Reviews ★ Amerikastudien / American Studies 62.2

Maria Loeschnigg, The Contemporary Ca- Loeschnigg, in the introduction, cogently nadian in English: Continuity and embeds her book in the context of previous Change. CAT 7 (Trier: WVT, 2014), 381 pp. scholarship and pinpoints the major charac- teristics and structure of her own contribu- In spite of pessimistic forecasts regard- tion. The approaches to important recent ing the future development of the Canadian examples of the genre in Canada in the fol- short story by the Literary History of Canada lowing seven chapters, as Loeschnigg herself in 1965,1 the genre has fourished in the inter- muses, might indeed seem eclectic at frst vening decades since the book’s publication sight, ranging as they do from chapters deal- and has enjoyed ever-increasing recognition. ing with a single author only (ch. 2), stories In 2013, the Nobel Prize in Literature was be- grouped by their authors’ gender (ch. 3), sto- stowed upon a Canadian writer working solely ries colored by their regional setting (ch. 4) within the genre,2 thus also singling it out in as well as by globalization (ch. 5), stories by the crowning of as the “master authors belonging to one ethnic group (ch. 6), of the contemporary short story.”3 And yet, genre experiments and transgressions (ch. 7), despite the publication of more than twenty and, fnally, the hybrid genre of the short story books on Munro’s short fction in recent de- cycle (ch. 8). Seemingly a mixed bag, this par- cades, the genre in Canada as such has hardly ticular cross-section is nonetheless persuasive, received comparable critical attention. Per- focusing on essential aspects of the genre in haps the abundant source material offered by Canada today: its leading writer Alice Munro its vibrant development since the “Canadian (who retired in the summer of 2013, just be- Renaissance” in the 1960s may explain the fore she received the Nobel Prize); the pre- relative dearth of scholarly works comprehen- dominance—both with regard to quantity and sively engaging with Canadian short fction.4 to quality—of female writers of the genre in In the introduction to her contribution, Maria Canada; the importance of region and “new Loeschnigg stresses that the primary focus of regionalism” in the literature of the second- some previous studies on the subject consisted largest country on earth; the globalizing as- of literary output up to the 1980s. Her own pects of literature in a country of immigration work endeavors to fll the gap that has opened where the term “multiculturalism” was frst in the interim, surveying the Canadian short coined in the 1960s and where this concept story from the mid-1980s through the frst de- is even included in the country’s constitution cade of the twenty-frst century. The result is as pertaining to basic rights (see Section 27 of indeed a very welcome addition to short story the Charter of Rights and Freedoms); the rel- criticism. ative prominence of Indigenous literature in Canada as well as of the special genre format of the short story cycle; and, fnally, the for- 1 Carl F. Klinck, ed., Literary History of mal innovations of the genre, as for instance in Canada: in English (To- the hands of another master of the short story ronto: Press, 1965). and, arguably, its most variable practitioner in 2 Reingard M. Nischik, “The Noble Canada, . Genre: Alice Munro Brings the Nobel Prize Although competently drawing on theo- in Literature to Canada.” Chapter 4 of Rein- retical concepts and addressing diachronic gard M. Nischik, The English Short Story in developments, Loeschnigg’s focus is not on Canada: From the Dawn of Modernism to the the theoretical aspects of the Canadian short 2013 Nobel Prize (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, story, nor does she aim at giving a literary-his- 2017), 71-84. torical account of the genre. Rather, she ap- 3 See the citation of the Nobel Prize Com- proaches her treatment of the contemporary mittee. short story in Canada by offering a “cross- 4 Yet see Michelle Gadpaille, The Cana- section of recent developments along narra- dian Short Story (Toronto: Oxford University tological and thematic lines” (2), synthesizing Press, 1988); Reingard M. Nischik, ed., The analyses of more general formal, narratologi- Canadian Short Story: Interpretations (Roch- cal, and thematic developments of the genre ester, NY: Camden House, 2007); and Rein- with close readings of selected contemporary gard M. Nischik, The English Short Story in practitioners in Canada, both well-known and Canada: From the Dawn of Modernism to the lesser known. Outstanding writers of Munro’s Nobel Prize (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2017). and Atwood’s standing or excellent and well-

