Statistical Leaders of the ‘20S
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Valuation of NFL Franchises
Valuation of NFL Franchises Author: Sam Hill Advisor: Connel Fullenkamp Acknowledgement: Samuel Veraldi Honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Graduation with Distinction in Economics in Trinity College of Duke University Duke University Durham, North Carolina April 2010 1 Abstract This thesis will focus on the valuation of American professional sports teams, specifically teams in the National Football League (NFL). Its first goal is to analyze the growth rates in the prices paid for NFL teams throughout the history of the league. Second, it will analyze the determinants of franchise value, as represented by transactions involving NFL teams, using a simple ordinary-least-squares regression. It also creates a substantial data set that can provide a basis for future research. 2 Introduction This thesis will focus on the valuation of American professional sports teams, specifically teams in the National Football League (NFL). The finances of the NFL are unparalleled in all of professional sports. According to popular annual rankings published by Forbes Magazine (http://www.Forbes.com/2009/01/13/nfl-cowboys-yankees-biz-media- cx_tvr_0113values.html), NFL teams account for six of the world’s ten most valuable sports franchises, and the NFL is the only league in the world with an average team enterprise value of over $1 billion. In 2008, the combined revenue of the league’s 32 teams was approximately $7.6 billion, the majority of which came from the league’s television deals. Its other primary revenue sources include ticket sales, merchandise sales, and corporate sponsorships. The NFL is also known as the most popular professional sports league in the United States, and it has been at the forefront of innovation in the business of sports. -
Nagurski's Debut and Rockne's Lesson
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 20, No. 3 (1998) NAGURSKI’S DEBUT AND ROCKNE’S LESSON Pro Football in 1930 By Bob Carroll For years it was said that George Halas and Dutch Sternaman, the Chicago Bears’ co-owners and co- coaches, always took opposite sides in every minor argument at league meetings but presented a united front whenever anything major was on the table. But, by 1929, their bickering had spread from league politics to how their own team was to be directed. The absence of a united front between its leaders split the team. The result was the worst year in the Bears’ short history -- 4-9-2, underscored by a humiliating 40-6 loss to the crosstown Cardinals. A change was necessary. Neither Halas nor Sternaman was willing to let the other take charge, and so, in the best tradition of Solomon, they resolved their differences by agreeing that neither would coach the team. In effect, they fired themselves, vowing to attend to their front office knitting. A few years later, Sternaman would sell his interest to Halas and leave pro football for good. Halas would go on and on. Halas and Sternaman chose Ralph Jones, the head man at Lake Forest (IL) Academy, as the Bears’ new coach. Jones had faith in the T-formation, the attack mode the Bears had used since they began as the Decatur Staleys. While other pro teams lined up in more modern formations like the single wing, double wing, or Notre Dame box, the Bears under Jones continued to use their basic T. -
The Steam Roller
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 2, No. 3 (1980) THE STEAM ROLLER by John Hogrogian The state of Rhode Island sits squarely in the shadow of Boston as far as major-league professional sports is concerned. Ocean State residents generally take a rooting interest in the Red Sox, Patriots, Celtics, and Bruins. But more than half a century ago, in 1928, Rhode Island had its own National Football League champions, the Providence Steam Roller. The story of that team is the story of an era of professional football much different from that of today. In the Roaring Twenties, the American public found a host of popular heroes in its sporting greats. Standing with Charles Lindbergh on the pedestal of unalloyed admiration were such men as baseball player Babe Ruth, boxer Jack Dempsey, and tennis player Bill Tilden. College football players also shared in this adulation, with Red Grange of Illinois, Ernie Nevers of Stanford, and the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame national figures because of their gridiron exploits. College football was an immensely popular spectator sport, with teams such as Notre Dame, Stanford, Yale, and Dartmouth drawing huge followings both in person and through the newspapers and newsreels. Professional football, in stark contrast, was struggling to survive, a neglected stepchild in the sports boom. The National Football League was entering only its ninth season in the fall of 1928, and instead of roaring crowds in huge metropolitan stadia, small, intimate audiences in mostly smaller fields viewed the league's contests. Pro football held the same place in 1928 that pro track and field holds today, a fledgling professional sport living in the shadow of a popular collegiate version. -
