Archaeological Assessment: Greenway

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

ROTOKAURI GREENWAY HAMILTON

PREPARED BY SI Â N K E I T H

1 November 19th, 2018 Sian Keith Archaeology Ltd.

Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSES S M E N T HAMILTON CITY COUNCIL

Contents Executive Summary ...... 4 1. Introduction ...... 5 1.1. Purpose & Scope ...... 5 2. Statutory Requirements ...... 5 2.1. Heritage NZ Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 ...... 5 2.2. The Resource Management Act 1991 ...... 6 2.3. Statutory Planning Instruments ...... 7 3. Methodology ...... 7 4. Physical Environment and Setting ...... 7 5. Historical Background ...... 9 5.1. Maori Era ...... 9 5.2. European era ...... 11 6. Previous Archaeological Work ...... 12 6.1. Investigations ...... 12 6.1.1. S14/5 ...... 12 6.1.2. S14/11 ...... 15 6.1.3. Other Investigation ...... 15 6.2. Recorded Archaeological/ Heritage Sites ..... 16 6.2.1. ArchSite ...... 16 6.2.2. The List ...... 17 6.2.3. Hamilton City Plan ...... 17 6.2.4. District Plan ...... 18 7. Historic Maps & Images ...... 18 7.1. Maps and Plans ...... 18 7.2. Aerial Photographs ...... 21 7.3. Summary of Documentary Evidence ...... 27 8. Fieldwork ...... 27 8.1. December Field Visit (East of Exelby Rd) ... 27 8.1.1. Results ...... 29 8.1.2. Summary ...... 29 8.2. February Field Visit (West of Exelby Rd) .... 32 8.2.1. Results ...... 33 8.2.2. Discussion ...... 33 9. Constraints and Limitations ...... 34 10. Archaeological and Other Values ...... 34 10.1. Archaeological Values ...... 34 10.1.1. HNZPT ...... 35 10.1.2. WRPS ...... 35 11. Assessment of Effects ...... 36 11.1. Description of Proposal ...... 36 11.2. Assessment of Effects ...... 40 11.3. Recommendations ...... 40 References ...... 41

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

Figure 1: Location Plan (red line) (Source: Google Earth) ...... 5 Figure 2: Part of ‘Soil Map of Parts of Newcastle and Komakorau S.D’s, Waipa County’, NZ Geological Survey, 1935. General project area indicated with red line...... 8 Figure 3: Investigation & Survey Plan Rotokauri PA (1973). Source: S14/5...... 15 Figure 4: ArchSite map showing recorded archaeological sites within, and immediately surrounding the project area (indicated by red line). Retrieved 3/08/2018...... 16 Figure 5: Part of ‘Sketch Map of the Country lying between the Waipa and Waikato Rivers shewing the Maori positions of Pah te Rangi and Piko Piko” (c. 1864). The map indicates a track between the Waipa and Waikato Rivers and the showing approximate project area (blue ellipse) (note that the plan is oriented with north at the bottom of the page)...... 19 Figure 6: Part of Survey Plan 345/1 (1868) with the approximate project area north of Exelby Rd shown with a blue ellipse and modern road names annotated...... 19 Figure 7: Part SO346 (1865) showing project footprint from Exelby Road to (red line), no detail regarding pa sites S14/5 or Te Uhi are illustrated - their location is marked with a blue ellipse...... 20 Figure 8: Part of Survey Plan SO 347/1 (1865) with the approximate project area north of Exelby Rd shown with a blue ellipse...... 20 Figure 9: Part SO5915 (1890) ...... 21 Figure 10: 1943 Aerial image with the indicative project extent shown with yellow dashed line (source: Retrolens.nz)...... 22 Figure 11: 1963 aerial image showing areas of anomalous circles (within blue ellipse) and part of the indicative project extent (yellow dashed line). (Source: Retrolens.nz) ...... 23 Figure 12: 1943 aerial close-up of pa and drain ...... 24 Figure 13: 1963 aerial close-up of pa and drain ...... 25 Figure 14: Close up of 1974 aerial image of pa site – probable location of investigations in 1973-4 highlighted ...... 26 Figure 15: Overview of survey area (route indicated with green line) ...... 27 Figure 16: Location of proposal (green line) and survey path (red dashed line) ...... 28 Figure 17: South end of Area B looking north-west, approx. alignment shown by dashed line...... 29 Figure 18: North end of Area B looking north-west, approx. alignment shown by dashed line...... 30 Figure 19: Area B approx. alignment shown by dashed line, looking NW with top-right of image ...... 30 Figure 20: Area C looking south, alignment shown by dashed line...... 31 Figure 21: Area D looking south-west, alignment shown by dashed line...... 31 Figure 22: Swale alignment from Exelby Rd to Lake Rotokauri. Test pit locations shown, and orange line shows alignment of existing farm drain ...... 32 Figure 23: View looking west along farm drain toward lake Rotokauri (arrowed) ...... 32 Figure 24: Test Pits 1, 3, and 4...... 33 Figure 25: Rotokauri Greenway Project - indicative plan (Source: Beca, 2018). Red stars indicated recorded archaeological sites...... 37 Figure 26: Plan of Land Requirements to west of Exelby Rd. Te Uhi Pa annotated (source BECA 2018)...... 38 Figure 27: Detail of proposed works close to shoreline of Rotokauri...... 39

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BECA, on behalf of Hamilton City Council (HCC), commissioned Sian Keith Archaeology Ltd (SKA) to provide an archaeological assessment of the proposed Rotokauri Greenway, which forms part of the Rotokauri Structure Plan. This assessment is required to accompany any necessary resource consents, and can also be used to form the basis of an application to Heritage Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT) for an archaeological authority.

The assessment has involved a review of historic documents including aerial photographs, historic maps, archaeological data, and consultant’s reports for the wider area. A review of the relevant council plans has been undertaken, and a field visit to the project site has been made.

The research and fieldwork for this assessment has identified that the Rotokauri Greenway is located within a wider landscape that contains evidence of Maori occupation and use prior to 1900, including four recorded pa sites. Documentary sources are limited for this area of the Waikato Basin, lying between the two geographical focal points of human occupation of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers. There is however evidence for Maori occupation on the north-eastern shore of Lake Rotokauri, where two pa sites are documented. One of these sites is a lakeside/ swamp pa which was partially investigated by the Waikato Museum Archaeological Society in 1973-4, the second is recorded to be on the higher ground just above the swamp pa and is named Te Uhi Pa and is recorded as occupied by Ngati Māhanga until 1863.

Based on the available published information, and the results of the recent fieldwork, it is concluded in this report that there is a high risk of encountering archaeological remains during the earthworks to the west of Exelby Rd connecting to Lake Rotokauri; and a low risk that archaeological sites, features or deposits will be encountered during the remaining proposed works.

