government shall enact laws and decrees, The AdYl.c»ry CouDcil directives, circulars in order to push up the for Liberation, the Political Programme of the resistance against U.S. aggression, for national A"tide I2 Viet Nam Alliance of National, Democratic 'and salvation and the building of the country, and Peace Forces, and the aspirations of the various to exercise unified lea(fership over the people's To help the Provisional ReVolutionary Govern­ social strata, the Advisory Council will provide revolutionary cOlllmittees at various levels. ment of the Republic of South Viet Nam keep, The Previsional l{evolutionary Government of in its work, in close touch with the aspirations suggestions and advice to the Provisional Revo­ the RepUbliC of South Viet Nam is a fully of the entire people, the Congress of People's lutionary Government in elaborating internal competent body in foreign relations: establish­ Representatives unanimously decides to appoint and external policies, enac~ing anu amending ment of diplomatic, economic and cultural rela­ laws, decrees, directives and circulars of the tions with foreign countries, settlement of the an Advisory Council to the Provisional Revolu­ South Viet Nam problem on the basis of the tionary Government of the Republic of South Governluent. principles and main content of the ten-point Viet Nam. overall solution put forward by the delegation Article 14 of the South Viet Nam National Front for The AdVisory Council is composed of repre­ Liberation at the Paris Conference. sentatives of the South Viet Nam National In case major decisions on important problems Front for Liberation, of the Viet Nam Alliance facing the country are to be taken, a joint Confer­ Article 8 of National, Democratic and Peace Forces, of ence of the Provisional Revolutionary Gove I'D_ The Provisional Revolutionary Government of various political parties. mass organizations, ment of the RepUbliC of South Viet Nam and the the Republic of South Viet :"am is composfd of religious communities, nationalities, political Advisory Council will be convened to thiS effect. the President, the Vice-Presidents and the foI­ l )wing ministers: Defence; Foreign Affairs; forces, personalities, and intellectuals strug­ Interior; Economy anri Finances; Information gling for peace, independence, neutrality in Soutli Viet Nam, the 8th 0/ June, 1969 and Culture; Education and Youth; Health, South Viet Nam. The Advisory Council consists TJu South Viet Nam, Congress Social Affairs and War Invalids; a'ld Justice. 0/ People'S Representatives The office of the President of the Governmf'nt is to be under the authority of a Minister and a Vice-Minister. The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Viet Nam may in the futurc create additionnal ministries and appoint new members, if and when required by the situation.

Article l) The Revolutionary power in South Viet Nam is organized on the principles of democratic centralism from the Central down to the grass­ roots level.

Article 10 The system of administrative divisions in the Republic of South Viet Nam is as follo,vs: Central level Cities, provinces or equivalent units Districts or equivalent units Villages, wards.

Article II The setting up of organs of power at all levels-municipal, provincial, district, village or equivalent units-is done through elections by universal suffrage which return People's Revolu­ tionary Councils which, in their turn, appoint People's Revolutionary Committees. In war time congresses of people's represent­ atives are convened to' appoint people's revo­ lutionary committees where it is not p:lssible to organize elections by universal suffrage. The Congress of People's Representatives en­ trusts the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Hepublic of South Viet Nam with the pow­ er of makin~, on the basis of the Resolution of the

PAGE 14 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 Thts' article is reprinted from a new newspaper fi'om Chicago, RISING UP ANGRY. The first issue contains articles on the Panthers, Young Lords, dealing with thepigs, abortions, music, drag racing and a movie review. Real good to sell on the streets. For bulk orders 'or subscriptions ($3.00/year) contact: RISING UP ANGRY, Box 3746, Merchandise Mart Chicago, Illinois 60654 (312)472-7090or929-0133 G BUSTING For the past month-in Chicago we haven't been able Buckney get uptight. They're really uptight. And they big crime, and bloodsucking businessmen go about their to pick up a paper or listen to the T.V. or radio, and get should be, because as our peopie get hip to who to hit, dirty business untOuched, the straight scoop on the gang scene. All this despite a the man knows he'sin trouble unless he can control us !~J!.a.!!I.!!'~!fI!!'ce~~i! barrage of publicity about the gangs, Black, White and and lise liS. Latin. So what's happening? Let's get into it. But we're getting cool; so it's getting hard tor them Now the dudes who do the nitty1lfitty dirty work First of all, we have to understand some stuff about to LJ~P. us. So now there's a shift, a difference in the way (the ones we have to deal with on our turf) are the punks ourselves. It's real simple: man is a social animal; we th.~y deal with us. Right now they~re trying to put us all in the GIU. GIU is part of the police dept. and was form­ can.'t make it alone, so we get together in groups. We dlWvn. smclsh liS, White, Black and Latin. ed in 1967. It only had a 'few people. It replaced the do this despite attempts to separate us from each other, Here's how they do it. Hanrahan, lover of the big Youth Group Intelligence Unit which had been set upto like they send guys to one school, girls to another, kids ,:rooks, uses his ties to the bullshit newspapers to get them help gang kids, to keep them from fighting each other. from the same neighborhood to different schools; they. tl) hlast us. They give Hanrahan, Daley, Buckney, Boyle That was when the cops and city were trying to use the divide us up with 'specialized jobs' at work, get us to try c1l1d C:onlisk a,'1 the press they want. Big deal tront pages the gangs, make them like the Conservative Vice Lords. and out·answer each other in class, get kids to be brown­ 't!X posing' somebody or some group. Once in awhile they (The Conservative Vice Lords on the west side are now noses (just where does that phrase come from) and tricks, cover the gang's side, like when the P·Stones (Rang: sucks for the Democratic party, and made ~rook State and on and on. One thil)g is certain about this society we ersl and Disciples made their alliance public. Senator Bernie Neistein an 'honorable member.) live in: they don't want people to get together.. But look what happened. Sengali of the Rangers Under bootlicker Captain Ed Buckney the poHcy is But people dig each other! They're always getting made it real dear that-the gangs would take responsibili· one of throwing gang members in jail and keeping 'em together in groups.. 'Ih~~!':~U~l?~!..0..9~!~..:!:is.!~a..!: .!!~ ty tor their members as tar as posssible and that future in· there as long as possible (he said it on T.V.) This spring ~~~.!:!. !!~..!:'~t~~!:. And it's a necessity. So we form cidents didn't indicate a breakdown of the alliance. So they upped the numberof pigs in the GIU from 37 to 200. 'gangs', clubs and political groups (which the Man calls the next day Hanrahan takes something that happened gangs unless he thinks they're respectable and proper). and gets a big story saying how the alliance is a phoney. Ouite a jump, and it goes to show they're scared of pe0­ It's happened throughout the history of mankind. Every If som'ething did happen it might not have even involved ple in the-streets, afraid that White, Black and Latin gang neighborhood and school in the city has its groups, its Rangers or Disciples. It might have been some dude try· kids will become the people's liberatio~ army that can gangs. ing to prove himself, or someone in a gang who just was­ bring justice back to Chicago and AmericaL Let's repeat it: THEY DON'T WANT US TO GET n't hip to the changes, to the new spirit growing among Right now the GIU spends moreiime with Black TOGETHER. Why? Because the people who run the Chicago's gangs. and Latin gangs than White. That's because.those groups show are threatened by any group that they don't con­ It's clear that the reason tht! Neanderthals are wag· moved sooner and faster than a lot of us Whites. It's ob-: trol. So they try and either get the gangs on their side ing war on gangs in their papers and on their T. V. and ra· vious that they'retighter,more together, and have a great· (we'll give you this and that it you don't do this and do dio stations is because they're making a move to get more er spirit of soli~rity running among their people because that .- or else) or smash us. They don't understand how cops. Check out this connection. When they decided to they know they got to be tight to survive. But things are human beings work. They try and split us up to control raise the-fiireSonthe-CTA(again), they blamed' it on changing in theWhite gangs. All over the city werre work· us. workers wanting more money (the politicians and busin­ ing out alliances with each. other, and talking to Black OK, sp a lot of gangs are violent. This can be good, essmen get more money off us, and· when some at us and Latin organizations like the Panthers and the Young or it can be bad. Sometimes violence has been misdirect, want more money t'o survive they take it'out of our Lords. One of the first white groups to make its position ed. We've been frustrated and pissed off at the world tor checks, not their's.) But they also made a big deal in the clear, in support of the people and against the cops, was good reason. So we strike out. We all know that some· papers for a week about how many robberies and beat· the Young Patriots. GIU has stepped up its harassment times'this isn't cool, like when guys turn in on each other, ' ings were happening on the CT A. They of course didn't of our Patriot brothers and is doing likewise with white or vamp on some wino, or lady with a lJurse who's carry· tell us that that stuff does happen all the time (go ahead, gangs everywhere in the city. ing home bread to feed her kids. But other times violence check the statistics.) They tried to brainwash the people, In the past GIU could be loose with us. Our' cats is ok. When someone is stepping on your neck you don't and the next week they raised the fare. TOO MUCH! were bought off with stuff like 'we'll let you dnnk if you say 'hey, please cut it out.' So sometimes we're violent The same thing is true now. A week after Hanra· keep it cool, if you hassel the Blacks, Latins and hippies.' cause we have to be, we have to survive, we have to pro­ han starts shooting off his mouth about gangs, blaming Buta lot of us know that never worked fgr long. As soon tect our people, our members, our turf, our neighborhood, anything that happened anywhere on gangs (especially as too many of us were on the corner, blam, blam, undel and our families, against cops, tricks, businessmen, urban organizations making peace and serving the people like arrest. Don't let the people get together. renewal and other gangs who aren't hip to the real enemy the P stones and Disciples, Young Lords, Latin Eagles Now we know that there are some White gangs ttlat so they hit on us.. Young Patriots and Black Panther Party), Conlisk came OK, we all know thot something is happening. get special treatment because some of their memhers be­ out requesting 1000 more cops for next year to deal with We're hip that it's a waste of time to keep jamming, vamp· came cops. (This is true at some duper gangs in par­ the streets. Of course neither he, the papers, Daley, ing ,md gang bopping just because there ain't nothing else ticular). But even a lot of these groups who tricked all Buckney, Boyle or Hanrahan said anything about how people and sold other people out, while doing more bad to do. So a lot ot the gangs are becoming political groups they were politically threatened and scared, 'cause they and lJeople's organizations, talking about serving and pro· shit than most other gangs, are catching their lunch. So couldn't control the gangs anymore. tecting the people trom the Neanderthals and Bloodsuck· they had better dig what's going on and stop their bUll ers who run the S~0W. Now this is where the Man, like Hanrahan laid the propaganda groundwork, Con· shit, or catch their lunch from a lot of directions. Dalp.y, Conlisk, State's Attorney Hanrahan, Chief Judge lisk made the move,/ and now we'll see Daley's mangy ALL POWER TO THE GANGS THAT FIGHT THE Boyle, ann the Gang Intelligence Unit (G.I.U.) creep dogs (the Aldermen) trot along in agreement. Meanwhile REAL ENEMY, LOVE THEIR BROTHERS AND 515­ TERS, AND SERVE THE PEOPLE!!! ~. ~. ·EJl;le"'i5 - gl~n~ ~Url~ ~ ~,..:. ~Jl'..,~. , ~... ~U~t' ~.t§.~ ....;W~ r·A.....:l .,;, ~ ~ ~J~..~ ~~~':'.. .. ~~. ~,,?..­ ~JC:::JC~ :,:uir~ .. _; !!i ~.,,'lr...~ ~u~""} ~U~~ .. ~!.".. ~U1';..~ In~~ ~,«, s.";r;'.~.... ~Jr.~ l':..~.... ~u:fn~ ~ ~,.~ .. .,~..... ~n&l~.. _, ~.t~..~ :o:...~... ~n;::n~ C·lt • ~·'··~·2 ~n·)n~ ...... ~n~n~ r_. aiiit • ~n&l~ '·~n&l~ ._.. ~,,~u;, ~n!~.~ M~n~ !~. AUGUST 1969 WAYrfE STATE