Amerikastudien / American Studies 62. Jg., ISSN 0340-2827 © 2017 Universitätsverlag WINTER GmbH, Heidelberg Amerikastudien / American Studies 62.2 ★ Reviews known writers like and Thomas of the short story approach perfection, with King are thus addressed in various subhead- her “rhetoric of secrecy” (7) and “rhetoric of ings, while another asset of this book is the procrastination” (39), her “counter-realistic attention it pays to less well-known but also deep-mapping” (21), her increasingly “dar- notable contemporary contributors to the ing” (28) and penetrating look beneath the genre. The choice to include new and non- surface reality, her deferral of meaning, and, canonical writers (Judy Fong Bates, Dede consequently, her refusal to believe in and ca- Crane, Michael Crummey, Debbie Howlett, ter to a single, simple solution, or, in fact, any Rachna Mara, Connie Barnes Rose, Shyam solution at all. Selvadurai, Nalini Warriar, Terry Watada, Recent research in literary and cultural and Michael Winter) runs the risk that they studies has taken up the quantitative and qual- may not (all) stand the test of time; yet such itative increase in output from writers with hy- an inclusion is necessary if the aim is to give brid or bicultural identities, who write of the a fairly representative view of the state of the reality of many sizeable ethnic groups within genre in present-day Canadian literature. present-day North American society. From an Even the expert reader of Loeschnigg’s book exemplary treatment of the Chinese Canadi- will not only appreciate her treatment of es- an short story in chapter fve in the framework tablished short story writers, but will most of globalizing tendencies to chapter six, which certainly also make various new discoveries focuses on “The Native Canadian Short Story in this well-written, well-structured, and well- in English,” the ethnic variety emblematic argued account of contemporary Canadian of the contemporary Canadian short story is short fction. thus an important point of departure. As its Only a few chapters of this voluminous and title indicates, the sixth chapter alone (like dense book can be considered in some detail practically all of the others) covers a consid- within the scope of this review. The acquisi- erable territory, tracing the trajectory of the tion of this affordable book by libraries and output of Indigenous short fction. The chap- anybody interested in contemporary Canadi- ter lucidly engages with essential aspects of an short fction would be worthwhile even just Indigenous literature, such as its more recent for the contextualizations of the introductory move from traditionally oral storytelling to chapter and particularly for the second chap- written English texts, assumptions of “mono- ter (“Alice Munro: A View of her Stories Pub- cultural exclusivity” of Native storytelling lished since the 1990s”). In light of the pro- (158) and the accompanying question of the liferation of books and articles written about “appropriation of voice” (159), the striking Munro both well before and ever since she diversity even within short fc- received the Nobel Prize, it is undoubtedly an tion in English (160), and ’s frst accomplishment to add a new, knowledgeable, categorization of such plurality into “tribal, and illuminating chapter on Munro’s more re- fusional, polemic, and associational” stories cent writings. This chapter thereby illustrates by Indigenous writers (160-62), later also how apt it is to focus strictly on more recent demonstrating that King in his own highly works, beginning in the mid-1980s (or, here, varied short fction oeuvre reaches beyond his 1990s). In this case, the concentration on Mun- own categorization, useful as it is. The follow- ro’s late/r writing unearths—in accordance ing subchapter on the development of Thomas with the book’s subtitle—continuing and like- King’s “shades of humour” (162) between his wise new trends in her short fction. For who two short story collections must have been would otherwise have immediately thought of written without the awareness (due to over- Munro as a writer of murder mysteries (30), lapping production) of the frst comprehensive which indeed crop up only in her later works, survey of King’s short fction, published two from Open Secrets (1994) onwards?5 More im- years prior to Loeschnigg’s book.6 In focus- portantly, Loeschnigg’s very readable analysis ing on humor “from lighter to darker nuanc- elaborately demonstrates how in the format of es” (164) in King’s short stories, Loeschnigg what may indeed be called (unusual) “murder mysteries” Munro’s genre-innovative narra- 6 Reingard M. Nischik, “‘Wide-Angle tive technique and her extraordinary poetics Shots’: Thomas King’s Short Fiction and Po- etry,” Thomas King: Works and Impact, ed. 5 Alice Munro, Open Secrets (London: Eva Gruber (Rochester, NY: Camden House, Chatto and Windus, 1994). 2012), 35-54.

Amerikastudien / American Studies 62. Jg., ISSN 0340-2827 © 2017 Universitätsverlag WINTER GmbH, Heidelberg Reviews ★ Amerikastudien / American Studies 62.2 shrewdly narrows down her diachronic survey immense productivity has maybe not so much of King’s short fction to an essential narra- infuenced the Canadian short story of the last tive technique of Indigenous writing, which in decades but rather the short story as a genre her lucid treatment of the topic also allows for in a more global context” (18)? Is not a writer a presentation of King’s variety of narrative like Munro, who has even been awarded the modes, in particular his “written orality” or Nobel Prize, also an international writer, forg- “voice pieces” (Teresa Gibert) with their spe- ing the genre within a decidedly global con- cifc linguistic characteristics, his humorous text? Further, the text might have benefted reversals of cultural appropriation (e.g., his from a shortening, or sometimes even cut- irreverent treatment of the Bible), his trick- ting, of scholarly quotes, relying instead more ster and his authorial stories, as well as his on personally fltered references to make the Native and white stories, always exemplifed writing occasionally less overwrought. This is in perceptive readings of selected stories. The likely a last residue of the particular species chapter is complemented by a section with of postdoctoral thesis used as a basis for the detailed treatments of Drew Hayden Taylor, present book (“Habilitationsschrift,” accept- Lee Maracle, and Eden Robinson’s stories ed at the University of Graz in Austria), which and their “multiple Native voices,” focusing is otherwise benefcial and positively shines on their narrative form and also on issues of through in the thoroughness and high level of Indigenous authenticity, which these stories research and argumentation. uncover to be “often only a fascination with In sum, Maria Loeschnigg’s book is both the exotic other” (197). In a fnal subchapter, elaborate and readable and will hopefully Loeschnigg succinctly reconsiders defnitions reach many readers. It is all the more regret- of Nativeness, warning with Kit Dobson of table that my copy quickly started to disin- “the ghettoizing of writers into essentialized tegrate despite normal use. A better binding ethnocultural categories” (198). and indeed overall presentation of a book Only few faws are to be mentioned here (from size of font to cover design) is hardly too concerning this otherwise thoroughly proof- steep a demand of a publisher, especially with read book. For instance, Ajay Heble is a male, works demonstrating many years of intensive not a female scholar (19). And is distinguish- effort, great care and competence like this ing between and Alice Munro achievement by Maria Loeschnigg. really feasible in this manner: “Mavis Gallant was, above all, an international writer whose Reingard M. Nischik (Konstanz)

Amerikastudien / American Studies 62. Jg., ISSN 0340-2827 © 2017 Universitätsverlag WINTER GmbH, Heidelberg