2020 MLB Ump Media Guide
the 2020 Umpire media gUide Major League Baseball and its 30 Clubs remember longtime umpires Chuck Meriwether (left) and Eric Cooper (right), who both passed away last October. During his 23-year career, Meriwether umpired over 2,500 regular season games in addition to 49 Postseason games, including eight World Series contests, and two All-Star Games. Cooper worked over 2,800 regular season games during his 24-year career and was on the feld for 70 Postseason games, including seven Fall Classic games, and one Midsummer Classic. The 2020 Major League Baseball Umpire Guide was published by the MLB Communications Department. EditEd by: Michael Teevan and Donald Muller, MLB Communications. Editorial assistance provided by: Paul Koehler. Special thanks to the MLB Umpiring Department; the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum; and the late David Vincent of Retrosheet.org. Photo Credits: Getty Images Sport, MLB Photos via Getty Images Sport, and the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Copyright © 2020, the offiCe of the Commissioner of BaseBall 1 taBle of Contents MLB Executive Biographies ...................................................................................................... 3 Pronunciation Guide for Major League Umpires .................................................................. 8 MLB Umpire Observers ..........................................................................................................12 Umps Care Charities .................................................................................................................14 -
23 Guys with Hobbies
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 9, No. 7 (1987) 23 GUYS WITH HOBBIES By L. Robert Davids The decision by Bo Jackson, who played hit-or-miss baseball for the Kansas City Royals this summer, to play with the Los Angeles Raiders this fall, has been greeted with some skepticism. Well, it has been many years since an athlete has attempted this dual role in the same year. The last time was in 1954 when Vic Janowicz, the only other Heisman Trophy winner to play major league baseball, was a substitute third baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He batted only .151 in 41 games. He performed better as a halfback for the Washington Redskins, but certainly did not star that year. Of the approximately 60 athletes who played both major league baseball and football since 1920, a surprising 23 did it in the same year. Almost all of these multiple efforts were made in the early decades when the baseball and football seasons did not overlap as much as they do now. Also, several of the players made only token appearances in one of the sports, usually baseball. Tom Whelan and Red Smith played in only one game each, Jahn Scalzi in two, and John Mohardt in five. However, the latter had only one official at bat and collected a hit for a "lifetime" 1000 average! Only one or two players performed reasonably well in both sports the same year. In 1926, Garland "Gob" Buckeye, the 260-pound southpaw hurler for the Cleveland Indians, had a fine 3.10 ERA in 166 innings in that heavy-hitting season. -
Coach Steve Owen: the Great Innovator
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 18, No. 4 (1996) COACH STEVE OWEN: THE GREAT INNOVATOR By Stan Grosshandler, et.al. (Originally published in part in Football Digest) Professional football has advanced from a simple to complex game. To a great extent, this is due to the imaginative genius of the coaches. In the early years the innovators were George Halas, Curly Lambeau, Greasy Neale and Jimmy Conzelman. Later Paul Brown and Vince Lombardi came along. Today [ed.: 1970s] we have Tom Landry, Don Shula, Hank Stram and George Allen to mention a few. Seldom mentioned; yet one of the great innovators of all time is Steve Owen, for 23 years the guiding genius of the New York Giants. Stout Steve came up with innovations like the A-formation and the Umbrella Defense. These were not only catchy names, but effective weapons. The Giants under Owen won eight division and two league championships. What is even more remarkable about Owen is that he stressed defense when few of his contemporaries did. His kind of football began with blocking and tackling. "Football is a game played down in the dirt and it always will be. There's no use getting fancy about it." Often criticized by Giants fans as ultra-conservative, he may have been the first NFL coach to elect to kick off to start a game. He often chose to go for a sure field goal rather than gamble for a touchdown, and that further upset New York rooters. Eventually, however, the rest of the league came around to his way of thinking. -