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~ W ..:Eo< Eo< CI.l W ~ ~ .... r:: ~ " ..: ~ ~ .r:: Wayne State University is a working class university in Detroit, Po< the gut of industrial America. Most of the 33,000 WSU students come from working class backgrounds, attracted by the prospect of upward mobility which a college degree seems to offer. Most would clude a tent set up for sleeping, a workers are stupid, selfish, brutish rather attend the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor or Michigan pick-up trUCk, and fire and cooking people who are interested onlyin money, State University in Lansing. Both are far more prestigious than fac111ties. TV, and beer. The second is that they Despite their key position, the stu­ are different from workers, that there Wayne. But since they cannot afford the high tuition and living costs dent employees on strike did not at is a cultural, economic and social bar­ of these schools, they come to Wayne, commuting daily to and from first have a sense of their own power rier which cannot be bridged. students as workers, nor did they expect help are privileged. students and workers their urban and suburban homes. According to a recent University from other workers. They had rejected are enemies. study, 55% of th,e full-time and 80% of the part-time undergraduates administration attempts to deal with them solely as students, even though REJECTION OF PRIVILEGE At Wayne hold down jobs during the school year. the administration was willing to come During the past few years, WSU has the first leaflets of the UniverstiyWork- through with certain benefits, such as The workers' support of the strike been one of the few universities in the ers Organizing Committee, -The univ- a pay increase. But havingdefinedthem­ had a very significant effect on this country which has not experienced major ersity wants its students to believe that selves as workers, they were unsure consciousness. At one point, one of student insurgency. One of the main - they are somehow different from 'real whether other workers would agree to ~he strike lawyers suggested that the reasons for this has been the make-up workers'. They want us to feel that we their assertions of common interest administration might agree to bargain of the student body in terms of the high are privileged and that our interests and common experience, and support with the student assistants if they ac­ incidence of outside employment, the. don't coincide with the interests of the strike. cepted an arrangement whereby their problems of the commuting student, and workers...As long as we're dumb enough These fears proved to be groundless. worker/student status was left ambig­ the urgency of the desire for escape from to go along with them on this, they wUl Not a single worker crossed the picket uous, so that the administration would the factories, the trucking companies, keep us divided from working people, line. Striking student assistants watched not have to formally recognize them as the repair shops, the small businesses, weak and isolated in the ivory towers trucks pull up to make deliveries at workers. This arrangement would fur­ the offices, which most students have they build for us." WSU receiving. They watched truck­ ther preserve thei:" right to strik e been close to all their lives. Another In this leaflet and in future ones, drivers read their signs, see their since they would not formally be public reason has been the inab1l1ty of radicals student . assistants appealed for general line. And they watched truck drivers employees. on the campus to see the backgrounds support by stressingthe areas ofinterest without hesitation and without exception After a great deal of consideration, of the students as a valuable aid to or- shared by workers, studentworkers, and drive past the drive-way, often flashing the stUdents decided not to accept this ganizing instead of a disavantage. working class students. "Those of us a v-for-victory or raising their fists arrangement. Not only did they refuse who live in Detroit know the importance in solidarity. to accept a distinction between them­ A CHANGE CAME of unions. We may not end up working Full-time WSU workers also respon­ selves and the other workers who had in a factory. But teachers need a union, ded with full support, especially after supported them, but also they refused In the middle of April the WSU SDS and social workers, and public employ­ the strikers printed up several "open to accept a privilege granted to them chapter decided to work with a group ees, and secretaries, too." This ap­ letters" to uni versity employees de­ on the basis of their partial student of student assis~ts in the Wayne Li­ proach was partiCUlarly appropriate to scribing their situation and thei.r action status. They felt that their responsi­ brary in organizing a union. There are WSU students who have experienced and appealing for support on th e basis b111ty was to stand witl! other unl,versity approximately 1,200 student. assistants either directly or through their parents' of a common situation and a common employees and fight together for the employed on a part-time basis by the the need for workers'· solidarity and interest. The union of the building right to strike. It was clear thatthe sup­ university. They enjoy the advantage struggle. and grounds employees donated money port of the full-time employees and the of being able to arrange their working The abstractions expressed In the to the students' strike fund. Some fUll­ truckers had reinforced the student as­ hours\ to fit their class schedules; but leaflets were soon translated into reality. time secretaries came individually tothe sistants' determination to break down the the price of this is low wages (in the After weeks of hard organizing, discus­ picket line to donate money which they barriers between students and workers library, workers were being paid $1.35/ sions with the administration and token had collected in their offices. Regualr and fight with workers against a common hr.), abominable working conditions, and picket lines, the studentworkers decided full-time employees in the departments enemy. the complete absenceofeven the mostel­ to turn to more m111tant action. Workers on strike slowed down their own work In other ways, too, the strikeextended ementary workers' rights such as a in three university departments, Mail, as a gesture of support for the stu­ beyond the simple issue of union recog­ grievance Procedure. Receiving and Press, (about 50 workers) dent assistants. When supervisors asked nition. A struggle is a process; it does The lines of the struggle were drawn declared a one-day walkout on Thursday, these employees to cross the picket not always begin where it wUl end with very early. The Wayne administration May 29. This walkout was so successfUl lines, they refused, jeopardizing their the same issues, the same tactics, the refused to even discuss tlie union on the that the student workers decided to stay jobs in doing so. Also, the full-timers same consciousness. basis that student assistants are stu­ out on strike until their demand for a discussed their own working problems dents, not workers. The universityar­ consent election on the question of the with the stUdents, requesting support EDUCATION THROUGH STRUGGLE gued that the student assistant program union was met by the university. from the students when their own con­ was a way of "distributing the univer­ tract negotiations come up this summer. Student workers went on strike. The sity's resources among needy students": WORKERS SUPPORT The effect of these actions on the universtiy administration counteredwith The fact that it incidentally served as a stUdents' morale was tremendous. As the threat of an injunction to be signed way of getting cheap student labor was, The students established and main­ one of the striking workers said, "We by Leonard Woodcock, United Auto Work­ of course, ignored. tained a 24-hour "picket line" in the don't have to feel weak, to feeCpower­ ers Vice -President and Member of the Even more important, it became clear driveway leading to the three depart­ less. That is what they didn't want us Wayne Board of Governors. The students to many of the student assistants that ments, blocking all deliveries of mail, to find out." escalated, taking the initiative and car­ the university was working to maintain equipment, supplies, computer forms Students, even when they are the rying the struggle to a higher plane. the distinction between students and and other essentials for 17 days. This children of workers, are told two things On Sunday, June 8, sixty people pick­ workers. As it was described in one of "picket line" Ultimately expanded to in- abott workers. The first thing is that eted Solidarity House, headquarters of

PAGE 16 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 the United Auto Workers andofinternat­ through finals to the end of school. Dur­ engaged people in general discussion, went along with it was concentrated ional Vice-President Woodcock. It is ing this time, although most studentswere' honestly laying out their politics and in the hands of the supporters. no surprise to most of the workers of studying for finals, a large amount of explaining them within the context of Furthermore, up to this point strikers Detroit that the auto union has been co­ support was generated among both stu­ the experiences which they were sharing at all times had been able to seize opted and has become partof capitalism's dent s and faculty. However, at the end with the strikers. the initiative with their., actions. The loyal opposition. But for many of the of the quarter, when no students were Throughout the strike, local Progres­ demonstration at Solidarity House is students it was important to observe on campus, 'it became impossible to sive Labor Party people and Michigan perhaps the best example of this, where this first-hand in relation to their own maintain the strike in the face ofadmin­ Regional SDS people ofthe Revolutionary strikers went on the offensive to coun­ lives. Also, the, incident pointed out istration arrest threats. Rather than get Youth Movement (RYM I) refused to ter the injunction threat. As demoral­ both the relationship between the univ­ arrested during a period when this would support the strike in any way, fnsisting ization set in, the ability to seize the ersity and the unions and the class have little tactical or organizational that it was "revisionist" and«econ­ initiative :and, involve more and more interests which both these institutions significance, the student assistants de­ omist". From the beginning, these peo­ people through action diminished. This serve. It is significant that the students cided to temporarily end the strike, ple felt that the privileged position situation was aggravated by the fact learned this through the course of their devote the summer to broadening their of white WSU students would make it that due to the timing of the strike, own struggles. No one could have told organizing to include more departments, impossible for them to transcend their the number of student supporters stead­ them this half as effectively. and come back in the fall with increased initial demand and reach new under­ ily decreased. : Toward the end of the strike, mail strength to continue their struggle. standings through the struggle. Also, At times radical participants held began to trickle out allover campus from This struggle will be further intensi­ they felt that the fact that the struggle back on political discussion; at other a number of different sources. This mail fied by the fact that the- League of Rev­ was not initiated on the basis of anti­ times when we did introduce radical was being delivered by the university olutionary Black Workers has begun racist, anti-imperialist consciousness issues, we did it ineptly. For example, Security Police. As the student assistants organizing full-time secretarieson cam­ preclUded the possibility of this con­ near the beginning of the strike, the found this out, their concept ofthe police pus around the question of racist prac­ sciousness ' developing.• Detroit Black Panther Party office was began changing. tices in employment and bad working These criticisms were not construc­ raided and several Panthers arrested. A leaflet was distributed: "When the conditions at the ·University. They have' tiv~. The development of the' strike SDS members suggested that the Univ­ security police first came to Wayne, we come to the student assistants for proved that the response to initial ec­ ersity Workers Organizing C'ommittee were told they were here to serve the support; and there is little question onomist tendancies should not have been shouid publically support the Panthers; students' welfare. It is now clear that that the student assistants, besides to ignore (or to refuse to support the but we didn't adequately explain the COI1- they serve only the welfare ofthe admin-· working on their own attempts to get strike). The consciousness of the strik­ . :tection between the Pa..llther struggle istration and the business interests it a union, will actively support the work ers developed in the course ofthe strug­ and the strike. So a num1>~r of stu