The proposed drain will not pass through the known extent of either of the identified pa, however the drain will pass close by to the pa sites (within c.200m). Possible cultivated soils are also present.

It is recommended in this report that, based on the current information, there are no known reasons to alter the current proposal based on archaeological values. Earthworks west of Exelby Rd should be kept to a minimum where possible to avoid impacts to archaeological values. There is a requirement to apply to HNZPT for an authority to modify or destroy a potential archaeological site. Affected tangata whenua should be consulted in relation to their traditional history of this area and cultural values associated with this land.

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. PURPOSE & SCOPE Hamilton City Council is currently investigating provision for catchment management facilities as part of the Rotokauri Structure Plan development. The project is known as the Rotokauri Greenway. The project is located to the west of Hamilton City, and east of Lake Rotokauri (Figure 1).

This document is an assessment of the archaeological values of the development land and the effects of the proposed earthworks on those values. The assessment has focussed on a review of archaeological potential within, and immediately surrounding the project area. This assessment is required to accompany any necessary resource consents, and can also form the basis of an application to Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT) for an archaeological authority.

WAIKATO RIVER

LAKE ROTOKAURI

WAIPA RIVER

Figure 1: Location Plan (red line) (Source: Google Earth)

2. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

There are two main pieces of legislation in New Zealand that control work affecting archaeological sites. These are the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA) and the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA).

2.1. HERITAGE NZ POUHERE TAONGA ACT 2014 The purpose of the HNZPTA is to promote the identification, protection, preservation, and conservation of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand (HNZPTA section 3). Emphasis is placed on avoiding effects on heritage.

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

The HNZPTA provides blanket protection to all archaeological sites meeting the definition in the Act, whether they are recorded or not. Protection and management of sites is managed by the archaeological authority process, administered by Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT). It is illegal to destroy, or modify archaeological sites without an authority to do so from HNZPT.

The HNZPTA 2014 (s6) defines an archaeological site as: (a) Any place in New Zealand including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure) that:

(i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where that wreck occurred before 1900; and

(ii) provides, or may provide through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and

(b) Includes a site for which a declaration is made under Section 43(1) of the Act1.

Any person who intends carrying out work that may modify or destroy an archaeological site, or to investigate an archaeological site using invasive archaeological techniques, must first obtain an authority from HNZPT. The process applies to sites on land of all tenure including private, public and designated land. The HNZPTA contains penalties for unauthorised site damage.

The archaeological authority process applies to all archaeological sites that fit the HNZPTA definition regardless of whether the site is recorded in the NZAA Site Recording Scheme or registered with HNZPT; or if the site only becomes known about as a result of ground disturbance; and/or the activity is permitted under a district or regional plan, or a resource or building consent has been granted, or the ground is subject to a designation.

The HNZPTA replaced the Historic Places Act 1993 (HPA) in May 2014.

HNZPT also maintain the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero (The List). The List can include archaeological sites. The purpose of The List is to inform members of the public about such places, and to assist with their protection under the RMA.

It is possible that archaeological sites, as defined in the HNZPTA, may be disturbed by this project. Any archaeological sites identified during the ground works at this site will be protected under the HNZPTA, and their discovery may pose delays to works unless an archaeological authority has been issued that allows the work.

2.2. THE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT 1991 The Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) requires City, District and Regional Councils to manage the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way that provides for the wellbeing of today’s communities while sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources for future generations. The protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development is identified as a matter of national importance (section 6f).

1 Such declarations usually pertain to important post-1900 remains with archaeological values.

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

Historic heritage is defined as those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand's history and cultures, derived from archaeological, architectural, cultural, historic, scientific, or technological qualities.

Historic heritage includes:

• historic sites, structures, places, and areas; • archaeological sites; • sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; • surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources (RMA section 2).

These categories are not mutually exclusive, and some archaeological sites may include above ground structures or may also be places that are of significance to Maori.

Where resource consent is required for any activity the assessment of effects is required to address cultural and historic heritage matters (RMA 4th Schedule).

2.3. STATUTORY PLANNING INSTRUMENTS The study area falls within the boundaries of the Hamilton City Council & Waikato District. The Hamilton City Plan and Waikato District Plan are relevant to the project.

3. METHODOLOGY

This assessment has used the following sources to provide a historical and archaeological background of the project area:

• The NZAA’s online database ArchSite • The Hamilton City Plan • Waikato District Plan • Historic LINZ maps using the program QuickMaps • Historic aerial photographs • Historic plans • Previous consultant’s reports.

Site visits have been undertaken by Sian Keith and Peter Caldwell.

4. PHYSICAL ENVI RONMENT AND SETTING

The project is located between the Waikato and Waipa rivers, and to the east of Lake Rotokauri. Lake Rotokauri is one of the larger of a number of small peat lakes in the lower Waikato region. A number of drains feed into the lake, including those which the current project seeks to enhance to form the Rotokauri Greenway.

Lake Rotokauri drains into the via the Ohote Stream. The lake is located adjacent to the now drained Ohote Peat formation. Peatlands in the Waikato began to form around 18,000 years ago, following the change of course of the from the Hinuera Valley to the Waikato

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

Basin (Waikato Regional Council, 2006, 6). As the largest of the small lakes in the vicinity of Hamilton, and with more marginal vegetation than most of the others, Rotokauri is particularly valuable.2

The surrounding landscape consists of gently sloping flat lowland areas, surrounded by low lying hills. The project crosses Exelby and Rotokauri Roads, which generally follow the top of a low-lying ridge formed of Hamilton clay loam.

Soil maps indicate that the project area predominantly comprises ‘Kaipaki loamy peat, sandy peat, peaty loam and peaty sand’ and ‘Hamilton clay loam’, with small pockets of ‘ peaty sand and peaty loam’ and ‘ sandy loam’ (Figure 2). These soils are not known to be favourable for traditional Maori horticultural practices; evidence for Maori horticultural sites are a key archaeological site type and indicator of archaeological activity in the Waikato Basin.

Figure 2: Part of ‘Soil Map of Parts of Newcastle and Komakorau S.D’s, Waipa County’, NZ Geological Survey, 1935. General project area indicated with red line.

2 http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our- city/parks/parksandgardens/Documents/Lake%20Rotokauri%20Management%20Plan%20-%20Operative%20Plan%20- %20November%202002.pdf

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

5. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

5.1. MAORI ERA Traditional history states that Maori first settled the Waikato at Kawhia and from there the people gradually spread, eventually settling most of the Waikato. The archaeological evidence indicates that horticultural activity was the primary focus of the subsistence economy of Pre-European Maori. The inland Waikato had favourable growing conditions for their staple crop of kūmara, and good river access. While the earliest dating evidence for the inland Waikato indicates a 16th century date, it is likely that people moved through the district to exploit resources and access inland areas from an earlier date than currently known (Campbell 2012: 57).