1920 Akron Pros Ken Crippen
Building a Champion: 1920 Akron Pros Ken Crippen BUILDING A CHAMPION: 1920 AKRON PROS By Ken Crippen It’s time to dig deep into the archives to talk about the first National Football League (NFL) champion. In fact, the 1920 Akron Pros were champions before the NFL was called the NFL. In 1920, the American Professional Football Association was formed and started play. Currently, fourteen teams are included in the league standings, but it is unclear as to how many were official members of the Association. Different from today’s game, the champion was not determined on the field, but during a vote at a league meeting. Championship games did not start until 1932. Also, there were no set schedules. Teams could extend their season in order to try and gain wins to influence voting the following spring. These late-season games were usually against lesser opponents in order to pad their win totals. To discuss the Akron Pros, we must first travel back to the century’s first decade. Starting in 1908 as the semi-pro Akron Indians, the team immediately took the city championship and stayed as consistently one of the best teams in the area. In 1912, “Peggy” Parratt was brought in to coach the team. George Watson “Peggy” Parratt was a three-time All-Ohio football player for Case Western University. While in college, he played professionally for the 1905 Shelby Blues under the name “Jimmy Murphy,” in order to preserve his amateur status. It only lasted a few weeks until local reporters discovered that it was Parratt on the field for the Blues. -
Packerscentury.Com Packerscentury.Com
13 1931 packerscentury.com packerscentury.com 1931 ___________________ Record: 12-2-0 NFL Champions Coach: Curly Lambeau • During the offseason, the Packers put together a basketball team that traveled around the state. The Green Bay Basketball Club played games against Wisconsin towns and cities including Sturgeon Bay, Clintonville, Milwaukee and Racine to name a few. • Green Bay became the first NFL team to win three straight titles. • The Packers were fined $1,000 for signing college players whose “class” hadn’t graduated. The Bears and Spartans were also. • An injury caused Verne Lewellen to miss seven games. • Green Bay’s offense scored 116 more points than any other team. Their defense ranked second only to Portsmouth. • One game separated the Packers and Spartans at season’s end. Portsmouth claimed the Packers had pledged to play a game after the season. Green Bay denied doing so. Portsmouth appealed to Commissioner Joe Carr, but the appeal was denied. • Go! You Packers Go! Eric Karll, 1931 Hail, hail the gang’s all here to yell for you, And keep you going in your winning ways, Hail, hail the gang’s all here to tell you too, That, win or lose, we’ll always sing your praises Packers. Chorus: Go, you Packers, go and get ‘em, Go, you fighting fools upset ‘em, Smash their line with all your might, A touchdown, Packers, Fight, Fight, Fight, Fight on, you blue and gold, to glory, Win this game the same old story, Fight, you Packers, Fight, And bring the bacon home to Old Green Bay. CLEVELAND INDIANS 0 9.13.1931 PACKERS 26 The rain, the heat, and the humidity did not slow down Green Bay. -
NOVEMBER an the H En Nrd Le"I at D Unstaters, .Swarlhmor« 1 75 6 S 1 ! Virtuall) a D 0 No Kocln Feller Mo
Eastern Football Title" Rests Among Four Teams as Result of Saturday's Play "Penn Yale Coaches State., - Pitt, When a Feller Needs a - ßy briggs IN ALL FAIRNESS Harvard, Friend Seem Worried Tigers By W. O. M* GE EH AN Cuä the Pace THE baseball magnates will gather ¡il Chicago to-day u, discuss Over Their Men W Setting plans for the rehabilitation of professional baseball. Whether or Bezdek's Gridiron Warriors not the public confidence^ professional baseball will be restored Dirken*. Aldrirh, Jordan ¡ what the Appear to Have Edge on by the start of the nexi baseball season will depend upon mag¬ antí Acosta in Bar! Shape, All of Their Rival» nates do at Chicago. Is From Only the egotist ami the deaf men among the magnates do not realize Report Hospital that professional baseball has been badly hurt, by the crookedness laid Special orrtspaitdttce WWW ^\ By Kay McCarthy bare the Cook Followers of baseball believe that 7. W tl The í astci f< dbal) championship by County grand jury. NEW HAVEN, Conn., Nov. situation simmers down to four teams baseball needs a thorough housecleaning, and they are right. Magnates only th«? Princetojo and Harvard gam Yale's officials ex as » result of Satnrday'3 games. Wash were too busy with their own petty politics to foresee and forestall the unplayed, football mgton and Jetfcrsi Brown, Cornel) corruption of the game. There must be now men in supreme control of pressed I lernselves to-night a ¿ on their hands. Yal« and Georgetown «rere the elevens to organized baseball, men who will inspiro public confidence. -