On practice, knowing that Some internal contradictions Grow out of isolation. SEEDS ElF REVElbl1TIElN For more than anything He worked for the people at the bottom And his gauge for judgment He was a quiet, vital guy Was the wisdom of the people. for Jeff Sharlett, editor of Who thought before he spoke, Vietnam GI, who died of cancer Looked into peoples' eyes in June, at the age of 27 He often talked about And those who listened learned. The ways the paper tried To speak the language Brothers and Sisters So fucking many times Of the people. Part of us is dead. People doing the hardest work Let it be forever known Are taken for granted An article might be That he served the people. Because they talk less and do more. Written and rewritten Until it laid it out in ways Let it be understood Modesty building the movement That fit reality. That he did time in Vietnam For conceit turns it around. That he knew and loved the men He listened to what people said A good man. Who writ~ the letters home: And remembered what he heard. So many things Embodied in those three words. "What kind of world is this? He traveled many miles Death leaves so much unsaid. To kill on a command. Into the valley of the people What right do I have to do this. Always learning Sadness and fury What am I doing over here. Planting seeds of revolution. As death goes down around us. Mama, I am so mixed up, help me. The staccato of their clubs and guns I don't know which way to turn. Talking to the men in uniform Sisters and Brothers burned and shot and hung. What to believe in or not to believe in. Feeling the pulse of the people. Minds eaten up I am lost in this big lonely world. Working long hours to make Fear twisted to insanity. Mama, give me something to believe in." The paper serve their needs. The testing of the bombs, The pesticides He knew and loved the men He told us That people in the movement the dust inside the mines: ' Who write the letters home Congealed in cancerous disease. And when he came home Have to overcome their backgrounds To take a step into America. Sadness and fury He gave them something to believe in. As death goes down around us. Told us that to plant the seeds Themselves, together to believe in. People had to change Brothers and Sisters Not long ago he said: Change through their experience. He's fighting with us We felt a newspaper He spoke the truth. The rapping and the writing Was the best way to begi n ... The seeds have taken root ... He was aware To talk to the enlisted men Of all the splits and arguments Courage from his courage The guys on the bottom Of which groups moved which ways Example of his deeds, Help bridge the gap between Aware of ideology. For Jeff is dead ••• The movement and the people. Like Johnny Appleseed. But always he judged - lINCO~N BERGMAN :-.tt.l" -, THE MOVEMENT PAGE 17• AUGUST 1969 WBRKERS RE\1BbT ASAINST flI4tT

itional left political parties have little influence within In the last few weeks, independent and the factory. While probably receiving much higher spontaneous worker agitation at Fiat's Turin election support, actual members of the Communist Party among FIAT's workers number less than 2,000. complex has produced one of the most politically important situations in Italy. The FIAT EXPLOSION implications of these struggles go way beyond The organization of the FIAT factory sheds some the present. In the fall of this year, the light on. the present situation. First of all, FIAT, natio~al unlike most other Europeanautomobile manufacturers, . contracts of Italy's metalworkers (all has a strong vertical as well as geographical con­ of the workers at Fiat fall into this category) centration. The FIAT production process at Turin begins in the FIAT ironworks and foundaries and are up for renewal. What follows is a brief finishes with completed cars rolling off the assembly political analysis of Fiat and a description of line. At the same time, the geographical concen­ the development and possibilities of the latest tration means that more than 135,000 of FIAT's 157,000 workers are located in Turin. Technologically struggles in the heartland of Italian capitalism. FIAT is relatively advanced. In this sense manage­ ment normally has two possible ways of increasing production: I: Re-modelling and expanding its mach­ FIAT is the largest industrial complex and auto­ inery and plants or 2: re-organizing the existing mobile manufacturer in Europe and the largest pro­ machinery and plants in such a way that the workers ducer of automobiles in the world. In 1968 FIAT produce more. Traditionally Italian Management has had total sales of $2.1 billion and produced 1,750,000 chosen the second with the result that Italian workers cars as well as hlrbines, tru~ks, jet fighters, farm work long hours for low· pay under bad conditions. equipment, and diesel engines. FlATcars are by FIAT, instead, has chosen both methods. At the far Italy's most important export item and in 1968, same time that its facilities have been renewed and the export of FIATs rose to 535,000 cars worth expanded, it has also chosen to further expand pro­ $496 million. By means of the recent merger with duction by intensifying the work load oftheworkers as France's Citroen, Giovanni Agnelli, FIAT's crown­ in any other Italian factory. prince president, now presides over an automobile While this double-barreled expansion is atthe heart empire with total sales of more than $3 billion a of FIAT's powerful economic position, it comes only year and annual production in excess of 2,000,000. by paying an enormous politicalprice. The combination In its operations in all of Italy, FIAT employs of the concentration of the work force and the inten­ some 157,000 workers most of whom are located sification of the work load provides a powerful stim­ in Turin, the heartland of the FIAT complex. FIAT's ulus for worker agitation. In the past, FIAT suc­ ceeded in controlling these tensions by a combination discrimination etc.)than they expected. Forthese rea­ need for workers is constantly growing and this year sons the immigrants have no particular feelings of 15.000 new workers will migrate to Turin, most of repression and relatively higher salaries and job security. However changing econOmic and social con­ joy over their situation at FIAT and the need for coming from Italy's poverty stricken South. Already change becomes much stronger than the simple among FIAT's work force more than 2/3 are immi­ ditions have destroyed the effectiveness of this combination. Therefore the management has turnedto need to cling to their jobs. grants from other (usually the poorer) parts of In addition, recently there have been in the South Italy. the unions as a new means of controllingthe workers. However, since the unions lack effective power this a number of genuinely violent struggles rooted in has not worked either. the unchanging or worsening conditions of the MEZ­ UNION mSTORY FIAT's unions are changing but because of the de­ ZOGIORNO's poverty. Politically the revolts are quite sire to obtain the concessions offered by the FIAT generalized (against factories, police, local govern­ management, they are unable to genuinely accept ments etc.) and tactically very violent (trains and Internally at FIAT, five unions somewhat inef­ the spontaneous struggles and demands oftheworkers roads blocked, cars and buildings burned, savage fectively compete (only 10% of all of FIAT's workers which would be the only· way to extend their influ­ battles between the police and people; at Avola and are officially enrolled) for the allegiance of the the ence. Thus they wage a series of half-battles or Battipaglia. four DeODle killed by the police). New workers. The CGIL (Confederazione Generale It­ attempt to curb agitations already in progress; all of workers coming from the South carry with them the aliana del Lavoro) is 'loosly linked to Italy's rel­ this does little to win back the mass of the workers. ,Vivid memories of these conditions and battle ex­ atively powerful Communist party (26% of the vote In 1968 the workers, however, began to show a new perience gained in the rebellions. in the elections of May 1968) and incorporatesworkers awareness of the need for organization and of the The third factor is more external and relates to from various positions on the traditional left. The broader political context of which their particular the explosion of the MOVIMENTO STUDENTESCO UIL (Unione Italiana Del Lavoro) notoriously linked problems are a part. It is in terms of this new con­ (Student Movement) which began in Turin in the to the United Auto Workers, is the social democratic text that one must see the struggles ofthis year, 1969. fall of 1967 and soon spread throughout Italy. New union including workers of socialist and social demo­ forms of organization and of struggle(manifestations, -- cratic political persuasion. The CISL(Confederazione ROOTS OF NEW REVOLT occupations, street fighting etc.) Along with a rev­ Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori) is the union with Cath­ olutionary political line have become widely pUbli­ olic origins and looselY linked to the rUling , center Inside the FIAT factories from 1961 on, numerous cized in the course of the last two years. In partic- r Democratic-Christian party (37% of the vote in the explosions of worker protest and resistance have ular the revolutionary struggle in France in May elctions of May 1968). The SIDA (Sindacato Italiano occurred; these ranged from large walkouts to forms of 1968 provided an important example of how the da Automobile) was formed in 1958 by those expelled of internal protest like slowdowns, sabotage etc. The struggles of the students and workers could be both at that time from the CISL because they were too struggles helped to form a new kind of conciousness joined and radicalized. closely linked to FIAT management. CISNAL is the although permanent forms of independent organization fascist union with a small following among the workers. did not emerge. At the same time, a specific POLIT­ THE MAY-JUNE STRUGGLE Normally the CGIL and the CISL maintain a relative ICAL consciousness be~ to develop among the freedom of action while the UIL and the SIDA are workers, the link between economic power and po_ From the middle of May through today a wave of closely linked to FIAT's management. While very litical power began to be seen. This, because the agitation "has continued to swell in the Mirafiori strong in the immediate post-war period, by 1955 workers could clearly see that they were not strug­ section (53,000 workers) of the Turin FIAT complex. the aggressive tactics of FIAT's management (the gling against isolated, misguided tyrants but rather Continuously there has been some segment striking firing and isolating of CGIL activists etc) had broken against the owner and manager of half of Italy. inside the Mirafiod plants, continuously the strikes the CGIL's power, and its influence up until the last Above all, Turin is dominated by the presence of have been large enough to paralyze production. The two or three years steadily declined. The recent FIAT from LA STAMP (Turin's principal newspaper strikes began as an. action on the part of the unions gradual revival of the CGIL's position has permitted and the second most important newspaper in Italy; to attempt to wring some individual concessions out it to regain a RELATIVE majorityin factory elections. owned and controlled by FIAT) to the smog that of FIAT before the negotiations at 'a national level Most recently, the four unions (excepting the pollutes the air. This level of conciousness has ex­ in October; the national contracts in Octoberwith all of CISNAL) have begun to adopt a certain unityof action. isted at FIAT for some years but in light of the fail­ Italy's metalworkers (FIAT's workers fall into this The reason for this cross-ideological cooperation is ures of the unions the workers had little faith in the category) deal only with general issues and the union­ that uncontrolled wildcat agitation ofthe FIAT workers possibility of basically altering the situation. The ists hoped to obtain specific concessionson suchthings is rapidly spreading and the FIAT management has agitation of these years demonstrated that something as changes in classificationfor certain groupsofwork­ realized that it can no longer be simply repressed. could be done but it was not enough to produce a ers etc. Further, Spring is the period of peak pro­ Their response is an attempt to institutionalize the qualitative leap toward new forms of struggle and duction at FIAT and a very favorable time for strikes. worker unrest by means of the unions. However this organization. The workers, however, seized upon the occasion to process requires strong, autonomous unions -or bet­ At this point enter three new factors, not solely move well beyond the very limited demands and action ter yet one united union--genuinely able to control internal, which help to explain the new dimensions that decided by the unions. In addition to the normal, the workers. Agnelli has specifically indicated that the struggle has taken in this last year. The first general discontent described above, the peak season he is disposed to make numerous important con­ involves important changes in the composition of means that the workers are forced to work even cessions and leave a lot of institutional space free FIAT's working class, The !arge increase in recent harder than usual and therefore are partiCUlarly angry. for a STRONG, DISCIPLINED union movement. Nor years in the number of FIAT workers is due pri­ Five parts of the production process are located does the FIAT management any longer ask the two marily to the hiring of young immigrants from the. at Mirafiori. The foundaries, the presses, the mech­ unions linked to it (the UIL and the SIDA) to act South.Different from the older workerswho have spent anical assembly department, the assembly lines, and openly in its favor, but rather to collaborate with long years at FIAT, these workers feel no particular a maintainence department services all four. In the other two more independent unions (the CGIL sense of gratitude for the 100,000 lire ($165) which mid-May the maintenance department struck first' and the CISL). This tactic, however, has thus far FIAT pays them each month; a FIAT salary and with slowdowns and work stoppages. This was fol­ had little success because only 10% of FIAT workers position for the young workers is a simple fact lowed by similar actions by workers at the presses are enrolled as union members, and not a special privilege to be carefully protected and on the assembly lines. These three then slowed As we have seen, management policies in the early as it once was, in less prosperous times, for the older their agitation but then the foundaryworkers startedthe '50s seriously, weakened the position of the CGIL; in workers. same things. the early '60s the workers began to struggle spon­ The second factor is that while it might seem From the combination of these wildcat strikes, the taneouslyand sporadically, and these struggles eroded that the large numbers of immigrants coming from production of FIAT in these last two weeks has been the position of the management-linked unions (the UIL the poverty stricken South would be easily integrated cut to one third. This has a n enormous importance and the SIDA). These workers, however, for the most into the more prosperous FIAT-Turin complex, in because in no previous period have worker agita­ part, did not re-enter the CGILand the CISL because practice this has'not happened. First, becausethe work tions so damaged FIAT's production. IIi additon the ,,- of their lack of clear alternatives and the fact that in the FIAT plants is much heavier and more tiring Foundaries and presses at Mirafiori send pieces to by ·.his time--given the weakening of effective union­ (and sometimes dangerous) than that which the im­ ism with the successful repression of the CGIL by migrants have experienced in the South. Secondly, CONTINUED ON PAGE 23 1955--the tradition of union action had been lost. the immigrants'find Turin's life much more expensive For the same lack of clear alternatives, the trad- and unpleasant (a massive housing shortage. racial PAGE 18 THE MOVEMENT ~UGUST 1969 \ . -..... " 5Tl1BENT5 Taa