In the middle Waikato Basin the margins of the Waipa and Waikato rivers and their tributaries are identified as the main areas where pre-European Maori garden complexes are concentrated. These gardens, characterised by modification of soils through the addition of sand and gravel, are considered to have been an important part of the pre-European Maori economy (Gumbley and Hutchinson, 2013: 1).

The archaeological record for the study area does not provide strong evidence that this was a focussed area for human settlement. However, it is situated between the two main waterways which are currently known to be the focus of human settlement and it would seem highly likely that Lake Rotokauri would have provided specific wetland resources to Maori. Simmons (2003) notes that areas away from the Waipa were used for foraging, including eeling, citing Norris (1956, 7) she describes how Benjamin Yates Ashwell, the resident missionary at Mission Station, was asked by Maori on the Waipa to try and prevent a conflict over land and eel fisheries at Rotokauri between two tribes. A contemporary newspaper article also provides some insight into the use of the lake by Maori, stating that the Rotokauri stream “had been dammed up by the natives for eel fishing years before the country was settled”3.

There is one recorded pa site on the lake NZAA S14/5 and a second pa site noted adjacent to it named Te Uhi NZAA S14/486 (both will be discussed in further detail below). That pa sites are recorded on/ next to the lake is of some clear significance and must be considered in regard to contemporary environmental and resource constraints.

Wetland environments such as Rotokauri are considered to be both marginal areas for pre- European settlement, and highly beneficial. For instance, Cassels (1972) discussing the pre-European occupation of the Waikato peatlands considers that these environments were not favourable for traditional gardening, stating that:

Although the vegetation in this zone could occasionally be burnt in dry summers, for most of the time it would be hard to burn. Given that these soils are not suitable for kūmara or bracken fern, and that it would be hard to clear them with stone implements only, it seems improbable that this zone was cleared on any significant scale before the introduction of iron tools and temperate crops. Nevertheless, some accidental burning, at least, must have occurred. Its effect on the vegetation is not certainly known; it was probably not consistent.

Cassels considers the peat lake settlements comparable to that of Mangakaware, the location of a swamp pa investigated in 1969 by Bellwood (1978), although Cassels believed the remaining sites to be marginally less favourable. He notes that much of the area around Rotokauri pa (S14/5) consists of heavy soils, swamp or bog. Similarly, the Mangahia (S15/14), Maratoto (S15/12) and Serpentine sites

3 New Zealand Herald, Volume XXVII, Issue 8256, 15 May 1890

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway are on the edge of the great raised bogs. Except for the possibility of catching eels, Cassels argues that the bogs would have ‘little to offer but scrub for firewood’. He recognises that although the sites are not close to good kūmara soils ‘there are usually some of these within two miles, small patches of which show traces of cultivation’. Cassels considers the lakeside pa to be seasonally occupied, primarily for fishing and fowling in the Autumn months, partially defendable and ‘not positioned near main communication routes such as rivers, but are at a (safe?) distance’.

Pick (1968) considers the swamps to be excellent areas for resource gathering, describing the that lakes at one time ‘teemed with eels, koura, waterfowl, kakahi, shell fish. The lake margins were dotted with raupo flax and rushed and the undulating low hills with forest with its association of berries, birds, tree cabbage and rat runs’ stating that ‘surely here was the complete economy (for Maori)’.

The Waiwhakareke4 Heritage Park Management Plan (WHMP), concerning a lake just to the south- east of Rotokauri, provides the following detail regarding Maori occupation of the inland lakes and specific detail of Rotokauri:

There was a famed, unnamed walking track that followed along what is now Brymer Road. This track provided overland access between the Waikato and Waipa Rivers by travelling along the hill ranges to the north where the is now sited. The zoo site is named Te Maro O Rangitara… an ancient ancestor who lived in this area. The walking track continued around the northern shore line margins of Rotokauri (Lake) and on to the Te Ohote stream …. This supply route enabled ease of communication and access to stone resources on the west coast for implements and to other settlements along the Waipa River. (Waiwhakareke) was considered as a temporary stopping place by travelling parties, hence the absence of fortified Pa in the general area, but the locality was primarily known as a food gathering place for local hapu on brief expeditions gathering tuna (eels), ducks, and parohe (native trout), elsewhere known as kokopu. Locally the term ‘kokopu’ relates to the large silver bellied eel. Therefore it is highly probable that evidence may remain of features such as ancient camp sites used for the preparation of raupo and preservation of birds for consumption, soils indicative of traditional Maori cultivation or soils that supported fern-root as a result of burn offs.5

The WHMP also details that the land was shared by three local hapu, the Ngati Koura, Ngati Ruru and Ngati Ngamurikaitaua, and that they lived on the shore margins of Rotokauri and occupied a Pa there named Te Uhi during the 1840s. Te Uhi Pa is further discussed by Hayward and Samuels (2015) in their report on ‘Ngati Māhanga & the lands of Hamilton West’:

Te Uhi Pa was on the Northern Bank of Lake Rotokauri. Te Uhi Pa, was occupied by Ngāti Ngārape and Ngāti Hourua. Ngāti Ngārape was a hapu that had dual whakapapa both to Ngāti Tamainupō and Ngāti Māhanga; but became more associated with Ngāti Māhanga over time by being one of Te Awaitaia’s personal hapū. Te Awaitaia’s Father, Te Kata was of this hapū; and it was his close relatives that occupied this Pā. Another nearby Pā was Mangapakiaha; where the same people lived as well. The occupation at Te Uhi Pā ceased in the time of the confiscation, and Ngāti Ngārape left this pā and joined their relatives at Takapaunui, Raglan.6

4 also known as Horseshoe Lake 5 http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our- city/parks/parksandgardens/Documents/Waiwhakareke%20Natural%20Heritage%20Park%20Management%20Plan%20- %20Operative%20-%20August%202011.pdf (HCC 2011 WHMP) 6 https://www.scribd.com/document/342571281/he-koronga-matua-na-puhaanga-ngati-mahanga-the-lands-of-hamilton- west

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

Hayward and Samuels also state that Te Uhi Pā was occupied by Ngāti Ngāmurikaitaua, particularly for wheat growing. The detail of European crop growing coupled with the statement that occupation of the pa ‘ceased in the time of the confiscation’ indicates the pa was occupied into the 19th century.

Te Uhi Pa is also detailed in the Rotokauri Structure Plan Phase 1 Report (2001). The cultural assessment was prepared by Wiremu Puke. Puke notes that:

‘…a recent investigation of (Te Uhi) Pa site uncovered sufficient human bones to indicate that there was an Urupa in the vicinity of the Pa. Given this, it is highly likely that there are also Urupa at other places around the margin of Lake Rotokauri…’

No source material is provided in the report for Puke’s statement, and so it is unclear when and where koiwi was uncovered, nor is it clear if this work was done under archaeological supervision. No further documentation was uncovered in the course of the current work to add further detail to this.

