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Tortuguero, Tabasco, Mexiko TORTUGUERO, TABASCO, MEXIKO Geschichte einer klassischen Maya-Stadt, dargestellt an ihren Inschriften Band 1: Textband und Studie MAGISTERARBEIT ZUR ERLANGUNG DES GRADES EINES MAGISTER ARTIUM VORGELEGT DER PHILOSOPHISCHEN FAKULTÄT DER RHEINISCHEN FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITÄT ZU BONN von Sven Gronemeyer aus Lüdenscheid TORTUGUERO, TABASCO, MEXIKO EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG An Eides Statt versichere ich, daß die Arbeit TORTUGUERO, TABASCO, MEXIKO GESCHICHTE EINER KLASSISCHEN MAYA-STADT, DARGESTELLT AN IHREN INSCHRIFTEN von mir selbst und ohne jede nicht erlaubte Hilfe angefertigt wurde, daß sie noch keiner anderen Stelle zur Prüfung vorgelegen hat und das sie weder vollständig noch in Auszügen veröffentlicht worden ist. Die Stellen der Arbeit – einschließlich Tabellen, Karten, Abbildun- gen usw. -, die anderen Werken dem Wortlaut oder dem Sinne nach entnommen sind, habe ich in jedem Fall als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht. Sven Gronemeyer 2 TORTUGUERO, TABASCO, MEXIKO Danksagung Dieſe Arbeit ſei in tiefſter Dankbarkeit allen Perſonen gewidmet, die mich ſeit jeher mit allen Mitteln unterſtützt haben, meine Vorſtellungen zu verwirklichen. Dies gilt vor allem für meine Familie: Karl-Heinz Gronemeyer, Monika Gronemeyer, Jens Gronemeyer und Meta Knecht † Ich möchte beſonders Prof. Dr. Berthold Rieſe danken, der nicht nur bereit war, dieſe Arbeit zu betreuen, ſondern mir auch immer hilfreich und unterſtützend zur Seite ſtand. Auch meinen Fachkollegen von der Rheiniſchen Friedrich-Wilhelms Univerſität Bonn, Prof. Dr. Nikolai Grube, Pierre Robert Colas, M.A., Chriſtian Prager, M.A., Frauke Sachſe, M.A., und Eliſabeth Wagner, M.A. gebührt mein Dank für ihre Unterſtützung und ſtetige Bereitſchaft zur Diſkuſſion. Viele der Ergebniſſe aus dieſen Geſprächen konnten hier realiſiert werden. Für ihre Anregungen, Kommentare und Beihilfen danke ich ferner Dr. Dmitrij Dmitrijevitsch Beliaev (Mezoamerikanſkim Tzentrom im Y. V. Knorozova, Moſkau), Dr. Linda A. Brown (Dumbarton Oaks, Waſhington, D.C.), Prof. Dr. Michael Douglas Coe (Yale Univerſity, New Haven, CT), Markus Eberl, M.A. (Tulane Univerſity, New Orleans, LA), Ian Graham OBE (Peabody Muſeum, Cambridge, MA), Dr. Kornelia Kurbjuhn (New York City, NY), Prof. Dr. Joyce Marcus (Univerſity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI), Prof. Karl-Herbert Mayer (Graz), Dr. Jeſper Nielſen (Københavns Univerſitet, Kopenhagen), Alexandre Safronov (Moſkovſkij Goſudarſtvenn’j Univerſitet im M. V. Lomonoſova, Moſkau), Alexandre Tokovinine, BA (Harvard Univerſity, Cambridge, MA) und Alexander Voß, M.A. (Mérida). Vor allem für die Suche nach Informationen über die Tortuguero-Jade konnte ich mich auf die Hilfſbereitſchaft vieler der oben aufgeführten Perſonen verlaſſen. Geſonderter Dank gebührt ebenfalls Eliſabeth Wagner, M.A. für das Lektorat der Arbeit. Del Inſtituto Nacional de Antropología e Hiſtoria (INAH) de los Eſtados Unidos Mexicanos quiero agredecer al Arqlgo. Antonio Benavides Caſtillo, Centro Regional del Sureſte, así como a la Arqlga. Miriam Judith Gallegos Gómora y al Arqlgo. Franciſco Cuevas Olguín, Centro Tabaſco, por contribuir con informaciones sobre la zona arqueológica de Tortuguero. 3 TORTUGUERO, TABASCO, MEXIKO INHALTSVERZEICHNIS EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG................................................................................2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS...............................................................................................4 VORWORT..................................................................................................................8 ÜBERSICHT ...............................................................................................................9 1. EINFÜHRUNG UND FORSCHUNGSRESÜMEE .........................................................11 1.1 DAS NORDWESTLICHE TIEFLAND .......................................................................... 11 1.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Geomorphologie ................................................................................................. 12 1.1.3 Klima ................................................................................................................. 13 1.2 DIE ARCHÄOLOGISCHE ZONE VON TORTUGUERO................................................ 14 1.3 ALLGEMEINE FORSCHUNGSGESCHICHTE............................................................. 16 1.3.1 Die frühen Expeditionen .................................................................................... 16 1.3.2 Die Regionalstudien ........................................................................................... 