base upon which to open a genuine internal confront­ ation. Five demands were presented to the FacUlty Council (Italian Universities are administered by th e facUlty) among which two had particular import­ The Turin and Milan Institutes of Tech­ ance. The first was the demand for student control of the administrative, scientific and didactic struc­ nology are among the most important parts tures inside the Institute. The second was the demand of the Italian u~iversity system. In particular for the abolition of the grading system by the sub­ stitution of a simple pass-fail system. The students the Turin Institute of Technology feeds engin­ view the grade system as the key element in the pro­ eers into_ the mammoth Turin Fiat works, cess of social selection and control which lies at which makes it one of the most critical sup­ the center of the capitalist system. At the same time, the constant pressure for high grades prevents the porting institutions of Italian capitalism. student (in terms of both physical and emotional time) from dealing with his life politically. The ab­ olition of the grading system was at the same time Last year, the year of the explosion of the Mov­ a tactical choice. It was clear that all the students imento studentesco (student Movement) in Italy, the felt the pressure of grades and that the professors brunt of the struggle was borne by the Humanistic would not accept the proposal; therefore itwas seen as segments of the Universities (expecially in Turin a good way to expand the struggle. and Milan). The participation of the scientific and engineering segments was slight. This was the case THE EXPANSION OF THE AGITATION primarily for two reasons. The first is that the stu­ dents who are preparing to enter the science and And so it happened. The professors refused and engineering schools already have a certain kind of the students reacted. Firstthe professorswere invited mentality. AbovE' all, they have the expectation that to come to a student assembly to explain why they immediately after graduation they will find a job had voted down the proposal. Only three came. To the which gives them social, decisional and financial politicized students, this was a clear sign that they status. Once inside the Institute of Technology or had tOUched a political issue and that the professors the Scientific Schools, the process becomes even­ were unable to respond politically. This series of more pronounced. The student learns immediately events served as a springboard by which the student that science can resolve all of man's problems assembly forced the suspension of lessons for a week and a "scientific" apolitical attitude develops quickly. during which time the political role of the Institute The model engineer is he who has a complete tech­ of Technology was discussed in seminars, assemblies nical orintation, he who learned how to construct ana etc. The discussion immediately took a qualitative how not to question. For the most part the Institute leap and moved from the discussion on the abolition of Technology lacks even minimal so.;:ial science of the grading syste)T1 to an examination of the role courses. of the technician in capitalist society. That is, the role into which the students would be fitted upon THE AWAKENING OF THE TECHNICIANS the completion of their stUdies. Four primary themes true. Choices which seem only scientific are came out of the discussions. linked and often completely determined by proces­ The first and most important, the demystification ses and choices, political and economic. For ex­ How then did the awakening come about? It devel­ of the neutrality of science and of the technicians who ample, researchers some time ago discovered a oped first not among the science and engineering stu­ practice that science. The myth would have us believe kind of container that could be used with a high­ dents, but among the technicians themselves; and that there is only one science, that is, that there is lift to unload the contents of ships directly into this because of two basic changes 'which the process one scientific method which has universal validity, trucks and trains. The device, however, was only of Italian industrialization in the' 60s has brought to makes only OBJECTIVE choices, and is independent of the role of the technician. First of all, as the pro­ the realm of political choices. Thaanalysis ofthe stu­ CONTINUED ON PAGE 23 cess of automation has finally accelerated in Italian dents pointed out clearly that this is in no sense factories, a MASS demand for technicians has arisen. Whereas once a couple of technicians used to super­ vise the whole work process of a small factory, now large factories require larl5e numbers of technicians. In this way, the PROLETARIAZATION of the tech­ nician has developed. In this process, the form of the work which the technician carriesout has changed. Whereas once the technicians were an important part of the factory decision-making process this is no LATE BULLETIN FROM TURIN longer so, and they have now, for the most part, executory or supervisory functions (that is, either they simply watch the workers or fill in the details . On July 3rd, fUll scale urban warfare broke out in diverse sections of metropolitan Turin. of a project that someone else has created). There­ Initiated in early afternoon by a police attack on a demonstration of workers and students, fore the technician has lost both decisional power continuous violent struggles in five or six parts of the city lasted until dawn of this morn­ and the possibility of doing work that is creative. ing. Tentative totals show 70 policemen and over 100 students and workers injured, 150 work­ At the same time since the technicians are becoming ers and students taken into custody with 29 arrested. At present (July 4th) the situation is a mass group, there is less of a scarcity and accord­ quiet but very tense. ingly the high wages which they once commanded are The context of the struggle was a general strike called by all the trade unions (Communist, much less easily found. Reacting to these important Socialist, Christian Democratic) to protest Turin's high rents and housing sho~age. Behind changes in their sod:!l and professional position, their the strike, in reality, is the struggle that Turin's FIAT workers (130,000 in Turin) have PROLETARIAZATIO~importantrebellions have bro­ carried on for more than two months. These struggles developed autonomously by the workers ken out on the part of the technicians in a number supported by the stUdents, and against the trade unions and traditional left parties as well of important Italian industries (for example, the as management. They have cut production to an extent never before seen at FIAT. In effect, SNAM Progetti-Petroleum, Olivetti, Pirelli-Tires). the general strike was an attempt by the trade unions and traditional left parties (the Com­ munist Party, the Socialist parties) to control and contain this struggle within reformist ENGINEERING SCHOOLS EXPLODE objectives (token wage raises, some new housing etc.) Instead, the struggle burst out of all efforts at control and became an explosive rebellion against the bitter exploitation that op­ In this second year of University unrest, the presses the masses of Italian workers. Students, young workers and residents of working agitations' of the technicians and the students of the class neighborhoods found themselves side by side fighting off the attacks of the police. Arts Schools finally touched the engineering schools. As a response to the general strike ordered by the unions, the workers and students called Here we chose as example the Turin Institute of for a demonstration and march to begin in the early afternoon. The aim of the demonstration Technology which, because of its close relationship was to express the unity of the struggle of the FIAT workers and students and with the ex­ to FIAT, is the most important engineering school periences of the workers of other factories and of the population of the different working in Italy. The extended struggles, occupations, street class sections of the city. The police action was a predetermined decision for the violent manifestations, fighting etc; which have character­ repression of non-institutionalized struggles; and it is exactly these kinds of struggles which ized Turin's university and high school world since are tt1e expression of the growth of the New Left in Italy. November ofl967, barelysucceeded in ripplingthe sur­ The demonstration started out in front of the FIAT gates some 4,000 strong, more or face of the tranquil life of the Institute of Technology less equally divided between workers and students, about 2:30 in the afternoon. The police located a couple of mUes away from the humanities were already at their posts and informed the marchers that the march was unauthorized and sections of the University. The only exceptions were would not be allowed to depart. Immediately after, the police charged with clubs swinging. small groups of TIT COMP AGNI who were part of At this point the first pitched battle began: Stones from the students and workers; a rain those struggles. However in April of this year came a of tear gas and more club charges by the police. This first skirmish lasted only a short qualitative leap forward. This "leap· had its begin­ time and the demonstrators regrouped a short distance off, by now about 5,000 strong, to nings in December of 1968 when a generalized revolt reorganize the march. A short walk led the marchers into the center of a new workers' broke out in the five residential centers that house apartment development directly in front of the main FIAT complex. Marching calmly and with the more "qualified" of Turin's out of town stUdents. the column under control, the demonstration reached the center of the neighborhood. There High grades are required if one wishes to stay in we suddenly saw a large column of police in fUll battle garb. With no hesitation, the police the centers and therefore the students are pres­ charged and the marchers, unprepared for a violent confrontation, retreated in all possible sured into studying to the exclusion of all else. At directions. the same time social regulations of the centers' Afterward the slow and somewhat confused regroupment in the center of the neighborhood life was equally oppressive. The result was that the began, now occupied at both ends by the police re-enforced by units from neighboring cities. students themselves took control of the life of the From that point on, urban guerrilla warfare began in earnest. Repeated charges by the police' centers; the management replied by closing the cafe­ were met first by showers of rocks followed by dispersion and regroupment at other points. terias which the students re-opened under their own Barricades soon proliferated, cars began to burn and police mobility was cut. At the same management. This student control of the centers' time, similar kinds of struggles had broken out in a number of other points in the city where rules and cafeterias continues today. The contro­ other parts of the march had attempted to from themselves. The continuous pitched battles versy directly touched the students of the Turin In­ continued in the same hit and run form until the combination of dawn, exhaustion, and police stitute of Technology forwhomtwo of the centers are re-enforcements served to put the lid temporarily back on the boiling pot. Sixteen hours reserved. of pitched battle served notice, however, that the lid would not be easily kept in place. Two months or so of struggle in the residential Above all else, yesterdays' struggle demonstrated clearly the new unity between workers centers was sufficient to awaken a much la-r,ger number and students that has developed out of the FIAT struggles of the last two months. This unity of TIT students to the fact that the sarrle kind of op­ is the new fact on the Italian political scene and with the major industrial contracts (the pression existed within the Institute of Technology metal workers, the chemical workers and the construction workers) set to expire in the itself. The already politicized students were able to fall, it takes on added political significance. In short, yesterday's rebellion is, perhaps use this new conciousness to construct a larger but aforewarningof what is to come in the fall.