5.2. EUROPEAN ERA Prior to the military settlement of the 1860s, early European settlement in the Waikato was generally confined to flax traders and mission stations. There were Maori settlements throughout the inland Waikato, including those at Kirikiriroa, Te Rapa, , Tauwhare, and Horotiu (Swarbrick, 2015a), all of which would have had some connection with European visitors.

According to the accounts of Ngati Wairere, the first European to have passed through the Hamilton West area was named Korehako sometime during the late 1820s. It is believed that he was captured by Ngati Koura at Aotea harbour and was brought inland to live at Kirikiriroa Pa. In the 1830s Edward Meurant arrived in the area, he was a trader in flaxes and gum to Europeans and married Te Rangikauwau of Ngati Koura. They had a settlement on the banks of the Waipa River near the Te Ohote Stream.7

Reports from European travellers passing through the inland Waikato in the 1850s and 1860s mention the growing of crops such as maize, wheat potatoes and kūmara (Gumbley and Higham 2000: 6). These reports detail Maori farming European-introduced crops however there is thought to have been little influence from European settlers during this time. Simmons (2003) (citing Norris, 1956) refers to the presence of a European trader at (located just north west of Rotokauri), who bought pigs from local Maori, which after being salted and dried were then on-sold to Auckland.

Reverend Ashwell is recorded as orchestrating some of the huge land clearances that many Christian missionaries in the greater area undertook. Ancient forest reserves were burnt to the ground to make way for agriculture. This damaged the natural resource based commercial trade that Maori undertook prior to 1860.8

The area was also used for gum-digging, with this noted in the site record form for S14/5 (see Section 6.2 below), and also reflected in contemporary newspaper reports9. Kauri gum collections by local Maori occurred right up until the 1920s. The gum was found to be a superior resin and ingredient

7 HCC 2011 WHMP 8 HCC 2011 WHMP 9 New Zealand Herald, Volume XXVIII, Issue 8461, 12 January 1891: “There has been quite a revival in the gum trade here lately. Messrs. Friar and Davis purchasing over a ton in one day. The gum is being found by the natives on the land lately covered with water around Lake Rotokauri, which has been lowered considerably by the drainage operations carried on by Mr. Osler on his adjoining farm.” (footnote continued)

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway for varnish and was exported to London from New Zealand. This trade provided an introduction to European industry for local Maori.10

In 1863 the Colonial army staged an invasion of the Waikato. On the surface this was aimed at stopping the Kingitanga movement, however, one underlying reason was to gain land for European settlers. The town of Hamilton was subsequently formed, with soldiers allocated confiscated land in the surrounding area. The confiscated land encompassed the project area (Swarbrick, 2015b), Hayward & Samuels (2015) making the point that it is ‘a misconception that this land was sold to the Government by Chiefs of Ngāti Māhanga, Ngāti Tamainupō and Ngāti Hourua. Despite the existence of the document known as the Turton’s Deed 420. Horotiu & Waipa Block,… this land was in actual fact, confiscated. In 1864, Turton’s specific role was to “investigate and satisfy the claims of friendly or neutral natives to certain undefined portions of Waikato land, which by reason of rebellion, has become confiscate to the Crown.”11

6. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGI CAL WORK

6.1. INVESTIGATIONS

A review of the digital report library held by Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga12 did not identify any archaeological monitoring and investigation reports specifically associated with the Rotokauri area.

6.1.1. S14/5 Doug Pick wrote a paper published in NZ Archaeology (Pick 1968). It indicates that a survey of the site was undertaken, perhaps with some limited sub-surface testing. Interesting points from Pick’s report are the small size of the swamp pa, the midden identified, and the list of resources available; the report is provided here in full:

10 HCC 2011 WHMP 11 https://www.scribd.com/document/342571281/he-koronga-matua-na-puhaanga-ngati-mahanga-the-lands-of-hamilton- west 12 http://www.heritage.org.nz/protecting-heritage/archaeology/digital-library

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It is also clear from the SRF (Appendix A) that some limited investigations were subsequently undertaken by the Waikato Museum Archaeological Society (WMAS). None of this work is known to have been published. The author examined the paper file held at the Department of Conservation (DoC) in Hamilton. The DoC file provides detail on the location of the pa, and previous site visits by archaeologists from the 1960s. One note by Doug Pick is of interest stating the following:

When I first saw the site13 it was covered with blackberry and willow, there was an outer row of palisade butts across the neck and some on the lake side. Many stakes stood in the water, out about 10 to 20 yards suggesting eel weirs or canoe harbour.

The most important features were the totora stakes and posts that stood in all angles within the perimeter, few were upright, most were at angles suggesting braces or stays, there were (sic) no apparent order of their lay out, most were 3’ to 5’ above the soggy ground and all of totora. The whole arrangement suggested to me a platform pa… in 1966 I took Janet Davidson to see the site but some vandal had cut down every palisade.

There were two small canoes, one was removed by Lyn Peart, the other partly buried by persons unknown.

A note on the paper file from Cathryn Barr (dated to 1993) states that the landowner, Mr Barris, mentioned:

..when his grandfather brought (sic) the land in 1860 much of the area at the north end of the lake was in kauri. When he ploughed the area (local Maori) from the settlement across the lake (in the direction of Fullerton Road), came across and camped in the area which is now recorded as a pa. They put the palisades in around the site

13 This was in 1962.

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

about this time – between the 1870s and 1890 to protect the camp from a group in Taupiri. (Local Maori) camped at the site and dug for gum following Mr Barris’ great grandfather.

The ‘moat’ which resulted in creating the island was also created by Mr Barris’ grandfather with his tractor, at the request of (local Maori) who were using the camping area….Re the canoes – one of these was a dugout (Mr Barris has photos) one which was presented to the family for use on the lake.

Miss Barr mentions that the reliability of this information is “questionable”.

A note from Owen Wilkes details a conversation in 1998 with Caroline Barris. She stated that her grandfather – Exelby – was the first farmer in the area and that he set aside the S14/5 site as an overnight camp for Maori and dug a moat for them for the protection of women and children.

The paper file and artefacts held at the Waikato Museum have been examined during the research for this project. The Waikato Museum file contains the field notes and scaled drawings from two seasons of investigations (1973 and 1974). Figure 3 provides one of the later plans of the test squares investigated (shaded areas), and the configuration of the palisade posts.

The site is described as a swamp mound pa, located on a swampy, willow and blackberry covered peninsula located on in the north east corner of Lake Rotokauri14. The site was recorded as containing approximately 80 palisades and 80 stakes, and the mound approximately 4ft above water level, approximately 1/6th of an acre, and covered in charcoal soil deposits.

A large number of artefacts and samples were recovered from the site including stone adzes, pounders, obsidian, pumice and wooden objects. As far as the records state, this site was not dated by modern dating techniques, however it is clear from the material viewed that the pa site has its origins the pre-European period.

