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Dental Caries Vaccine – a Change

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Dental Caries Vaccine – a Change ACTA SCIENTIFIC DENTAL SCIENCES (ISSN: 2581-4893) Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2018 Review Article Dental Caries Vaccine – A Change Sharma Yesh1*, Chaudhary Devendra2, Nagpal Ravi3, Bishnoi Atul4, Trinath Tangutoori5 and Rapsang Eliezer5 1PG 1st Year, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India 2Professor and Head of Department, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India 3Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Sriganganaga, Rajasthan, India 4Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India 5Postgraduate, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Sriganganaga, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding Author: Sharma Yesh, Postgraduate, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Received: August 20, 2018; Published: September 11 2018 Abstract Vaccines are immuno-biological substance that are used for many diseases as cure and treatment. Dental caries is a most common dental pathology. Many attempts had been made to cure this infectious disease by vaccine in the form of protein, recombinant or synthetic peptide, or DNA-based active vaccines and mucosal adjuvants on animals and it got positive response but still has many biocompatibility issues in normal human oral cavity because of dental caries vaccine. Keywords: Dental Caries; Caries Vaccine; Streptococcus mutans Introduction What are Vaccines? Dental caries is an infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth Vaccines are an immuno-biological substance that help in the that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calci- production of a protective antibody and other immune mecha- [1]. Dental caries depends on four triads- Microorgan- nisms. Vaccines are combination of live, inactivated or killed or- ism (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces fied tissue or a combination. viscosus), Substrate (extrinsic carbohydrates, intracellular poly- ganisms, modified organisms extracted cellular fractions, toxoids, Dental Caries Vaccine: triad is added by newbrun that is time. bacterial cause of dental caries and the function of salivary glands saccharides), Host (smooth surfaces, pits and fissures) and fourth It can be developed by identifying specific as an effector site of the mucosal immune system. Latest advancements in dentistry for oral health education, chemical and mechanical control of plaque such as application Microbiology Various variety of microorganisms are found in carious lesions of pit and fissure sealants, use of fluorides, etc. Now in dentistry which are as follow: Mutans group of streptococci -S. mutans, S. which will be biggest boon for public health [1,2]. researchers are trying to find the use of dental vaccine in future sobrinus, S. rattus, S. ferus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Actinomyces species. Citation: Sharma Yesh., et al. “Dental Caries Vaccine – A Change”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 2.10 (2018): 41-44. Dental Caries Vaccine – A Change 42 Streptococcus mutans: It is Gram positive and facultative anaer- Gingival crevicular mechanism: All humoral and cellular com- ponents of systemic immune system, that exert its function at tooth mostly found on the surfaces of the teeth and their percentage in surface [6-11]. obe and colonize the host only after the first teeth erupt. They are the plaque is more at starting of dental caries over initiated by Various Methods of Administration: Common Mucosal Immune from sucrose that binds to the tooth structure and generate carbo- Pathway consumptions of sugar content. They synthesize macro-molecules - Systemic Route generally found in initial sites on carious lession [3]. - Active Gingivo-salivary Route hydrates, including sucrose, and are tolerant to low pH. They are Antigenic determinants of S. mutans Common Mucosal Immune System: Mucosal applications of dental caries vaccines are generally preferred for the induction of Adhesins: micro-organisms- Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sob- Adhesins have been purified from the two principal rinus. Secretory-IgAOral Route: antibodies. Following methods are using: feeding, gastric intubation, or in vaccine containing capsules or li- Relied on oral induction of immunity in the GALT. Oral Glucosyltransferases (gtfs): posomes are best way of application for antigen. Three forms of GTF’s: - - Water insoluble and water-soluble glucan synthesizing Intranasal Route: - Water-soluble glucan synthesizing enzymes: GTF-S tration has been used to induce immunity to bacterial antigens to The