AUGUST 1969 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 19 Laws are mirrors into the mind of the ruling class. Gun control laws can only be understood in this fashion. Understanding in full how the bourgeoisie conceives of the necessity of its class, leads us to an appreciation of how to prepare ourselves for the struggles which inevitable lie ahead. IBBP YUURPOIDBR, DRY The following is a discussion of state and federal laws controlling weapons. It is not legal advice, and may change radically the moment after it is written, By Ken Cloke but it should give some idea concerning the kind With few exceptions, the left was silent when class irreconcilability and contradiction are of coverage and enforcement which exists today. destroyed, will the people of the world disarm. To when debate began over the Gun Control Act expect it beforehand is to ignore thousands of years' LAWS ON GUN CONTROL of 1968. Some, who are in alliance with the of social history filled with blood-letting, pain and sacrifice. To quote Lenin. "An oppressed class Laws concerning the control of weapons and fire­ left, supported the measure because they which does not strive to learn to use arms, to acqUire arms do not merely exist at the federal level. sincerely believed it would reduce violence. arms, deserves to be treated like siaves. We cannot A publication of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Di­ A very few spoke against it. forget, unless we have become bourgeois pacifists vision of the Internal Revenue Service entitled" PUb­ or opportunists, that we are liVing in a class society, lished Ordinances Firearms" lists all 50 states and A revolutionary movement must understand the that there is no way out, and there can be none, except all local ordinances on firearms and may be ob­ mechanics, the laws of motion of bourgeois society by means of the class struggle and the overthrow tained from the SUperintendent of Documents, U.S. and be able to use them to advantage. "Gun Control" of the power of the ruling class." And again: Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 must be understood both theoretically and prac- "In every class society, whether it is based on' for $1.25. . tically. People must be made aware of WHAT the slavery, serfdom, or, as at present, on wage labor, In addition, due to the recent state of legislative State has done and WHY it has done so. the oppressing class is armed. The modern standing enactments, it is constantly necessary to check Failure to do so spells confusion and inaction. army, and even the modern militia...represents the for new bills as they are introduced. These bills While some instinctively understand that gun con­ bourgeoisie armed AGAINST the proletariat. This are pending now in illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, trol legislation is an expression of a recognition is such an elementary truth that it is hardly nec­ Massachussetts, Minnesota, New York, Oklahoma, by the state that it is disintegrating in the face essary to dwell on it. It is sufficient to recall the and in many cities in these and other states. The of a growing revolutionary movement, numerous use of troops against strikers, which occurs in all most restrictive states are California, Massachu­ others, particUlarly in the "middle class", are un­ capitalist countries without exception. The fact that the ssetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, able to see class reality through the chaos and bourgeoisie is armed against the proletariat is one and West Virginia. The least restrictive states rapid-action turmoil of TV and morning-headline of the biggest, most fundamental, most important are Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, news. They see only anarchy, violence, and insanity. facts in modern capitalist society." Vermont, and Wisconsin, as defined by the National They arefed news events and news analysis in prepack­ aged form, and have no reason for disbelief. They have been deceived, but they want to believe. They need to exhibit faith and patriotic trust. How greatly their lives would be changed if they did not. An insistence on allegiance to the law, are-affirmation of time-honored values, a plea to legislate an end to death and violence are, in our time, signs of impending social disintegration. Conciousness of de­ struction precedes consciousness of resurrection. It is a reflection of class fear. A fear of being forced to decide between the rulers and the rUled. CLASS STRUGGLE AND REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE, Rifle Association Legislative Service, with 34 states Between the past which is present and thE! future in the "moderate" category. which is close. Violence is one of the great fears That minority which extracts its existence and The following states require a permit to purchase of the "comfortable" " middle" classes--it forces comfort by daily violence out of the mind and body a handgun: Hawaii, Massachussetts, Michigan, Mis­ them out of the comfortable middle. of millions recognizes the power realities of class souri, New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina. The official myth of gun control advocates that struggle--THEIR power flows from the barrel of The following 19 states report these purchases to the reduction of violence can be accomplished by a gun, and THEY know it. Coercion is necessary the police: legislation against possession of the implements of to their rule, to the rule of any class. (52) Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, violence in the hands of ONE of the combattants. Revolutionary violence is the ONLY response to Hawaii, Iowa, Maryland, Massachussetts, Michigan, Its actual result is to increase violence rather than counter-revolutionary violence. No sane personwishes Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, to decrease it. Liberal pacifist support for gun for violence or chooses to use it except where there Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, control fails to recognize the irreconcilability of is absolutely no other alternative. Washington, West Virginia. the basic interests of classes, and doing so, per­ But social systems have not and do not die peace­ But four states have no minimum age requirement petuates far' more violence than might otherwise fully, because they are expressions of contradictions, for purchase-these are Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado eXist; it increases the risk, but only for one side. No and as one aspect of their contradiction shows signs and New Mexico. class ever won power or caused social tranform­ of gain or victory, the other immediately tightens Twenty-three states require dealers in guns to ation except by struggling back and responding to and prepares for battle. Capitalism does not believe obtain licenses. The following 18 require a license violence with violence. Non-violence, as a tactic, in the inevitability of its own death--less, in death to carry a pistol in a car.(with some exceptions): requires limits on the violence of the opponent, who, at its own hand. All, from slave owner to feudal Alabama, California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, in the brutality and savagery of its fight for life lord to capitalist believed history culminated in Indiana, Iowa, Massachussetts, Michigan, New as a class, progressively converts all battles into them. But as they saw their downfall before them, Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, life or death options, and narrows th e alternatives, they did not shrink before it or surrenderbut rose Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Washington. first, for their opponents, but secondly for them­ in struggle against it, using every means of violence selves. They raise the ante and convert revolution a vailable to them A recent California SUpreme Court case held from a possibility into a necessity. Because of the fantastic power of destruction and unanimously that these state statutes do,n't preempt violence controlled by the American ruling class, the the field so as to prevent cities from adopting ordinances which reqUire registration of firearms TACTICS NOT PRINCIPLES right of people to arm themselves is dOUbly important. The control of possession, sale, and use of weapons even where none is required on a state level. So Tactics should not be treated as principles, or grows increasingly tighter, and the REAL reasons for that San Francisco could require registration where principles as tactics. The principle which deter­ gun control gradually emerge: a fear of the power of none is required in Los Angeles. mines ruling class tactics and policies is "by any armed black self-defense, and the fear that other means necessary and in the interest of its class." • sections of the people will also arm in self-defense. SULLIVAN LAW This is its catechism and its determinationofthe r.ules The spector of Huey p. Newton can be seen on every of battle. Understanding this rule and applying it is page of recent gun control legislation. We must under­ The most severe of the anti-gun statutes in all the only way to reach victory. stand the manner in which a social system, as it probability is that of New York's, "SUllivan Law." Revolutionary tactics include violent as well as decays, forces action on the actors, creates situations Enacted in 1911, and amended frequently since that non- violent, "legal" from which only one escape is possible, and narrows time, it has served as the model for restrictive state legislation throughout the country. Its major Revolutionary tactics include violent as well as the choices. Revolution is always a question of constantly provision is Article 172, section 1903 which pro­ non-violent, "legal" and "illegal", open and secret vides that a license is required for a pistol or methods. To reject ANY tactic onprinciple is to place decreasing alternatives, a perfection of state power the already insufficient revolutionary forces in a and people power--of class power, and an increasing revolver: to have and possess it, even in a home weaker posture. The capitalist class has historically recognition of the necessity of struggle along class or business, or to have or carry it concealed on the person. The mere possession of a pistol with­ used and continues to use any' means necessary to lines. The purpose inexorably becomes, regardless achieve its ends. It has not and does not stop even of where it began, the seizure of the right to decide out a license is a crime. In New York City, permits may be granted only by the Police Department at genocide. It is utopian to think that it will surrender and plan according to the interests of that class. its power voluntarily, after centuries of accumulated The necessity of armed struggle arises out of the and there is no appeal from a refusal, which may wealth and after gaining a virtual monopoly on the unwillingness of the ruling class to recognize that be based on any number of broad categories including use of instruments of violence and coercion. its rule is over. That is why it is no accident that not being "of good moral character", and where But even if a peaceful and non-violent change instruments of violence eXist, that they exist only "NO good cause exists for the denial of the license". were possible (and it is neither peaceful nor non­ in the hands of one class. (emphasis added) Also prohibited in New Yorkwithout violent at TillS moment), it would be criminal for Understanding the precise mechanism by which a license are the following: fireworks, explosives and revolutionaries not to prepare for the worst. We gun and weapon laws work, and deliniating the exact combustibles, including any blank cartridge, blank cartridge pistOl, toy cannon, nitroglycerine fire­ must struggle for the best conditions and prepare limits of legality, is crucial to solving the problem for the worst. of availability of arms. As repression increases in crackers, torpedoes, gunpowder, sky-rockets, Roman Candles, bombs, sparklers, or similar weapon which is adaptable to such use, gravity knives, switchblade, billy, blackjack, blUdgeon, metal knuckles, sandbag, sandclub, slingshot, air gun (except air pistol), spring gun or similar weapon, blank or loaded '.' cartridges, any explosive SUbstance, sawed off fire­ arms, dagger dangerous knife, dirk, stilette, imi­ tation pistOl, ice pick, razor, slingshot, or other similar dangerous or deadly instruments or weapons. There are, in addition to these, other restrictions Historically, the greatest violence has not occured tempo the unaware will suffer greater than those which prohibit speclflc acts, such as discharging at the point of seizure of power, but in the civil war who attempt to plan and prepare for all contingencies. . a firearm at a train or locomotive, etc. All are which followed it. Those civilwars have been the direct A society can be read through its laws. A social strictly enforced in the courts. result of counter-revolutionary alliances in opposition order with sanctions against flag burning is in a In addition, there is a proposed Uniform State to the new order. state of decay and has produced revolutionaries who Firearms Act, drafted in 1930, also a period of In preparation for the. possibility of violence we chose to burn its flag BECAUSE, not in spite of, considerable social'unrest, which has been SUb­ must treat it as an inevitability. In the words of what it represents. A society which has rules against stantially adopted in several states and prohibits Mao, tactically we must despise our enemies, wheras guns has created within it the need to shoot. Where the carrying of a pistol (any firearm with a barrel strategically we must take them all seriously. obscenity is prohibited there is much that is obscene, less than 12 inches in length) except where a permit Omy after the transfer of power from the hands and where insanity is treated as criminal everyone is is granted or where allowed by law. No permit of capitalists to the hands of the masses of people insane. is required for the owner's home or place of bus­ CAN there be a transformation in the nature of By prohibition, the society states affirmation. Every iness. power itself, and an elimination of violence. Only law that is passed is and reflects a contradiction. PAGE 20 THE MOVEMENT AUGUST 1969 CALIFORNIA In california, a permit is required to carrya pistol concealed on the person or within any vehicle. No license is required for any citizen over the age of 18 (except for felons not pardoned or those whose felony involved the use of arms) to possess a con­ cealable firearm even if loaded in the home or place of business, ortemporaryresidenceor campsite. more, it legislates away the U,S, Supreme Court ALSO EXEMPTED ARE MEMBERS OF ANY CLUB decision in HAYNES v. U.S, striking a previous GUN CONTROL ACT OF 1968 OR ORGANIZATION ORGANIZED FOR TARGET registration requirementon Fifth Amendment grounds. SHOOTING GOING TO AND FROM AND WHILE AT The Act avoids this by forcing owners of ALL By far the broadest reaching legislation in the fleld A TARGET RANGE. Carrying a loaded firearm onthe weapons to register, not just owners whose pos­ is the Gun Control Act of 1968, which runs some person or in a car or while in a public place or on session is illegal. 