14 The location of the pa site is incorrect on the SRF, it is clear from the description given that the author mistook east for west – the pa is on the north-eastern side of the lake.

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

Figure 3: Investigation & Survey Plan Rotokauri PA (1973). Source: Waikato Museum S14/5.

6.1.2. S14/11 A report by Simmons (2003) (referenced on the site record form for S14/11) details the results of an archaeological survey undertaken in relation to a proposed subdivision. No archaeological features or deposits were found to indicate that the property contains an archaeological site / sites (see further information on S14/11 below).

6.1.3. OTHER INVESTIGATION Whilst not in the immediate project area, further south between Hamilton and Te Awmutu most of the peat lakes are reported as having clear evidence of past occupation (Bellwood, 1978, 11). Pre- European sites of interest include a swamp pa at Lake Mangakaware, which was the subject of an excavation by Auckland University between 1968 and 1970. This swamp pa was dated to the 16th and 17th century, and the excavation uncovered a wide range of artefacts. Three canoes were found in the bed of the lake, and Bellwood commented that “the inhabitants of the pa were most certainly able to paddle in canoes to the sea” (Bellwood, 1978, 11). Lake Mangahia, is also the site of a recorded pa (site S15/14). The site record form reports a canoe lying in the lake waters.

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6.2. RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL/ HERITAGE SITES The majority of recorded sites in the inland Waikato are located along waterways, principally the Waikato and Waipa Rivers, but the region has not been systematically surveyed for archaeological sites. The recorded sites tend to be biased towards those that are easily visible such as pa sites, many of which are recorded generally situated on high points overlooking the rivers; or because they have been located as a result of private and commercial development. This is reflected in the small number of recorded sites in the wider study area, most of which were recorded in the 1960s - 70s.

6.2.1. ARCHSITE Figure 4 identifies recorded archaeological sites within, and immediately surrounding the project area. Table 1 summarises the archaeological sites that are recorded within approximately 2km of the project area.

S14/89

S14/11

S14/8 S14/486 S14/5 S14/50

S14/69

Figure 4: ArchSite map showing recorded archaeological sites within, and immediately surrounding the project area (indicated by red line). Retrieved 3/08/2018.

Table 1: Recorded archaeological sites Site Type Approx. distance from project area S14/5 Pa 0.2km S14/8 Pa 4.2km S14/50 Pa 4.1km S14/69 Pa 3.1km S14/11 Burial/cemetery 3.1km S14/89 Artefact find 2.2km S14/486 Te Uhi Pa 0.2km

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Pa It is notable that there are four recorded pa sites within the wider vicinity. The closest to the project area is S14/5, the swamp pa on Lake Rotokauri, the other three recorded pa sites (S14/8, S14/69 and S14/50) are located west of the lake.

S14/5 was recorded in 1966, and visited again in 1971. The site was revisited as part of the NZAA Upgrade Project in 2007, and was searched for but not found. It is reported that the site had been drained and the palisading demolished. Full details of this site have been provided above in Section 6.1.

S14/8 was originally recorded in 1965 as a river terrace pa, it is located in the Ohote Stream tributary. At the time of recording it had recently been put into pasture. The ditch and bank were still preserved at that time, with some evidence of palisading at either end of the bank. The site was revisited in 1975, and no features associated with a pa site were found.

S14/69 is located on an isolated hill to the south of Lake Rotokauri and was recorded in 1977. The visible features recorded include a terrace (4-5m wide) and rounded depression 2-3m in diameter, 50cm deep. Charcoal-blackened soil horizons were visible at a crest in the track, and charcoal and fragmented oven stones were found on the south east part of the knoll.

S14/50 was recorded in 1968 as a river terrace pa, with half of the deep ditch filled in. The site was revisited as part of the NZAA Upgrade Project; two possible locations for the site were found, but both areas had been heavily ploughed and no surface evidence for the pa could be found.

S15/486 is Te Uhi Pa detailed above. It was recorded by the author as a result of the research for this report.

Burial S14/11 was recorded in 1975 and described as a ‘burial ground’. The site record form describes that a skeleton in a crouching burial pose was found while quarrying sand on the west side of Rotokauri Road, and the north bank of the Ohote Stream tributary by the bridge. The site record form further states ‘informant not reliable’, and no evidence for a burial was found when the site was subsequently visited to confirm the report. Furthermore, Simmons (2003) assessment in relation to a proposed subdivision, did not identify any archaeological sites or features in the subdivision area (which included the area in which the burial was reported).

Artefact Find S14/89 is located to the east of the project area, and was recorded in 1983. Four incomplete sections of at least two decorative panels from a structure of undetermined type were recovered from a spoil heap at the southern upper reaches of a stream gully. The site has since been significantly modified as a result of industrial development.

6.2.2. THE LIST No items have been identified on The List, either within or immediately surrounding the project area.

6.2.3. HAMILTON CITY PLAN No sites of cultural or archaeological interest within the project area are identified in the Hamilton City Plan.

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6.2.4. WAIKATO DISTRICT PLAN Pa sites S14/5 and S14/486 are not scheduled in the Operative Plan. Pa S14/5 is scheduled in the Proposed District Plan (Stage 1, Schedule 30.3 notified version 18 July 2018). S14/486 (Te Uhi Pa) is not shown on the proposed plan maps but is described as part of S14/5.

Lake Rotokauri Management Plan

Waikato District Council has prepared a Reserves Act 1977 management plan for Rotokauri Reserve. Administration has been delegated to the WDC by the Department of Conservation. Rotokauri Reserve (WDC) includes the majority of the lake, and the surrounding reserve land. The Management Plan was prepared with one of the key objectives being to maintain and enhance historic values.15

7. HISTORIC MAPS & IMAGES

7.1. MAPS AND PLANS

Historic maps available via the University of Waikato digital library have been viewed16. In most cases, there is minimal detail relating to the project area, or references to ‘open level country’, and indications of swampy land. One of the plans viewed (Figure 5) does indicate a track passing to the south of Lake Rotokauri, between the Waikato and Waipa rivers.