NALT, procedure for nasal route adminis avoid colonization and accumulation of microorganisms. enzymes: GTF-S-I. - Glucan synthesizing enzyme: GTF-I. Genes encoding the 3 forms are: [4,5]. Glucan Binding- GTF-C Protein - GTF-S: (GBP): GTF-I: GTF-B - GTF-SI: GTF-D They release 3 distinct proteins adhering of glucan to S. mutans. It helps in increasing the porosity with glucan binding activity: GBP-A, GBP-B and GBP-C. It helps in for continued bacterial metabolism. of the dental biofilm, thus increasing the availability of nutrients Figure 1 Dextranases: Dextran is basic content of early dental plaque and its enzyme (Dextranase) removing the dextran and thus the bac- Minor Salivary Gland teria can invade dextran-rich early plaque. Dextran, it helps in the prevention of the colonization of the organism at early stage. broad secretory ducts that give retrograde access of bacteria and They are best route for mucosal induction, with less time, Mechanism of Action: Salivary immunoglobulin may interact with their products. bacterial surface receptors and inhibit colonization. May inactivate Rectal surface glucosyltransferases, which would reduce synthesis of ex- tra cellular glucans resulting in reducing plaque formation. Secre- the lower intestinal tract it is known as inductive location for im- tory IgA from salivary glands due to direct immunization of gut as- Because of the highest concentration of lymphoid follicles in mune responses. • May prevent MS from adhering to the enamel surface. sociated lymphoid tissue (GALT): Systemic Route: • May also prevent formation of dextran by inhibiting the This route was use IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. - The antibodies find their way into the oral cavity via GCF and are activity of glucosyltransferase (GTF). tibodies takes place within months of immunization. protective against dental caries. The development of serum IgG an Citation: Sharma Yesh., et al. “Dental Caries Vaccine – A Change”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 2.10 (2018): 41-44. Dental Caries Vaccine – A Change 43 Microcapsules and micro particles: Microcapsules and micro particles of polylactide-coglycolide (PLGA) used as local delivery systems. Fusing with salmonella: It act as effective vaccine vector when fusion done with various recombinant techniques. Liposomes: Figure 2 M cell uptake and delivery of antigen to lymphoid elements of in- Because of mucosal immune responses by facilitating ductive tissue, it improves drug delivery [12-15]. Active Gingivo-Salivary Route Advantages - Prevents the disease in children In order to reduce side effects, gingival crevicular fluid is found - Can be incorporated to universal immunization programme induced. to be best route of administration. Both IgA and IgG antibodies are - Cost effective in the long run - Provides lifelong immunity etic peptides-Antigen derived from animals/ humans has potential for hypersensitivity and give antibodies in GCF and saliva. Disadvantages - Risk of hypersensitivity - Cross reactivity of certain antigenic components of S. mu- tans with heart tissue (structurally similar to myosin) Figure 3 - Microbial resistance Passive Immunization Conclusion It involves passive of the antibodies. Several researches are as Dental caries vaccine has big scope in future. Still many re- follow: searches are going on to make dental caries vaccine biocompatible 1. Monoclonal antibodies S. mutans human race. However, there is no vaccines in present health sec- cell surface Ag I/II have been examined. - tor that will give long term protective barrier against dental caries. tion where S. mutans are more: These in numberantibodies found to to be more Topical applica effected and showed massive reduction. oral cavity with the use of dental caries vaccine [16]. Second big challenge is elimination of specific microorganism from 2. Bovine milk: - taining polyclonal IgG Abs. While using for mouth wash it Bibliography helped to reducesThis the milk percentage reduces of caries S. mutans because in plaque. of con 1. KM Shivakumar., et al. “Dental caries vaccine”. Indian Journal of Caries reduction were noticed due 3. Egg-yolk antibodies: Dental Research 20.1 (2009): 99-106. to presence of formalin killed whole cells and cell associ- 2. Smith DJ. “Dental caries vaccines: prospects and concerns”. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 13.4 (2002): 335- 4. atedTransgenic GTFs. plants: Vaccine is tasteless, colourless and can - 349. be applied onto the teeth. It is the first plant derived vac 3. Russell MW., et al cine from plants which are genetically modified. of immunization against dental caries”. 38.3 Adjuvants and Delivery Systems for Dental Caries Vaccine Caries Research
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