28 complex pages. For those who would like to obtain a public street is a misdemeanor. Police are allowed The Federal Firearms Act of 1939 is administered copies from a Congressman, askfor Public Law 90-618, to examine the firearm in any of these places to by the same agency as are all the major firearm Publication 603 (12-68) and a copy of the Federal see whether it is loaded without a search warrant, acts, including the Gun Control Act of 1968. It regulates Register for December 14, 1968 (regulations.pp.18555 and refusal to allow a search is· probable cause for interstate and foreign commerce in all kinds of am­ through 18573). Specific questions on the operation arrest. A major provision, however, is Calif.Penal munition by licensing dealers, manufacturers, and 'of the law can be addressed to the Assistant Regional Code section 12031 (h) which provides: importers. It prohibits sales to anyone under in­ Commissioner of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms "Nothing in this section is intended to preclude dictment or convicted of a crime, or any "fug­ Taxes in the district where you live. The effects the carrying of any loaded firearm, under cir­ itive from justice", where the dealer either knows of this act will be far-ranging. It will result in cumstances where it would otherwise be lawful, or has reasonable cause to know these facts. raising prices of firearms and ammunition, in halt­ by a person who reasonably believes that the In addition to these two statutes, there are num­ ing importation of foreign guns not "generally rec­ person or propety of himself or another is in erous postal regulations concerning shipment of ognized as particularly suitable for or readily ad­ immediate danger and that the carrying of such concealable weapons, Department of State regula­ aptable to sporting purposes," in the elimination weapon is necessary for the preservation of such tions controlling international commerce in weapons, of interstate transfers of firearms, a~d in the num­ person or property." sales taxes, regulations and criminal provisions con­ ber of prosecutions, politically mofiva:ted, for tech­ nical violations. Also, section 12031 (i) states: cerning the carrying of loaded firearms aboard com­ The definitions basic to an understanding of the act "Nothing in this section is intended to preclude mercial aircraft, tariff restrictions, and regula­ are as follows: /" the carrying of a loaded firearm by any person tions covering the use of firearms in national parks. I.) Firearm means any weapon (including a starter while engaging in the act of making or attempting The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act gun) expelllng a projectile by the action of an ex­ to make a lawful arrest." This section has ambig­ of 1968 is limited to convicted felons, dishonorable plosive; the frame or receiver of any such weapon; uous possibilities, but lacks testing as to specific discharged veterans (originally "other than honor­ any firearm muffler or silencer; any destructive de­ cases where it might be relevant. able discharged"), judicially determined mental in­ vice (see definition in National Firearms Act, given Also prohibited in California is sale or possession competents, aliens illegally in the United States, before). of any sawed-off shotgun (barrel of less than 18 and forme'r citizens who have renounced their cit­ 2.) Ammunition means cartridge cases, primers, inches), dirk, dagger, switchblade longer than 2 izenship. Congress legislatively found and declared bullets or propellent powder designed for use in any inches, blackjack, slingshot, billy, sandclub, sandbag, that receipt, possession or transportation of a fire­ firearm. (Excluded are shotgun shot or unprimed metal knuckles, any explosive substance other than arm by any of these classes of people is "a burden shotgun cases or hulls) fixed ammunition, a rifle with a barrel of less than on commerce, a threat to the safety of the Pres­ 3.) Antique firearm (these are excluded from the 16 inches or any weapon made from a rifle or shot­ ident and Vice-President, and impediment or a act) means any firearm made in or before 1898, gun with overall length of less than 26 inches, water threat to free speech and religion, and threat to or any replica thereof, if not designed or rede­ spear pistols of less than 12 inches in length, or our republican form of government." The penalty signed for using rimfire or conventional centerfire even, as one case has held, a table'leg when de­ is 2 years and $10,000. The word felony was later fixed am munition, or uses rimfire or centerfire fixed tached from a table and carried at night in a "tough amended to the following definition: any offense ammunition no longer manufactured in the United neighborhood" to the scene of a riot, or a baseball punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, States and not readily available in the ordinary _ bat, in an automobile, not used to play baseball. but not offenses (except those involving firearms channels of commercial trade. Also, added in 1967 was a provision prohibiting or explosives) classified as misdemeanors by the 4.) Collector means any person who acquires holds projectiles containing incendiary material, including state and punishable by 2 years or less. One is or disposes of firearms or ammunition as curios tracers, EXCEPT FOR SHOTGUN TRACERS. bombs, a felon on conviction regardless of actual sentence. or relics (I.e. 50 years old, be recognized by the grenades, missiles, any weapon of a caliber greater The statute includes employees who know their em­ curator of a museum to be of museum interest; than .60 caliber or ammunition for it, except shotguns, ployer is a member of a prohibited class and deal or in some way be novel, rare, bizage, or assoc­ rockets or similar projectiles of a diameter greater with firearms for him. Two groups exempted from iated with some figure or period of history. than .60 inch or the propellant for them, fixed am­ operation of the statute are (a) prisoners entrusted 5.) Dealer means any person who sells firearms munition greater than .60 caliber, tear gas sub­ with firearms by prison authoriti~s, and (b) felons or ammunition or repairs or changes firearms for stances except pesticides and dog repellents, silen­ who have received pardons from the president or cers, etc. Even air INns are prohibited where minors a business, or a pawnbroker. a governor, and who have been authorized by the The license fee required for dealers and col­ are concerned. President or governor to receive, possess, or lectors is $10. except for destructive devices and Few cases have tested the application of these pro­ transport firearms. ammunition, where the fee is $1,000. The fee for visions to riot situations, but these few leave little pawnbrokers is $25., A person must be at least room for doubt that the courts will treat almost ANY CIVIL RIGHTS ACT? 21 to obtain a license. Application should be made object as a deadly weapon. The LEAST likely objects to receive this treatment are ordinary household to the Director of the Internal Revenue District items, canes or crutches, musical or artistic im­ in which the applicant resides. The District Dir­ A little-known statute left substantiallyunopposed is ector must then approve or deny an application plements, etc. the so-called "Civil Rights Act of 1968", which is within a 45-day period. Provision is made (1) for DIRECTLY applicable to the movement. The Act mandamus action if the Secretary fails to act within FEDERAL LAWS makes it a crime punishable by $10,000 fine and/or 45 days: (2) for a prompt hearing by the Secretary five years to engage 11 the following acts: Federa! lawsconcerning gun control are duplicative, in the event of denial or revocation: (3) for jud- confused, and spread throughout the U.S', Code. Per­ haps the most recent and controversial of these are the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Titles IV and VII) and the Gun Control Act of 1968, which began with the innocuous title of "Mail Order Handgun Bill" and was initially to be limited to "cheap, imported, pot-metal pistols." Both cover the widest range of weaponry and sev­ erely limit and regulate the transfer, sale, and trans­ portation of arms. The other primary provisions in 1.) Teaching or demonstrating the use, application icial review of denial or revocation after hearing federal law are the National Firearms Act of 1938. or making of any firearm, explosive or incendiary by the Secretary. No licensee may sell or deliver Interesting dates. The former imposes a tax of device or technique capable of causing injury or any rifle or shotgun or its ammunition to anyone $200 on the manufacture or transfer of certain death, with knowledge or reason to know that the same under 18, or a handgun or ammunition to anyone firearms generally used by "gangsters" , and re­ will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in further­ under 21. quires 'registration with the Alcohol and Tobacco ance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or The substantive restrictions of the act, for the tax Division (ATTD) of the Internal Revenue Ser­ degree obstruct, delay or adversely affect interstate most part, deal with interstate transactions. The vice. The act covers machine guns, submachine guns, commerce or the conduct or performance of any most important sections are summarized, with the all other fully automatic weapons, all sawed off federally protected function (I.e. collection and dis­ help of materials from the National Rifle Assoc­ and shortened shotguns and rifles (rifle barrels tribution of the mails). iation and the Internal Revenue Department, below. less than 16 inches, shtoguns under 18 or either under 2.) Transporting or manufacturing for transportation This information is subject to rapid change and may be 26 inches overall), mufflers and silencers. The in commerce any firearm, explosive or incendiary invalid in time. It is no substitute for competent legal act does not cover pistols, revolvers, sporting and tar­ device with knowledge or reason to know or intent counsel, nor is any of the material contained in this get rifles, regulation size shotguns, flintlock and per­ that it will be used unlawfully in a civil disorder. article. Moreover, much of this legal material re­ cussion weapons and ammunition. 3.) Committing or attempting to commit any act mains untested by the courts. Consequently, it is The Gun Control Act of 1968 amended the National to obstruct, impede or interfere with any fireman or impossible to say concretely what is likely to happE!O Firearm Act by extending it to cover numerous law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful in the event that any specific act is engaged in. Ali additional weapons, including machine gun frames performance of official duty incident to and during the that can be done here, without guarantees,. is to and receivers, conversion kits for machine guns, commission of a civil disorder which in any way or list the material to be used as a guide to local combinations of machine gun parts in possession degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects com­ interpretation and future developments. In any real of a single individUal, smooth-bore pistols and re­ merce or the movement of any article or commodity case, legal advice should be obtained based on a volvers designed toshoot shotgun shells, concealable in commerce or the conduct or performance of any' full recounting of the facts. No predictions can be combination rifles and shotguns and other "destruct­ federally protected function or further a civil dis­ given, nor specific advice. People will have to in­ ive devices, including bombs, grenades, rockets with order.~ A statement to this effect at the beginning terpret this information themselves into subjective a propellant charge of more than four ounces, mis­ of each class wlll have some deterrent effect on mis­ counsel. The law is as follows: siles with a charge of more than 1/4 oz., any weapon understanding federal law enforcement officers who other than a shotgun or antique which has a boregreat­ may even have enrolled in the class. Nonetheless, 1. SHIPMENT IN INTERSTATE OR FOREIGNCOM- er than 1/2 inch, mines, etc. The amendment also re­ the law is deserving of serious study by the movement, MERCE: ' quires extensive registration of everyweapon covered since it outlaws not merelypossession, but teaching and No licensee may ship or transport any firearm or by the act. The Secretary of theTreasury is re­ demonstrating the use of firearms. Through the sordid ammunition in commerce to any person, other than quired to maintain a complete file on all 'weapons history of Smith Act prosecutions, we can appreciate a federal licensee. Exceptions ar~: (1) return of and transfers. The Act increases penalties from the manifold interpretations of the words Mteaching" repaired or replacement firearms of same kind $2,000 and 5 years to $10,000 and 10 years. What is which can be conjured up to fit the present I?:eneration. or type by a licensee to a non-licensee; (2) mailing' of a firearm by a licensee to a person authorized under the postal laws and regulations. No person may transport into or receive in the state where he resides any firearm purchased or otherwise acquired outside the state. Exceptions are: (1) acquisition in another state of a firearm by inheritance; (2) transportation or receipt of a CONTINUED ON PAGE 22