15 http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our- city/parks/parksandgardens/Documents/Lake%20Rotokauri%20Management%20Plan%20-%20Operative%20Plan%20- %20November%202002.pdf 16 The following plans have been viewed: (a) “To accompany the Assistant Engineer in Chief’s Annual Report on Roads, Waikato District, Provide of Auckland, dated 30th June 1875”, accessed: http://digital.liby.waikato.ac.nz/nzc/map/img5/032.jpg (b) “Map of Part of the Waikato River, No. 2, from a map compiled at the Top. Dep. War Office” 1864, accessed: http://digital.liby.waikato.ac.nz/nzc/map/img5/033.jpg (c) “Sketch Map of the Waikato District” c.1870, accessed: http://digital.liby.waikato.ac.nz/nzc/map/img5/040.jpg (d) “Sketch Map of the Waikato District” 1879, accessed: http://digital.liby.waikato.ac.nz/nzc/map/img5/041.jpg (e) Sketch Map of the Country lying between the Waipa and Waikato Rivers shewing the Maori positions of Pah te Rangi and Piko Piko” (c. 1864), accessed: http://digital.liby.waikato.ac.nz/nzc/map/img5/003.jpg (footnote continued)

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Figure 5: Part of ‘Sketch Map of the Country lying between the Waipa and Waikato Rivers shewing the Maori positions of Pah te Rangi and Piko Piko” (c. 1864). The map indicates a track between the Waipa and Waikato Rivers and the showing approximate project area (blue ellipse) (note that the plan is oriented with north at the bottom of the page).17

Historic survey plans of the project area (LINZ database, accessed through QuickMaps) have been viewed18. The earlier plans (dated to the 1860s) show the area divided into allotments for military settlement, but do not provide much additional detail in relation to any land use, development or features (Figure 6 to Figure 8).

Figure 6: Part of Survey Plan 345/1 (1868) with the approximate project area north of Exelby Rd shown with a blue ellipse and modern road names annotated.

17 http://digital.liby.waikato.ac.nz/nzc/map/img5/003.jpg 18 The following plans have been examined: SO 2437/1 (1881), SO 2651/1 (1881), SO 2651 A (1881), SO 5915/1 (1890), SO 344/1 (1869), SO 345/1 (1868), SO 346/1, SO 347/1 (1865) and SO 2509/1 (1881).

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Figure 7: Part SO346 (1865) showing project footprint from Exelby Road to Lake Rotokauri (red line), no detail regarding pa sites S14/5 or Te Uhi are illustrated - their location is marked with a blue ellipse.

Figure 8: Part of Survey Plan SO 347/1 (1865) with the approximate project area north of Exelby Rd shown with a blue ellipse

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Figure 9: Part SO5915 (1890)

The Survey Plan SO 5915/1 (1890) indicates ‘Osler’s drain’ just to the south of Lake Rotokauri, and also refers to an ‘outlet channel cleared by Mr Osler’ (Figure 9). These annotations refer to the drainage works carried out by Mr Osler and referred to in contemporary newspaper reports (Footnote 9). These annotated areas are located outside of the project area. At the location of Te Uhi Pa and pa site S14/5 nothing is annotated (see blue ellipse), a road has been surveyed extending down the ridge, this road was not built.

7.2. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS Aerial imagery from 1943, 1963 and 1974 has been examined to identify any visible surface features in the project area. These are separated by the project footprint to the north of Exelby Road, and to the south.

To the north of Exelby Road the 1943 imagery (Figure 10) shows the area is generally in pasture, however low-lying areas appear to be in scrub vegetation. There are various farm buildings within the area, as well as hedges and shelterbelts. A comparison with the 1963 (Figure 11) and 1973 (not reproduced) aerial imagery shows that the land is increasingly developed into pasture, including the low-lying areas. However, no significant changes to landform are identifiable. Rows of dark circles are visible on the 1963 imagery, but not the earlier 1943 imagery. The cause of these is unclear, but they are considered unlikely to be archaeological in nature, and more likely to be agricultural features such as from planting, or haymaking.

In summary, no visual evidence for archaeological features has been identified on the historic aerial images within the project area to the north of Exelby Road.

Close up images of the location of the recorded pa site S14/5 and S14/486 Te Uhi Pa from 1943 (Figure 12), 1963 (Figure 13), and 1974 (Figure 14) are provided. In all images Te Uhi pa is masked by an exotic stand of trees, and no evidence of the cultivations detailed by Pick (1968) are evident. S14/5 is covered in scrub vegetation in both the 1940s and 1960s image and no confident sighting of the palisade is clear. Interestingly the 1970s image shows reduced vegetation covering and a small rectangular clearing and towards the end of the point, likely to show the area investigated by the Waikato Museum Archaeological Society.

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S14/486 Te Uhi Pa

S14/5

Figure 10: 1943 Aerial image with the indicative project extent shown with yellow dashed line (source: Retrolens.nz).

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Figure 11: 1963 aerial image showing areas of anomalous circles (within blue ellipse) and part of the indicative project extent (yellow dashed line). (Source: Retrolens.nz)

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S14/486 Te Uhi Pa

S14/5

Figure 12: 1943 aerial close-up of pa and drain

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S14/486 Te Uhi Pa

S14/5

Figure 13: 1963 aerial close-up of pa and drain

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S14/486 Te Uhi Pa

S14/5

Figure 14: Close up of 1974 aerial image of pa site – probable location of investigations in 1973-4 highlighted

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7.3. SUMMARY OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE The documentary evidence examined indicates that swamplands in the inner Waikato were being actively used and occupied, although the latter may have been seasonal in some areas.

Some 200m to the north of the project footprint, where the greenway connects from Exelby Road to Lake Rotokauri, is an important recorded archaeological site (S14/5) partially investigated in the early 1970s, and possibly a second site (Te Uhi Pa) for which no known archaeological survey has been undertaken. Both sites are recorded on the north-eastern bank of the lake. It is not known if both pa were occupied contemporaneously, at different times, when the occupations date from and if settlement was continuous.

Research of the reminder of the project footprint did not lead to the identification of any archaeological sites, or areas of archaeological interest.

8. FIELDWORK

Sian Keith and Peter Caldwell surveyed the development site land to the east of Exelby Road on the 11th December 2017 (Figure 15), a second field visit was made by Peter Caldwell on the 16th February 2018 of the section leading to the lake from Exelby Rd.

8.1. DECEMBER FIELD VISIT (EAST OF EXELBY RD) The land is currently in pasture and survey conditions were favourable. Access was provided to the majority of the project footprint, and although some areas were not accessible, this is not considered to have impacted the recommendations in this report. The land was visually inspected on foot. Exposed soil profiles were examined where appropriate. The land and fieldwork results will be described from the north-west to the south-east by area.

Figure 15: Overview of survey area (route indicated with green line)

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Figure 16: Location of proposal (green line) and survey path (red dashed line)

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8.1.1. RESULTS Area A: From Exelby Rd in the south to the Waikato Expressway in the north. The current proposal follows a farm drain and treelined field boundary (Figure 17 and Figure 18). In the southern-most paddock there is a steep hill to the east, but the Greenway will be situated on the lower ground. Stock trample is evident in the paddocks and it appears that during the winter/ prolonged wet weather, this ground is waterlogged. The land is divided into separate paddocks by drains and/or post and wire fences.

Area B: Southern boundary of the Waikato Expressway. The current proposal follows the curve of the Expressway. The land here is flat open farm paddocks separated by post and wire fences (Figure 16). There are undulations in the ground which appear to be associated with farming practices and/or the Expressway construction.

