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Teknik Budidaya Tanaman Jilid 2.Pdf Chairani Hanum TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TANAMAN JILID 2 SMK Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Hak Cipta pada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Dilindungi Undang-undang TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TANAMAN JILID 2 Untuk SMK Penulis : Chairani Hanum Perancang Kulit : TIM Ukuran Buku : 18,2 x 25,7 cm HAN HANUM, Chairani. a Teknik Budidaya Tanaman Jilid 2 untuk SMK oleh Chairani Hanum ---- Jakarta : Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008. xi. 280 hlm Daftar Pustaka : A1-A14 Glosarium : B1-B5 Indeks : C1-C6 ISBN : 978-979-060-057-7 Diterbitkan oleh Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Tahun 2008 KATA SAMBUTAN Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan karunia Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2008, telah melaksanakan penulisan pembelian hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis untuk disebarluaskan kepada masyarakat melalui website bagi siswa SMK. Buku teks pelajaran ini telah melalui proses penilaian oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan sebagai buku teks pelajaran untuk SMK yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 12 tahun 2008. Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada seluruh penulis yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para pendidik dan peserta didik SMK di seluruh Indonesia. Buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional tersebut, dapat diunduh (download), digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun untuk penggandaan yang bersifat komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Dengan ditayangkannya soft copy ini akan lebih memudahkan bagi masyarakat untuk mengaksesnya sehingga peserta didik dan pendidik di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapat memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini. Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Selanjutnya, kepada para peserta didik kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan semoga dapat memanfaatkan buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat kami harapkan. Jakarta, Direktur Pembinaan SMK KATA PENGANTAR Buku Teknik Budidaya Tanaman ini disusun berdasarkan kurikulum berbasis kompetensi. Buku ini berisikan materi pokok teknik budidaya tanaman dengan metode penyajiannya sesuai dengan indikator hasil belajar pada sekolah menengah kejuruan. Isi buku ini dibagi atas 4 (empat ) bagian, yang masing-masing bagian terdiri dari beberapa bab. Bagian I terdiri dari 3 bab yaitu bab Pendahuluan, Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan (Bab II), serta Fotosintesis dan Respirasi (Bab III). Bagian satu dari buku ini mencoba membahas awal dari kehidupan dan proses dasar metabolisme tanaman. Sedangkan bagian dua mencoba mengulas sumber hara dan air bagi tanaman bagaimana mereka memperoleh kedua sumberdaya alam ini, mentranslokasikannya serta menggunakan untuk kelangsungan hidupnya. Bagian tiga dari buku ini mencoba memaparkan syarat tumbuh masing masing kelompok tanaman yaitu tanaman hortikultura, tanaman pangan dan tanaman perkebunan. Bagian ini berisi ulasan bagaimana pedoman teknis budidaya masing-masing kelompok tanaman. Walaupun tidak seluruh tanaman di muat teknik budidayanya dalam buku ini setidaknya ketiga bab ini dapat mewakili untuk menuju sistem pertanian yang berkelanjutan, dengan menghasilkan produk unggulan secara kualitas dan kuantitas. Akhir dari buku ini mencoba teknik budidaya alternatif dengan menggunakan media tanam bukan tanah, sistem ini akan memberikan pilihan utama pada peningkatan mutu bahan pangan yang dihasilkan tanpa harus bergantung pada media tanam tanah semata. Pertanian organik yang digalakkan akhir-akhir ini merupakan solusi untuk memecahkan masalah peningkatan produksi pertanian disatu sisi dan pencemaran lingkungan disisi lainnya. Buku ini dirancang agar peserta didik yang membacanya dapat belajar sendiri tidak harus bergantung pada tatap muka di depan kelas. Pada awal setiap bab dimuat pendahuluan untuk dapat lebih memudahkan pemahaman terhadap isi dari bab tersebut. Ilustrasi dan gambar yang digunakan dalam buku ini juga diharapkan dapat membantu siswa mempelajari dan mempraktekkan secara baik dan benar. iv Pada akhirnya keberhasilan proses relajar mengajar tidak hanya tergantung pada sarana dan prasarana yang canggih, akan tetapi dituntut untuk setiap peserta didik menekuni dan mencari tahu setiap permasalahan-permasalahan yang belum diketahui dari ilmu tersebut. Kepada editor dan Depdiknas beserta seluruh staffnya yang telah berupaya untuk menyempurnakan dan menerbitkan buku ini sehingga terbit dan layak baca, kami mengucapkan tarimakasih. Kami juga sangat mengharapkan saran dan kritik untuk lebih menyempurnakan isi buku ini sehingga sesuai dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Semoga kita mendapatkan ilmu yang bermanfaat, dan manfaat dari ilmu tersebut Penulis v DAFTAR ISI KATA SAMBUTAN .......................................................................... iii KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................ iv DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................... vi BUKU JILID 1 BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Pengertian ................................................................... 1 1.2 Tindakan Budidaya Tanaman ..................................... 2 1.3 Aspek dan Lingkup Teknik Budidaya Tanaman .......... 3 1.3.1. Aspek Budidaya Tanaman .......................................... 3 1.3.2. Lingkup Budidaya Tanaman ........................................ 4 1.3.3. Produk Budidaya Tanaman ......................................... 5 1.4 Potensi Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia ........................ 7 1.5 Peningkatan Produktivitas ........................................... 9 1.6 Rangkuman ................................................................. 10 1.7 Tugas .......................................................................... 10 BAB 2 PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN 2.1 Definisi Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan .................. 13 2.2 Perbedaan Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan ............ 13 2.3 Perkecambahan Benih ................................................ 16 2.3.1. Hipogeal ...................................................................... 16 2.3.2. Epigeal ........................................................................ 17 2.4 Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan ....... 17 2.4.1. Genetik ........................................................................ 17 2.4.2. Curah Hujan ................................................................ 17 2.4.3. Keadaan Tanah ........................................................... 18 2.4.4. Suhu ............................................................................ 19 vi 2.4.5. Cahaya Matahari ......................................................... 19 2.4.6. Hara ( Nutrisi Tanaman) dan Air 20 2.4.7. Hormon Tumbuhan ..................................................... 20 2.5 Pengukuran Pertumbuhan .......................................... 22 2.6 Rangkuman ................................................................. 22 2.7 Evaluasi ....................................................................... 23 BAB 3 FOTOSINTESIS DAN RESPIRASI 3.1 Definisi Fotosintesis dan Respirasi ............................. 24 3.2 Fotosintesis Pada Tumbuhan ...................................... 25 3.3 Daun dan Kloroplast .................................................... 26 3.4 Lintasan Pada Fotosintesis ......................................... 27 3.4.1. Reaksi Terang ............................................................. 27 3.4.2. Reaksi Gelap ............................................................... 29 3.5 Fotosintesis Pada Alga dan Bakteri ............................ 30 3.6 Faktor-Faktor Yang Menentukan Laju Fotosistesis ..... 30 3.7 Penggunaan dan Penyimpanan Hasil Fotosintesis ..... 31 3.8 Respirasi dan Faktor Yang Menentukan Laju Respirasi ..................................................................... 31 3.9 Penemuan ................................................................... 33 3.10 Rangkuman ................................................................. 34 3.11 Soal ............................................................................. 35 BAB 4 TRANSPOR AIR SERTA FOTOSINTETAT TANAMAN 4.1 Pengantar .................................................................... 38 4.2 Mekanisme Pergerakan Air ......................................... 39 4.2.1. Difusi ........................................................................... 40 4.2.2. Osmosis ...................................................................... 40 4.2.3. Tekanan Kapiler .......................................................... 41 4.2.4. Tekanan Hidrostatik .................................................... 42 4.2.5. Gravitasi ...................................................................... 43 4.3 Mekanisme Tanaman Mengambil
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