AUGUST 1969 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 21 \ -It

----~------~ DUN LaWS CONTINUED FROM PAGE 21 rifle or shotgun acquired in any state prior to the or training under the program of the National Board eral criminal law, shall be SUbject to seizure and' effective date of this act. for the Promotion of Rifle Practice; (2) of an un- forfeiture. '2. TRANSFER TO NON-RESIDENTS serviceable firearm (other than a machine gun) as The Second Amendment to the United States Con­ No person (except a licensee) may transfer, sell, a curio or museum piece; (3) of a firearm or am- stitution states: a A well-regulated Militia, being trade, give, transport or deliver any firearm to munition previously taken out of the United States necessary to the security of a free state, the right a non-resident (except a licensee). Exceptions are: by the person who is bringing it in. Importaion of of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be ~l) transfer, transportation or delivery to, or ac- all surplus military firearms is prohibited, except infringed." quisition by, a person, in case of inheritance, auth- by permit. This wording has consistently been held inappli­ orized to acquire or possess in his state of res- 6. SALE OR DELIVERY IN VIOLATION OF STATE cable to gun control legislation. The rationale is that idence; (2) loan or rental for temporary use for OR LOCAL LAW there is no personal or individual right to keep and lawful sporting purposes. No licensee may sell or deliver any firearm or am- bear arms except insofar as it is essential to a well­ A licensee (1) may lend or rent a firearm to a muntion to any person in any state where purchase regulated Militia. This interpretation has the second person for temporary use for lawful sporting pur- or possession would be a violation of state or local item in the Bill of Rights guaranteeing the people poses; and (2) may sell or deliver a rifle or shot- law applicable at the place of sale, delivery or other their right to a militia, Attorney General Katzenbach gun to a person who is participating in organized dispostion, unless the licenss knows or has reasonable claimed, before the Dodd Committee, that the National rifle or shotgun competition, or engaged in hunting, cause to believe that· purchase or possession would Guard was the modern version of the "well-regulated and whose rifle or shotgun has been lost or stolen not be in violation of such law or ordinance. militia." -or becomes inoperative. (In latter case, buyer must 7. MICELLANEOUS This interpretation has several advantages. First, submit a sworn statement, the same as in Intrastate Several sections of the Act relate to bookkeeping it grants ALL control to the federal a state", allow­ Sales, without the seven-day waiting period.) requirements, common carriers, the military, state ing uniform legislation. Second, it claims a monopoly 3. A licensee may sell or del1verarifle to a person laws and miscellaneous regulations which are not on the right of defense. The original purpose of in a contigous state under certain specific conditions immediately relevant here. the Second Amendment was clearly to bring the not relevant here. 8. PENALTIES numerous standing armiesunder state contrOl, through 4. INSTRASTATE SALES Whoever uses a firearm to commit any federal citizens m111tias, and to guarantee to the people the A licensee may sell a firearm to a person who felony, or carries a firearm during the commission right of revolution. In 1882, the Arkansas Court held resides in the same state as the licenseebut who does of ANY federal felony may be sentenced to jail for the provision sprang from the "former tyrannical not personally appear at the licensee's place of one to ten years. For a second or SUbsequent con- practice of disarming the subjects so as to render business if the_purchaser submits a sworn statement viction imprisonment is for not less than five them powerless against oppression." The courtadded: that he is at least 18 years old (in case of rifle or nor m~re than twenty-five years, with no suspension "It is not intended to afford citizens the means shotgun ) or 21 (in case of handgun) and that he is of sentence or probation. of prosecuting their private broils in a free gov­ not prohibited by federal, state or local law from Violation of any provision of the Act is punishable ernment." receiving the fi.rearm. The statement must contain by fine of $5,000 or five years in jailor both. These Implicit in all the court decisions concerning con­ the name, address, and title of the principal local persons can be paroled as the Board of Parole may stitutionality is this assumpton. The purpose of the law enforcement officer of the locality to which the determine. Second Amendment was political but its politics the firearm w111 be shipped. The seller sends'a copy The shipment transportation or receipt of a firearm have become obsolete because we are not tyrants of the statement to the local law enforcement officer in interstateor foreign commercewithintenttocommit or oppressors like the British, but a free nation and must' wait at least seven days after receipt of an offense punishable by morethan one year ( a felony) We no longer need a citizens mllitia. By this at­ notification by return receipt before delivery of the or with reasonable cause to believe that such an titude, they increasingly make such a mllitia again firearm may be made. - \. offense is to be committed, is punishable by $10,000 necessary. By laws such as these they reflect their 5. IMPORTATION OF FIREARMS AND AMMUN- fine or 10 years or both. own distrust of people, and recognition of their own ITION Any firearm or ammunition involved in, or used oppressive role. The ruling class doubts its ab111ty The Secretary of the Treasury may permit im- or intended to be used in any violation of this Act, to rule by consent,and begins to rule by open.coercion. portation (1) of a firearm or ammunition for scientific or rule or regulation thereunder, or any other fed- or-research purposes, or for use in competition

mahwah CONTINUED FROM PAGE 9 ------_._-- the potential for white support ofa black-led movement should stand on the picket lines with workers or in revolutionary" Beatles--nobody wanted to sit with at Mahwah at the present time. place of workers, whether we should write our own him at lunch. When the strike broke out, he took the But we allowed our political doubts and confusions leaflets or not, whether we shOUld speak to white position that "the time wasn't right", and except for to serve as an excuse for not finding out what the workers as SDS or develop contacts individually one afternoon when Jeff Gordon dropped in, none of attitudes of the white workers were of for trying etc., are all important tactical questions that can't his PL brothers showed up to support the strike. to develop contacts among them. One reason was always be answered in advance, and that we w111 be This was just as well, since when the UBB invited that we tended to think of ourselves as white students better able to answer as we gain more experience. SDS to come to Mahwah, "')ne of the conditions who had no direct stake in the struggle, rather than But at Mahwah we learned little about this because was that we wouldn't bring any PL people with us. as a revolutionary movement whose job it is to we tried almost nothing. But under the circumstances, there was a definite work for the unity of oppressed people against the If even one white movement person had been limit to the political affect we could have hoped to system. Or, we had the vague idea that our mere working in the Mahwah plant before the strike began, have, whatever we did. We were outsiders, we took presence would in sme symbolic way transmit to it could have made a crucial difference in our re- no real risks ourselves, and gave little concrete white workers the message that fighting white sup- lationship to the strike--we should learna lesson from material support to the strike. (The picket lines were remacy and fighting alongside blacks was in their this. not set up in such a way that they absolutely depended interests. There was one white radical in the plant who on outside help, as is sometimes true in wildcats.) All this is not to imply that we should have ap- considered himself an organizer. Unfortunately, his In short, without any political base or contacts among ...... proached white workers thoughlessly. 50010ng-haired allegience to the Progressive Labor Party resulted the workers, without ties built up through the exper- kids stopping workers at the gate to demand that they in his having the opposite effect. Accordingto the black ience of common struggle, the political work we could hand over their privileges definitely would not ha'\e workers, he condemned the organization of the UBB have done wold have been of a preliminary sort. helped. The question is not whether we should have from the beginning because "it would divide the The point Is, we should have ~gUp to develop approached the white workers, but HOW. In any workers". Because of his attitude toward theworkers-- that base and build those ties. strike like this, the questions of whether or not we eg, he criticized them for listeninl1: to the"counter-

sds CONTINUED FROM PAGE 7 r ------schools and pigs, a non-economist ap­ women's workshops and in theirown wo­ level for a long time to come. In some as a top priority. What is to be avoided proach to workers' struggles, organ­ men's resolution they denied the ex­ places, where PL is weak, their ex­ is exclusion of new members who fail izing around male supremacy (struc­ istence of any special structux:es of male pulsion w111 be automatic... In others, to give support for countries or move­ tures) not just male chauvinism (atti- supremacy. "Women are only super­ the debates that went on at the conven­ ments with which they are not familar, tudes), etc. . exploited workers". (They suffer no op­ tion will be repeated over and over. but who do not object to them on anti­ Under the RYM leadership, the SDS pression that's qualitatively different Th~ problem will come in areaswhere communist grounds. convention passedthe follOWing program. from men.) PL is strong, like Boston and the Bay Dealing with political organizations They called for major actions in the fall Other groups were equally opportunist Area where PL controls many campus will apparently be even more difficult. against the War in Vietnam in support in their approach to the issue by con­ chapters. In such places, SDS will have The ISC· example may become a rule of the NLF and black liberation struggle, stantly attacking the "others" for their to work very hard to organize new of thumb--that is allowing people and to force the ruling class to bring the lousy position on women's liberation, but people and consolidate the RYM forces organizations to stay in SDS despite the war back home. They also endorsed the never proposing any concrete political that already exist. A,lot of past mis­ fact that they oppose the principles, but Conference for a United Front Against program to deal with it. The basic prob­ takes will have to be avoided, e.g. sec­ remain silent about them in meetings. Fascism called by the Panthers and the lem was that everyone has lots of tarianism, anti-communism, etc. This The convention vacillated with ISC and Venceremos Brigade.(see MOVEMENT theoretical propositions on women's lib­ w111 be very difficult since it's no ac­ that could be a dangerous precedent. SDS JUly 1969 for details on Brigade.) eration, but no one seems to have much cident that PL is strong where SDS is has adopted a set of revQlutionary prin­ This program is a sOlidlyanti-imper­ concrete practice in the area. So, for weak. In the Bay Area, for example, ciples upon which they can go forth and ialist progr~m. The explicit intention example, in the workshops everyone SDS (with or without PL) has never been recruit new membership. They should of the RYM is to bring large numbers hotly debated the issue, but the men a significant political force. not be held back in this work by trying of working class youth into this anti­ dominated the discussions. PL women Anpther problem will be that of build­ to retain present counter-revolutionary imperialist movement. insisted that men join the workshops, ing SDS as a mass organization with the members. In the future they will only '\ and once admitted, the men from all exclusionary principles. SDS has always become a greater problem. Sects like PL WOMEN'S LIBERAnON the anti-PL groups just had to get into been a mass Qrganization that admitted and ISC joined SDS because they are un­ the act. anyone to its ranks. Now some people able to build a mass organization with Next to imperialism and racism, no This isn't to say that women's lib­ see a contradiction between the structure their own politics. They should not be al­ issue received more attention at the Con­ eration should be an issue immune to (mass organization) -an