Area C: From the Waikato Expressway to the sharp SW turn within the WINTEC campus land. This area of land was surveyed only in the southern half around the WINTEC Campus. To the north of the surveyed area the Greenway follows a deep cut drain and an open wetland (Figure 20). To the east of the surveyed area the Greenway follows an open farm drain through grazed flat paddocks.

Area D: From Rotokauri Road to the sharp SW turn within the WINTEC campus land. This land is a flat farm paddock, the Greenway will follow an open farm drain.

8.1.2. SUMMARY In summary, the survey did not identify the presence of any new archaeological sites. There is no current evidence to suggest that the land holds any pre-1900 archaeological values base on field evidence. The land is generally very low lying and is likely to be waterlogged during the wetter seasons, at least historically and prior to the establishment of intensive drainage.

Figure 17: South end of Area B looking north-west, approx. alignment shown by dashed line.

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Figure 18: North end of Area B looking north-west, approx. alignment shown by dashed line.

Figure 19: Area B approx. alignment shown by dashed line, looking NW with Waikato Expressway top-right of image

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Figure 20: Area C looking south, alignment shown by dashed line.

Figure 21: Area D looking south-west, alignment shown by dashed line.

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8.2. FEBRUARY FIELD VISIT (WEST OF EXELBY RD) The section of the project follows the line of an existing farm drain flowing under Exelby Rd through low lying farm paddocks to Lake Rotokauri (Figure 22). The land is currently in pasture and survey conditions were favourable (Figure 23). Access was provided to the whole of this section. The land was visually inspected on foot, exposed soil profiles were examined where possible, and four test pits were excavated.

Test Pit 4 Te Uhi Pa

S14/5

Test Pit 3 Test Pit 1 Test Pit 2

Figure 22: Swale alignment from Exelby Rd to Lake Rotokauri. Test pit locations shown, and orange line shows alignment of existing farm drain

Figure 23: View looking west along farm drain toward lake Rotokauri (arrowed)

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8.2.1. RESULTS No evidence for archaeological sites or features were noted on the ground. The four test pits were dug to assess the soil profiles (Figure 24).

Test Pit 1: This was located close to the edge of Lake Rotokauri. The test pit showed a stratigraphic profile of 5cm of topsoil over 20cm of yellow brown sandy silt onto grey lake-bed silt.

Test Pit 2: Test pit 2 was dug c.20m from the lake close to the fence that separates lake vegetation and farmland with similar stratigraphy as Test pit 1

Test Pit 3: Test pit 3 was dug to a depth of c.50cm and showed a stratigraphy of 20cm of topsoil over 20-30cm of disturbed lensing silts. The darker lenses visible in the photograph appeared to be charcoal stained, but whether this was the result of pre-1900 activity could not be determined.

Test pit 4: Test pit 4 was dug on a slight rise toward the east end of the assessment area. As in Test Pit 3, below 20cm of top soil, the subsoil appears to be disturbed with lensing of charcoal stained silts. The test pit was dug to a depth of 75cm, where natural clayey silt was identified.

Figure 24: Test Pits 1, 3, and 4.

The farmer Mr Robert Barris reported to the surveying archaeologist that sometime in the past a “bucket” of adzes had been found by a Mrs Clark and that these were given to the Waikato Museum. The adzes were indicated by Mr Barris to have been discovered within the general project area and toward the lake in the immediate environs of Test Pit 2. No evidence for this find site was identified during the survey. Contact with the Waikato Museum has been made, and there is no record of this find, it has been assumed therefore that Mr Barris was referring to the finds from investigations at S14/5.

8.2.2. DISCUSSION Test pits 1 and 2 showed stratigraphic layers consistent with a low lying vegetated lakeside environment. Test pits 3 and 4 had a disturbed subsoil with possible charcoal stained lensing under well-developed intact topsoil. It is possible that the disturbance seen in these test pits is a result of activity related to the two pa sites including scrub burn off, or farming practices from the late 1800s.

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In summary, no firm evidence for intact archaeological material was identified during the current survey, however there remains a significant risk of uncovering deposits and artefacts related to the occupation of the two pa, and possibly from 19th century European occupation.

9. CONSTRAINTS AND LIMITATIONS

This report is an assessment of the impacts of the proposed Rotokauri Greenway project on archaeological values. There are no statements on the cultural significance of the project area nor are the views of tangata whenua represented in this report.

Statements are made as to the location and nature of recorded archaeological sites and their archaeological values. The archaeological information is derived from both published material including the HNZPT Digital Archaeological Report Library and New Zealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) ArchSite Database as well as information from archaeologists who have undertaken research and HNZPT authority work in this part of the Waikato.

Archaeological site location data should be regarded as a guide only as the locational accuracy of archaeological sites recorded in ArchSite is variable. Accuracy for some recorded sites is only to 100 m grid squares and many of these have been recalculated from earlier 100 yard coordinates which can increase the location error. Those sites that have not been recorded accurately are indicated on the ArchSite maps with a square and are only accurate to within, at best, 100 m of the actual site location. Archaeological sites that have been visited since the advent of GPS may have more accurate recorded locations. The full extent of recorded sites is often not known, and the single point coordinate provided by ArchSite is often based on only the visible surface archaeological remains. This does not necessarily represent the true subsurface extent of archaeological sites as defined in the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA), as most archaeological remains lie below the ground surface.

10. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AN D OTHER VALUES

10.1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL VALUES There are no recorded archaeological sites directly within the project footprint. While there are only a handful of sites recorded in the vicinity, a number of these are pa, indicating that the wider area was used and/or occupied by Maori.

Current information would indicate that the development land from Exelby Road to the east has low potential for archaeological sites, and therefore no known archaeological values. The project works east of Exelby Rd are situated in areas of low-lying land, at a distance from the peat lakes and rivers and it is considered because these are not favourable locations for settlement and horticultural practices that there is a low chance of encountering sub-surface archaeology in these areas.

West of Exelby Rd there are two pa sites identified relatively close to the proposed greenway at Lake Rotokauri: S14/5, a swamp pa investigated in 1793-4 and Te Uhi Pa S14/486. It is not thought that either of these two sites continue into the project footprint, however charcoal lenses in the test pits 3 and 4 may be indictive of a cultural horizon dating from their occupation. The section of the greenway from Exelby Road to Rotokauri Lake therefore must be considered to have a high potential for holding archaeological values.

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10.1.1. HNZPT The following is an assessment of archaeological values based on the criteria required by HNZPT. Should there be archaeological material present, it is likely to be close to the two pa sites and towards the shoreline of Lake Rotokauri. In this regard the following statements on their values may be considered:

• Condition: Archaeological evidence, should it exist, may be in relatively good condition within the project footprint. Some modification is likely to have occurred from modern farming practices.

