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Dietary Preference and Feeding Patterns of the Urban Rhesus Macaque Macaca Mulatta (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Asola-Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in India

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Dietary Preference and Feeding Patterns of the Urban Rhesus Macaque Macaca Mulatta (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Asola-Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in India OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Article Dietary preference and feeding patterns of the urban Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Asola-Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in India Ishita Ganguly & Netrapal Singh Chauhan 26 December 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 15 | Pages: 12907–12915 10.11609/jot.4347.10.15.12907-12915 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Publisher & Host Partners Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2018 | 10(15): 12907–12915 Article Dietary preference and feeding patterns of the urban Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Asola-Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary in India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Ishita Ganguly 1 & Netrapal Singh Chauhan 2 OPEN ACCESS 1,2 Amity Insttute of Forestry and Wildlife, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida, Utar Pradesh 201303, India 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected] Abstract: We studied the feeding paterns and discrete spato-temporal food habitsof16 groups of the urban Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulata following their relocaton in Asola-Bhat Wildlife Sanctuary near Delhi, India. We observed that the macaques fed on 31 plant species, with Prosopis julifora and P. cineraria appearing in most scans. We classifed the food consumed by the species into six main categories the species and recorded the average tme spent on each of these throughout the year. The maximum tme was spent on supplementary feeding provided by the forest department and the minimum on natural plant resources. There was a signifcant diference in the consumpton of diferent food categories from morning to evening but there were no signifcant seasonal variatons. This study showed that Rhesus Macaque adopted diferent foraging strategies based on the availability of resources in their new environment and that variety in food resources bufered seasonality in their diet. Informaton on their feeding paterns and food habits will help in developing management protocols for the primates in urban environments. Keywords: Feeding ecology, Delhi NCR, management, opportunistc feeding, primates, relocaton, urban landscape. DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4347.10.15.12907-12915 Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India Date of publicaton: 26 December 2018 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # 4347 | Received 20 June 2018 | Final received 04 December 2018 | Finally accepted 19 December 2018 Citaton: Ganguly, I & N.S. Chauhan (2018). Dietary preference and feeding paterns of the urban Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulata (Mammalia: Primates: Cerco- pithecidae) in Asola-Bhat Wildlife Sanctuary in India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(15): 12907–12915; htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4347.10.15.12907-12915 Copyright: © Ganguly & Chauhan 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, repro- ducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Funding: This study was funded by World Wide Fund for Nature - Small Grant Programme (2016–2018), India. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Author Details: Ishita Ganguly, B.Sc (Hons.), MSc, MPhil in Zoology and presently pursuing doctoral degree in Wildlife Science from Amity Insttute of Forestry and Wildlife, Amity University Noida, India. I have been working on ecology of Rhesus Macaque and human-macaque confict in urban landscape since 2015. My project is funded by WWF Small grant programme (2016–2018). Currently, writng my thesis and also preparing for atending students conference (SSCS Cambridge, UK) 2019 in United Kingdom. Dr. N.P.S. Chauhan, MSc & PhD, Zoology from Delhi University, actvely involved in teaching, training and research in Delhi University colleges, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Wildlife Insttute of India, Dehradun and now in Amity University, Noida and presently serving as Director of Amity Insttute of Forestry and Wildlife. He is the main supervisor of many PhD students in Amity University. Author Contributon: IG wrote the project, raised funding, completed feld research, worked on data analysis, writng manuscript and communicaton. NSC contributed in planning of research, writng the manuscript and revising. Acknowledgements: We thank Mr. A.K. Shukla, Chief Wildlife Warden,Delhi Forest and Wildlife Department, for issuing the permit to work in the feld area and Mr. S.K. Muan Giete, Deputy Conservator of Forest, South Division, Delhi, for providing support for the smooth conduct of the feld research. We also thank Prof. Dr. Praful Singh and Ms. Pradipika Verma, Amity Insttute of GIS and Remote Sensing,for designing the maps though GIS sofware and data imaging and Dr. G.S. Rawat, Wildlife Insttute of India, for identfying the plant species specimens. 12907 Dietary preference and feeding paterns of the urban Rhesus Macaque Ganguly & Chauhan INTRODUCTION are ofen infuenced by provisioning of food by humans. Urban macaques have also acquired behavioural Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulata is the most adaptatons in food-acquisiton techniques (Mangalam & common non-human primate in the forested and urban Singh 2013). Urban habitats, in contrast to natural ones, areas of Asia (Hasan et al. 2013). It is found throughout have a more direct infuence on primate behaviours India in its peninsular (Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, associated with compettve resource utlizatons and and Assam), northern (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal foraging techniques. Several anthropogenic barriers Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Utar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and and disturbances interfere with the feeding ecology of Gujarat) (Seth et al. 2001), and northeastern (Assam, primates in urban environments. Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh; (Molur et al. 2003) Although Rhesus Macaques were assessed as a regions. Informaton on the feeding ecology of a species Least Concern (LC) species by IUCN (2018), primates provides the detailed dietary specializaton necessary are threatened globally by human-wildlife negatve for its survival and is an important part of its natural life interactons, habitat loss and fragmentaton, and history (Harcourt et al. 2002). Flexibility in diet paterns several other anthropogenic factors (Strum 1994, 2001; plays a pivotal role in the survival of non-human primate Mitermeier & Konstant 1996, 1997; Kemf & Wilson species in urban and peri-urban ecosystems through 1997; Cowlishaw & Dunbar 2000; Peterson 2003; Hill resource sharing and competton and has evolutonary 2005). The Negatve interactons between humans implicatons in the long-term. Primates are known to and macaques due to food provisioning and other adopt several foraging strategies (Fleagle & Gilbert anthropogenic drivers possess major challenges for the 2006). Natural diet of forest Rhesus Macaques includes survival and persistence of the species. The need for fruits, seeds, inforescences, fowers, buds, leaves, translocaton of Rhesus Macaques and the consequences young shoots, twigs, barks, roots, and pith and resin of were due to its proliferaton in urban areas of India gymnosperms, angiosperms, and fungi (Fooden 2000). was suggested and studied earlier (Malik & Johnson Macaques are also known to consume animal food 1991, 1994; Southwick et al. 1998). Translocaton or items that such as insects, spiders, worms, termites, relocaton is a widely used conservaton tool but it is grasshoppers, lizards, ants, beetles, molluscs, crayfsh, known to induce stress, as evident in the higher level shellfsh, honeycombs, crabs, and bird eggs (Mandal of stress hormones in females of the species during the 1964; Lindburg 1971; Malik 1983). In marine coastal translocaton process (Aguilar-Cucurachi et al. 2010). areas, the species is mostly known to rely on seeds and The reproductve capacity, inter-birth interval, and fruits (Hanya et al. 2003) and also catch live fsh as in the size of social groups in primates are ofen determined the Sunderban (Majumder et al. 2012). In forested by the amount of food they consume (Air 2015). Again, habitats,primates consume 25% to 40% of the total the availability of diferent food resources can reduce frugivore biomass (Chapman et al. 1995). Ingeston of seasonal fuctuatons in diet and provisioning of food fruits or young leaves with sugar and insects with protein regularly to urban primates may have adverse efects on content help to balance their diet (Janson & Chapman their behaviour, social organizaton, and conservaton 1999). Feeding paterns
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