i' italy:students italy: Wo'r kers CONTINUED FROM P. 15 CONTINUED FROM 1'. \9 put into use when Genoa dock workers went on other units of the FIAT-Turin complex meaning changed. A generalization of inside the plant ag­ strike serving to break the force of the strike. that the work stoppage goes beyond the Mirafiori itation, on the other hand, creates more chaos Or the problem of electronic computers which speed plant in it s influence. The internal wildcat strikes within the production process, and maintains the ec­ up work processes but eliminate people. are also qualitativelydifferent from the tactics used onomic base of the workers. :The second and related theme is that of the myth in the past. Fiat managers are never able to foresee The second factor is the political significance of of efficiency. That is that all problems can be re­ Where, when, how extensively, or for how long the the struggle. The workers have clearly realizedthat the solved through the application of new technical sci­ strikes will last; at the same time, the workers are crux of the matter is not a question of higher wages, entific discoveries. The implication is, of course, still draWing tileir salaries. These internal worker line delegates and fringe benefits etc., but really that political and social conditions have relatively actions can result in a situation where at one point a question of power: that is, who is it who will con­ little importance and that solutions arise from the in the production process there is atremendousover­ trol the life of the factory? At this point we touch discovery or application of the correct machine or supply of parts, while at another point there are no on the central question of changing the • system"• mathematical theory. The point is that the technician parts at all. As had been indicated above, the VANGUARD of should stick to his machines and mathematical theories In terms of initiative, some of these strikeswere FIAT workers has always had a relatively high level and leave politics etc. to the less enlightened. Other called by the unions, others by the workers themselves. of political consicousness. The new fact is that they specific examples of the obvious falsity of the myths In this situation there exist continuous important are, for the first time, beginning to organize them­ of efficiency and neutrality can be found in courses disagreements between workers and the unions on both selves and to channel this political conciousness into at the Institute Technics and Teconomics of the Firm the form of the ·strikes and the demands to be pre­ concrete action. The fact that this political concious­ and Applied Machine Mechanics. One learns how to sented. In regard to tactics, the professional union ness is being combined with extended forms of or­ apply machine and wor,k techniques in offices and organizers want only work stoppages for brief per­ ganization,and action makes the FIAT situation one of factories always from the point of view of rendering the iods. (A few hours a day). They are afraid that if the most advanced cases of spontaneous worker strug­ MAXIMUM PROFIT for the company. The problems the strikes too seriously damage FIAT's production, gle and organization in Italy. and exploitation of the workersare not even touched. the possibiUty of reaching agreement on certain However, problems exist at two levels. Internally, During the week of agitation, workers and union or­ demands important to them will be lost. Not only do while the unions and management are unable to pre­ ganizers invited to the Assemblies, went with stu­ they attempt to limit the internal work stoppages vent the agitations, they do manage fairly effectively dents to interupt these classes (a few were still being to brief periods, but they also attempt to prevent to close them off. The danger isthat they will succeed held) bringing into the classroom through the rec­ the multiplication of the strikes to other sections in closing them off completely before these first itation of personal experiences, the vast difference of the factories. They begin a strike in a new sec­ efforts at organization can be transformed into that between the reality of the firm and factory, and tion only when the strikes have finished in other permanent organizational forms. If management suc­ the theory being taught in the classroom. sections. The workers, on the other had, want a ceeds in this effort, despite the important progress The third theme, extremely important in the sense generalization of the agitation, not in the sense of already made, only a small part of that progress that it destroys the false division created by cap­ a general strike, but rather in terms of sustained could be saved. This is a particular problem be­ italist ideology between workers and technicians and actions within the various parts of the production cause before the present struggles in the Spring of opens the way to worker-White collar unity is the pro­ process at the same time. '69, there did not exist any ORGANIZED worker letariazatioll,. of the technician. As cited above, the In regard to the contents of the demands, the union vanguard within the FIAT plastts to speed up the or­ technicians themselves are now first of all in great organizers want basically two things. The first is ganizing process. Nor externally did there exist numbers which means lower salaries. secondly, they the acceptance of the appointment of delegates for a group capable of helping to push ahead the internal have no control either over the choice of the work each small division of the production process who organizing process rapidly. This was primarily be­ they do or how the results of that work will be would have a certain say in the control of the pro­ cause the Italian Student Movement (Movimento Stu­ employed. They myth of the engineer who leaves duction process and would «represent" the workers dentesco) has not yet' been able to develop a valid the Institute of Technology as the creator of some­ at the grass roots level. The second demand is for theory and strategy for relationships with the workers thing new has been completely destroyed. Most the promotion of certain categories of workers. and work in the factories. In addition the Movimento engineers supervise workers, do the· paper work The workers, conversely, have little faith or inter­ Studentesco now finds itself disorganized and without of others, teach or sell office machines. est in a new system of representation blessed by a homog~neous political line, at least for the moment. Fourthly arises the problem of research funds. management. While not as obviously destructive as those in the Un­ ited States who, for example, have to invent poison Above all, the majority of workers want more gases in order to get funds for chemical research, money ....~ a category promotion for everyone. Es­ ...... ~._ ~ in Italy as well independent research money is hard sentially they want an improvement of their economic ...... ••••••• to find (that is, one gets research funds when he works situation. In essence, the FIAT managementis ready to on a project interesting to FIAT etc;). The students grant more money now. However, the management demand)instead research money controlled by those insists that if it raises wages now, the raise must in the lnstitutes doing the research. Among other be included in the new national contracts which will high points in the week of agitation was the atten­ be negotiated in October. The workers, on the other meanwhile ••• dance of workers and union organizers in the As­ hand, want a pay raise now and also one in October. semblies. The workers graphically destroyed the In addition, there exists now a worker vanguard Meanwhile, back at the ruling class, the Italian myths about work conditions in «modern" factories, whos e analysis and demands are more adv@ced. government has resigned, and they're currently trying and indicated to the students their future roles as They see the proposed delegate system as simply to manufacture a new cover. You see what happened whose principal task would be to get the maximum another way of ·controlling and smothering worker was the Italian Socialist Party split over the question yield out of the workers. agitation through a new form of bureaucratic neg­ of whether or not to work more closely with the otiation. Basically, they contend that it ought to Communist Party. After the split several members THE RESULTS OF THE STRUGGLE be the workers themselves who control the rhythm of the Cabinet resigned and the next day the whole and organization of the production process. This bunch turned in their resignations. So they've got The most important positive result was the fact group is clearly a small minority but much larger some kind of a temporary facade while the President that a large number of students as a result of the than it was a few months ago. consults with the various parties to try to come up Assemblies and Study Groups made a qualitative ADVANCED TACTICS AND IDEOLOGY with something. The Com munist Party has made some political leap. Out of 4000 stUdents, the politicized noises about maybe being included in the Coalition group. increased from 100 to some 500. However, at Government this time around, but the Christian Dem­ a crucial point, an important tactical error was The new factors involved in these new forms of ocratic Party don't dig that and they want Rumor, made and revolutionary. theory stopped short of worker agitation are essentially two. The first is the same cat who just resigned from being Premier practice. At the moment of action; that is of de­ that the workers are showing themselves capable of to be Premier again. And the split is taking place ciding to occupy the Institute itself, the moderates, AUTONOMOUSL Y ORGANIZING the struggle against throughout the various Socialist Party branches, and fearful of losing the support of the mass of the management. They have a new faith in their own there's not much of a government, and the Italian stUdents, won out. Instead of permitting the struggle organizing capacity and are able to carry out daily Parliament is sitting on a lot of legislation. to expand, the result was the decline oftensionwhich organizational tasks in a disciplined, concrete way. While they've been sitting, it ain't Just Turin that's permitted the opposition to organize. In the last A typical example of this new maturity isthe decision been hot...but cities allover the place. There's been large Assembly at the end of April, the Assembly to see generalization of the struggle not in the form strikes allover Italy in the past few months, garbage passed in the morning session a politically quite of a general walk out, but rather in the spreading has piled up in the streets of Rome, Government work­ advanced document affirming the basic themes of the of inside agitation. Before the spring of 1969, the ers· have struck, there was a general strike on the agitation. In the afternoon session, however, the As­ workers always turned to Walk-outs to express Island of Sicily and work stoppages throughout South­ sembly voted against the continuation of active agi­ their grievances. This was a sign of weakness; ern Italy. tation (blocking of lessons etc.) The Professors that is, when the workers re-entered the plants after a f£:w days without pay, they found condi­ had gotten to the mass of the students,scaring them 'rl' . with the possibillty of losing the academic year. tions just as they had left them and nothing had What remains from the Spring struggles are num­ erous core groups of the politicized students which continue analysis and preparation for the new aca­ demic year in the fall.. 'They are involving them­ selves in .. key problem sectors of Turin's life. For example, a number of these students are actively involved in the present worker struggles at FIATS's Mirafiori works. *SUBSCRIBETO THE MOVEMENT! by Giann1 SiIvestrln1 John Sollenberger lAME ADDIIESS VENCEREMOS BRtGAOE.. STATE ZIP EXPRESS YOUR SOLIDARITY WITH THE Please send me:· PEOPLE OF CUBA. HELP HARVEST THE Next 12 issues of THE MOVEMENT ($2.50) TEN MILLION TONS OF SUGAR. JOIN !\1:l1colm X posters THE VENCEREMOS BRIGADE. Check II FOR MORE INFORMATION AND APPLI· Movement CATIONS, WRITE TO: SPECIAL BULK RATES subscrib(',· THE BRIGADE P.O. BOX 643 MAIL TO TIlE MO\'D1E!\ r CATHEDRAL STATION SEND ONE TO A fRIENDl 330 Grove Street NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10025 San Francisco, California 94102 AUGUST 1969 THE MOVEMENT PA~23 .....

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