17 1.3.3 Die Zukunft ....................................................................................................... 17 1.4 QUELLENGRUNDLAGEN ......................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Definitionen ....................................................................................................... 18 1.4.2 Schriftliche Quellen............................................................................................ 18 1.4.3 Archäologische Quellen...................................................................................... 19 1.4.4 Forschungsdesiderata........................................................................................ 19 1.5 QUELLENKUNDLICHE FORSCHUNGSGESCHICHTE............................................... 19 1.5.1 Kalendarische Angaben...................................................................................... 20 1.5.2 Historische Angaben .......................................................................................... 20 1.5.3 Die Herkunft der Dynastie ................................................................................. 21 1.5.4 Die Herrschaftsfolge........................................................................................... 23 1.5.5 Soziopolitische Relationen.................................................................................. 24 1.5.6 Forschungsdesiderata........................................................................................ 25 1.6 ZIELSETZUNG ......................................................................................................... 25 1.6.1 Dokumentation der Quellen ............................................................................... 26 1.6.2 Bearbeitung der Quellen .................................................................................... 26 1.6.3 Einschränkungen............................................................................................... 27 2. METHODIK ..........................................................................................................28 2.1 EPIGRAPHISCHE VORBEDINGUNGEN .................................................................... 28 2.1.1 Termini und Definitionen ................................................................................... 28 2.1.2 Graphemik......................................................................................................... 29 2.1.3 Kriterien zur Ermittlung des Gehalts einer Hieroglyphe...................................... 32 2.2 LINGUISTISCHE VORBEDINGUNGEN ..................................................................... 32 2.2.1 Die Frage der Klassischen Schriftsprache .......................................................... 32 2.2.2 Phonetik und Phonologie.................................................................................... 34 2.2.3 Wortarten und Morphologie ............................................................................... 34 2.2.4 Syntax ............................................................................................................... 36 2.3 ANALYTISCHE VERFAHRENSWEISE ....................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Quelleninterne Analyse ...................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Quellenvergleichende Analyse ............................................................................ 39 2.3.3 Historiographische Grundbedingungen für die klassischen Maya....................... 40 2.3.4 Problemstellungen der Historiographie............................................................... 41 2.3.5 Quellenvergleich mit den Aufzeichnungen anderer Orte ..................................... 42 4 TORTUGUERO, TABASCO, MEXIKO 2.4 WEITERE PROGRAMMATIK ..................................................................................... 43 3. CHRONOLOGISCHES GERÜST ..............................................................................44 4. EINZELHYPOTHESEN ...........................................................................................46 4.1 THEMATISCHE HIEROGLYPHEN ............................................................................. 47 4.1.1 Lebenszyklus und Selbstidentität....................................................................... 47 4.1.1.1 Der Geburtsausdruck „siij?“ ........................................................................ 47 4.1.1.2 Der todesbezogene Ausdruck „ma’ ilnaj“ ...................................................... 49 4.1.1.3 Der Todesausdruck „och bij“........................................................................ 50 4.1.1.4 Der Agensausdruck „aj“ ............................................................................... 51 4.1.1.5 Der Personenklassifikator „ix(ik)“ ................................................................
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