• Rarity: Any archaeological material uncovered within the project area would have high value in that little is known in particular about Maori occupation and use of this landscape pre-1900.

• Contextual Value: The types of archaeological material anticipated would likely be associated with Maori and/or European horticultural practices and occupation.

• Information Potential: Should archaeological material be present, it will add to our understanding of these wetland landscapes and in particular settlement patterns in the region.

• Amenity Value: The lake has high amenity values, being one of the larger peat lakes in the inner Waikato.

• Cultural Associations: The area has cultural associations with Waikato Tainui, and specifically Ngāti Mahanga .

10.1.2. WRPS The following is a heritage value table based on the Waikato Regional Policy Statement (WRPS), Table 10-1 Historic and Cultural Heritage Assessment Criteria.

Qualities Value Assessment Archaeology Information This is detailed in the Information Potential value above Research There is potential to address archaeological research questions around the use and modification of the low-lying swamp environments close to the two recorded pa, and to provide radiocarbon dates, and paleoenvironmental information. This landscape may also provide a cross comparison with activities taking place immediately adjacent in the higher ground, and further toward the river environments. Recognition or The two sites recorded constitute archaeological evidence and protection are therefore protected under s.42 of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. Architecture N/A Cultural Sentiment This is a matter for Tangata Whenua Identify This is a matter for Tangata Whenua Amenity or Detailed above education

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Historic Associative Associated with the Maori settlement of the land between the value main areas of activity on the Waikato and Waipa rivers. Historical N/A pattern Scientific These values are effectively the same as the archaeology values. Technological Technological There may be values associated with the adaptation of Maori achievement to the inland Waikato wetlands.

11. ASSESSMENT OF EFFECT S

11.1. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL The Rotokauri Greenway project will involve the construction of drainage infrastructure within the area east of Lake Rotokauri and west of the Waikato Expressway (Figure 25). The infrastructure proposed includes a combination of floodways, swale drains and wetlands. Earthworks will be required; however, the detailed methodology has not been finalised. This assessment has therefore assumed that the whole of the proposed designation for the Greenway will be disturbed by the works.

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Figure 25: Rotokauri Greenway Project - indicative plan (Source: Beca, 2018). Red stars indicated recorded archaeological sites. 37

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Te Uhi Pa

Figure 26: Plan of Land Requirements to west of Exelby Rd. Te Uhi Pa annotated (source BECA 2018).

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Figure 27: Detail of proposed works close to shoreline of Rotokauri.

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11.2. ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS Research for this project has identified that the land between the Waipa and Waikato Rivers, and the inland lake environments were occupied and utilised by Maori prior to 1900. This is attested to in the recorded sites in the wider project vicinity. European farming and settlement are not known to have started within the project footprint until the late 1800s, and it is likely that extensive farming was not started until the early 1900s. Records indicate that Lake Rotokauri was substantially lowered through drainage in the 1890s.

The archaeological records for the immediate landscape surrounding the Rotokauri Greenway footprint identify the presence of two pa sites c.200m to the north of the drain connecting to Lake Rotokauri. These two sites are a swamp pa (S14/5) and Te Uhi Pa (S14/486). The known extent of these two sites will not be impacted by the current proposal. However, works to the west of Exelby Road and connecting to the lake come within c.200m of these two sites. Details of the proposed design for this area are provided in Figure 26 and Figure 27. These detail that the waterway will follow the existing stream with some erosion protection along the edges, and an outfall structure near an existing concrete silt trap. There is a low flow channel proposed. Based on current archaeological understanding of the environment, there is considered to be a moderate to high risk of encountering evidence of archaeological activity in this area.

To the east of Exelby Rd there are no archaeological records of pre-European occupation or use of the landscape. The remainder of the project footprint has no known archaeological values. Based on the current evidence, the effects of the project on archaeological values are:

1. East of Exelby Rd there are no known effects on archaeological values as a result of the proposal. The surrounding landscape suggests that there is a low risk of finding archaeological evidence during the course of works.

2. West of Exelby Rd there is a moderate to high risk of encountering archaeological material, particularly in proximity to the lake and the two documented pa sites.

11.3. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that:

• No alterations to the current project footprint or proposal east of Exelby Rd are made based on archaeological values.

• Council should seek to minimise earthworks west of Exelby Rd, in particular toward the lake edge, to avoid impacting potential archaeological values. The current project design allows for a moderate degree of earthworks concentrated mainly within the alignment of the current drain, the design proposal is supported in this report.

• Council should apply to Heritage New Zealand for an archaeological authority to modify a potential archaeological site, specifically in relation to the land west of Exelby Road. Note this is a legal requirement as there is reasonable cause to assume the presence of subsurface archaeological evidence by the shoreline of Lake Rotokauri.

• If future design includes that the project footprint extends into Horseshoe Lake, this area should be surveyed by an archaeologist (see Figure 16).

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REFERENCES

Bellwood, P., 1971. Fortifications and Economy in Prehistoric New Zealand. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, n.s., 37:56-95.

Bellwood, P., 1978. Archaeological Research at Lake Mangakaware, Waikato, 1968-1970. University of Otago, Dunedin.

Campbell, M., 2012. Cambridge section of the Waikato Expressway: Archaeological desktop study. Report to the New Zealand Transport Agency and New Zealand Historic Places Trust.

Cassels, R. 1972. Human ecology in the prehistoric Waikato, JPS Volume 81 1972 > Volume 81, No. 2, p 196-247.

Gumbley, W. and Higham, T.F.G., 2000. Archaeological investigation of pre-European garden complexes affected by R1 & N1 arterial routes, Chartwell, Hamilton.

Gumbley, W. and Hutchinson, M., 2013. Pre-European Maori Garden Sites in the Waipa District: An assessment of the state of the resource. Report to the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.

Pick, D., 1968. Waikato Island and Swamp Pa. Newsletter of the New Zealand Archaeological Association, 11(1):30-4.

Puke. W. 2001. Chapter 4 Cultural Assessment: Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner. 2001. Rotokauri Structure Plan: Environmental Opportunities, Constraints and Urban Needs Assessment. Unpublished report prepared for Hamilton City Council.

Simmons, A., 2003. Archaeological Assessment of the Subdivision Proposed by Mr and Mrs Stead, Duck Road, Te Kowhai.

Swarbrick, N. 2015a. Waikato region - Pākehā impact, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed from: https://teara.govt.nz/en/map/27791/confiscation-of-maori-land

Swarbrick, N. 2015b. Waikato places - Hamilton, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed from: https://teara.govt.nz/en/waikato-places/page-7

Waikato Regional Council, 2006. For Peat’s Sake: Good Management Practices for Waikato Peat Farmers. Waikato Regional Council, Hamilton.

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Appendix A: SRF S14/5

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

SRF: S14/486

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

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Archaeological Assessment: Rotokauri Greenway

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