The Staten Island Stapletons
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 7, No. 6 (1985) THE STATEN ISLAND STAPLETONS By John Hogrogian Special thanks to N.F.L. Properties, Inc. for permission to publish this article. Trollies rolled down Broadway and Calvin Coolidge was president when the NFL came to New York City in 1925. In the years since Tim Mara founded the Giants, NFL teams have made their home in each of the City's five boroughs. The Giants played in the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan through 1955, then moved to Yankee Stadium in the Bronx through 1973. The Brooklyn Dodgers football team thrived in Ebbets Field during the 1930s and 1940s. The Jets made their home in Shea Stadium in Queens from 1964 until recently. And, in the sleepiest of the boroughs, the Staten Island Stapletons played NFL ball from 1929 through 1932. The Stapes struggled through life on a shoestring, but helped keep the NFL afloat as it fought for life in the Depression. The Stapes started out in 1915, five years before the NFL was born in the midwest. Dan Blaine, a good halfback and a native of the working-class neighborhood known as Stapleton, along with three other players formed the team to play other semi-pro squads from New York and New Jersey. The Stapes played more for fun than money. Just as well: crowds were small; salaries averaged $10 per game. Nevertheless, they managed to do well, winning several local semi-pro titles before World War I. After military service, Blaine took over sole ownership in 1919. Blaine himself prospered in the 1920s. -
Ben Lee Boynton:The Purple Streak
THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003) Ben Lee Boynton:The Purple Streak by Jeffrey Miller The 1924 season was one of transition for Buffalo’s pro football team. The All-Americans, as the team had been known since its founding in 1920, had been very successful in its four year history, finishing within one game of the league championship in both the 1920 and 1921 seasons. But successive 5-4 campaigns and declining attendance had convinced owner Frank McNeil that it was time to get out of the football business. McNeil sold the franchise to a group led by local businessman Warren D. Patterson and Tommy Hughitt, the team’s player/coach, for $50,000. The new ownership changed the name of the team to Bisons, and committed themselves signing big name players in an effort to improve performance both on the field and at the box office. The biggest transaction of the off-season was the signing of “the Purple Streak,” former Williams College star quarterback Benny Lee Boynton. Boynton, a multiple All America selection at Williams, began his pro career with the Rochester Jeffersons in 1921. His signing with the Bisons in 1924 gave the Buffalo team its first legitimate star since Elmer Oliphant donned an orange and black sweater three years earlier. Born Benjamin Lee Boynton on December 6, 1898 in Waco, Texas, to Charles and Laura Boynton, Ben Lee learned his love of football at an early age. He entered Waco High School in 1912, and the next year began a string of three consecutive seasons and Waco’s starting quarterback. -
Vol. 31, No. 4 2009
Vol. 31, No. 4 2009 PFRA-ternizing 2 PFRA Committees 3 PFRA Election 5 Packers Crash Thru: 1929 6 1946 AAFC All-Rookie Team 12 Violet and Walter 13 1950 Championship Game 19 Classifieds 24 THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 31, No. 4 (2009) 2 PFRA-ternizing Game Changers: 50 Seems like we’re always nagging at Greatest Plays in Buffalo you. If you don’t read the whole Committees article, you’ll miss an Bills Football History (50 urgent request for people to write Greatest Plays in short summaries for the Linescore Committee. We have linescores for Football History) every NFL and AAFC game, but (Hardcover) numbers don’t tell the whole story. by Marv Levy (Author), Jeff Miller Often, the main importance of a game (Author) can be summed up in three or four sentences. A really important game List Price: $24.95 Price $16.47 & eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping on orders over may not be explained in four or five $25. Details sentences, but the reader can be You Save: $8.48 (34%) shown why that game is worthy of a longer study. Pre-order Price Guarantee. Learn more. You probably have some old news This title has not yet been released. You may pre-order it now and we will clips of games lining the bottom of a deliver it to you when it arrives. drawer. Why not take a look and give Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. a try to summing up the games in a Gift-wrap available. few short sentences? When you have a couple done, send them to Ken Crippen and he’ll take it from there.