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18-452/18-750 Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 16: LTE

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18-452/18-750 Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 16: LTE Evolution of Cellular Wireless Systems 18-452/18-750 Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 16: LTE Peter Steenkiste Spring Semester 2020 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS20/ Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 1 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 2 GSM Multiple Access Example Additional GSM Features • Combination of FDMA and TDMA • GSM uses GMSK modulation » More on this later » Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying • 890-915 MHz for uplink » Optimized version of Frequency Shift Keying (FM) • 935-960 MHz for downlink • Slow frequency hopping: successive TDMA frames are sent over a different frequency • Each of those 25 MHz bands is sub divided » Switches every 4.615 msec into 124 single carrier channel of 200 KHz » Spreads out effect of multipath fading » Each with a data rate of 270.833 kbps » Also helps with co-channel interference • In each uplink/downlink band there is a 200 • Delay equalization KHz guard band » Mobile stations sharing a frame can be at different • Each 200 KHz channel carries 8 TDMA distances from the base station channels » Tail bits and guard bits provide margin to avoid overlap Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 3 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 4 Page 1 Generalized Packet Radio GPRS Architecture Service (GPRS) Network Subsystem includes several new entities: • Packet-oriented data transport service Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): data transfer » Bursty, non-periodic traffic typical for Internet access between Base Station and Network Subsystem • Uses a new architecture for data traffic Gateway GPRS Support Node: connects to other GPRS » Allows users to open a persistent data connection networks and the packet data network (Internet) » Sending data traffic over a voice connection would add New interfaces between the various entities too much setup and teardown overhead Transmission plane • Uses the same frame structure as voice Data packets are transmitted by a tunnel mechanisms » 21.4 kbps from a 22.8 kbps gross data rate Control plane » Can combine up to 8 GSM connections Protocol for tunnel management: create, remove, … – Overall throughputs up to 171.2 kbps GPRS Tunnel Protocol » Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) further Radio interface increased rates using a more aggressive PHY Changes the logical channels and how they are managed Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 5 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 6 GPRS Architecture GPRS Radio Interface Time Slot Other GPRS … 0123 4 56701234 SGSN networks F1 Gp GGSN F2 Uplink Gp Gn F3 BSC F4 Gf BTS Gr Gs Gi 0123 4 56701234 Gc GGSN PDN Carrier F1 BTS EIR frequency D F2 MT HLR Downlink F3 MSC/VLR F4 Base Station Subsystem SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node User1 Voice User3 GPRS User5 GPRS GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node User2 Voice User4 GPRS Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 7 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 8 Page 2 Evolution of Who is Who Cellular Wireless Systems • International Telecommunications Union (ITU) - agency of the United Nations responsible for: » Assisting in the development and coordination of world- wide standards » Coordinate shared use of the global spectrum » Defined the International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) project for 3G telecommunications • Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) » A group of telecommunications associations that represent large markets world-wide » Defined a group of 3G standards as part of the IMT-2000 framework in 1999 » Originally defined GSM, EDGE, and GPRS » Later defined follow-on releases and also LTE (4G) Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 9 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 10 Reminder: CDMA - Direct UMTS and WCDMA Sequence Spread Spectrum Part of a group of 3G standards defined as part of the IMT-2000 framework by 3GPP • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) » Successor of GSM • W-CDMA is the air interface for UMTS » Wide-band CDMA » Originally 144 kbps to 2 Mbps, depending on mobility These signals will • Basically same architecture as GSM look like noise » Many GSM functions were carried over WCDMA to the receiver » But they changed all the names! Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 11 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 12 Page 3 Later Releases Improved Advantages of CDMA for Performance Cellular systems • High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): • Frequency diversity – frequency-dependent 1.8 to 14.4 Mbps downlink transmission impairments have less effect on » Adaptive modulation and coding, hybrid ARQ, and fast scheduling signal • High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA): • Multipath resistance – chipping codes used Uplink rates up to 5.76 Mbps for CDMA exhibit low cross correlation and low autocorrelation • High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+): Maximum data rates increased from 21 Mbps up • Privacy – privacy is inherent since spread to 336 Mbps spectrum is obtained by use of noise-like signals » 64 QAM, 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO, and dual or multi-carrier combinations • Graceful degradation – system only gradually • Eventually led to the definition of LTE degrades as more users access the system Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 13 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 14 Mobile Wireless CDMA Evolution of Soft Hand-off Cellular Wireless Systems • Soft Handoff – mobile station temporarily connected to more than one base station simultaneously • Requires that the mobile acquire a new cell before it relinquishes the old • More complex than hard handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 15 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 16 Page 4 Purpose, motivation, and Overview LTE approach to 4G • Defined by ITU directives for International Mobile • Motivation Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) • Architecture • All-IP packet switched network. • Resource management • Ultra-mobile broadband access • LTE protocols • Peak data rates • Radio access network » Up to 100 Mbps for high-mobility mobile access » OFDM refresher » Up to 1 Gbps for low-mobility access • LTE advanced • Dynamically share and use network resources • Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks » 2G and 3G networks, small cells such as picocells, femtocells, and relays, and WLANs Some slides based on material from “Wireless Communication Networks and Systems” • High quality of service for multimedia applications © 2016 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 17 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 18 High Level Features LTE Architecture Radio Access • No support for circuit-switched voice • evolved NodeB (eNodeB) Network » Instead providing Voice over LTE (VoLTE) » Most devices connect into the network through the eNodeB • Replace spread spectrum/CDMA with OFDM • Evolution of the previous 3GPP NodeB (~2G BTS) » Uses OFDM instead of CDMA • Has its own control functionality » Dropped the Radio Network Core Controller (RNC - ~2G BSC) Network » eNodeB supports radio resource control, admission control, and mobility management (handover) » Was originally the responsibility of the RNC Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 19 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 20 Page 5 Evolved Packet System Evolved Packet System Components • Overall architecture is called the Evolved • Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the RAN Packet System (EPS) » Called Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) » Enhancement of 3GPP’s 3G RAN • 3GPP standards divide the network into » eNodeB is the only logical node in the E-UTRAN • Radio access network (RAN): cell towers and » No Radio Network Controller (RNC) connectives to mobile devices • Evolved Packet Core (EPC) • Core network (CN): management and » Operator or carrier core network –core of the system connectivity to other networks • Traditionally circuit switched but now entirely • Each can evolve independently packet switched » Driven by different technologies: optimizing spectrum » Based on IP - Voice supported using voice over IP (VoIP) use versus management and control or traffic Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 21 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 22 Evolved Packet Core Design Principles of the EPS Components • Packet-switched transport for traffic belonging • Mobility Management Entity (MME) to all QoS classes » Supports user equipment context, identity, authentication, and » Voice, streaming, real-time, non-real-time, background authorization • Serving Gateway (SGW) • Comprehensive radio resource management » Receives and sends packets between the eNodeB and the core » End-to-end QoS, transport for higher layers network » Load sharing/balancing • Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) » Connects the EPC with external networks » Policy management across different radio access technologies • Home Subscriber Server (HSS) » Database of user-related and subscriber-related information • Integration with existing 3GPP 2G and 3G • Interfaces networks » S1 interface between the E-UTRAN and the EPC – For both control purposes and for user plane data traffic • Scalable bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz » X2 interface for eNodeBs to interact with each other • Carrier aggregation for overall bandwidths up – Again for both control purposes and for user plane data traffic to 100 MHz Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 23 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 24 Page 6 Overview LTE Resource Management • Motivation • LTE uses bearers for quality of service (QoS) control instead of circuits • Architecture • EPS bearers • Resource management » Between entire path between PGW and UE » Maps to specific QoS parameters such as data rate, delay, • LTE protocols and packet error rate • Radio access network • Service Data Flows (SDFs) differentiate traffic flowing between applications on a client and a » OFDM refresher service • LTE advanced » SDFs must be mapped to EPS bearers for QoS treatment » SDFs allow traffic types to be given different treatment • End-to-end service
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