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T Dissertation U lVll Information Service University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 8618785 Hara, Jacqueline CAROLINA CORONADO (1820-1911): HER LIFE AND WORK The Ohio Slate University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Hara, Jacqueline All Rights Reserved CAROLINA CORONADO (1820-1911) HER LIFE AND WORK DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Jacqueline Hara, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1986 Dissertation Committee: Approved by t S. Garcia S.J. Summerhill Adviser D.R. Larson Department of Romance Languages Copyright by Jacqueline Hara 1986 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my deepest gratitude to my mentor Professor Salvador Garcia whose guidance, generous help and assistance made this study possible. I also wish to thank Professor Stephen Summerhill of the reading committee for his suggestions, encouragements and moral support, and Professor Don Larson for his expert opinion on the text. Gratitude is due to Mrs. Ana LLorens of the Foreign Language Graduate Library of O.S.U., to Dr. Charles Maurer, Director of the Denison University Library, and to Roger Blaine of the Inter Library Loan Department for their assistance. My thanks go to Susan Karpus for her help in the acquisition of difficult material, and to Dr. Kathleen Wallace and Robert Flandrena who lent their support and assistance. Finally, I am grateful to my husband, Jacques, for his patience, his encouragements and his understanding that my endeavours made me insensible to the needs of others. I thank my children, Elise and Claire, for their unfailing confidence and cheer fulness. i i VITA March 8, 1944............... Born - Paris, France 1966 ......................... B.A., Tufts University, Medford, Massachussetts 1972 ......................... M.A., St. John's University, New York, N.Y. 1977-1979.................... Teaching assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1979-1985.................... Instructor, Modern Languages Department, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 1985-Present............... Lecturer, The Ohio State University, Department of Romance Languages, Newark, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Spanish Literature Studies in Nineteenth Century Spanish Literature. Professor Salvador Garcia Studies in Twentieth Century Spanish Literature. Professor Stephen Summerhill TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................... ii VITA ................................................................. iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................... 1 A. Biographical Summary of the Life of Carolina Coronado................................... 4 B. The Isabeline Period in Nineteenth Century Spain................................................... 17 C. Literature in the Romantic and Post- Romantic Period...................................... 28 CHAPTER II THE POETRY OF NATURE........................................... 48 CHAPTER III RELIGIOUS AND CIVIC POETRY................................... 87 CHAPTER IV THE NOVELS BY CAROLINA CORONADO ............................. 144 A. Jarilla ............................................. 148 B. La Sigea ............................................. 166 C. La rueda de la desgracia ........................ 183 CONCLUSION ........................................................ 203 NOTES .............................................................. 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................... 216 A. Primary Sources ................................... 216 B. Works about Carolina Coronado ................. 217 C. Nineteenth Century Literary and Historical Background............................................ 217 D. Miscellaneous ..................................... 220 i v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Carolina Coronado (1820-1911) was a Romantic poet of considerable merit who also cultivated the drama and the novel. Famous at the age of twenty, she became active in literary circles and was known as an outstanding personality among the illustrious group of Spanish Romantics at mid­ century. Praised in her own time for all her works, and above all known for her lyrical and descriptive poetry written in a mysterious and delicate tone, she was a worthwhile representative of the Spanish Romantic movement and its evolution. Because no study of her life and works has ever been written, a thorough investigation of Carolina Coronado will help to complete the panorama of Romantic literature in Spain. In this study I shall examine Carolina Coronado's literary production within the context of her life and times. All available works will be considered, but more emphasis will be given to the poetry because of its significance and complexity. I shall also analyze Coronado's novels within the context of nineteenth century trends and developments. 2 Since she was not interested in posterity, Carolina Coronado paid little attention to her literary fame and the publication of her works. As a result, many of her writings, including her plays, were ultimately lost. However, there are approximately ten editions of her poetry, two with prologues by Hartzenbusch (1843 and 1848) and another of 1853 by Castelar. The most modern editions of Carolina Coronado's work date from 1946 and 1953. The novels are of high quality and are important for several reasons: first, they complete Coronado's literary personality; second, they inform us about the evolution of her style and her concerns; third, they are rare examples of the beginning of the nineteenth century novel in Spain. Judging by the repeated editions and the fact that several were translated into other languages, the novels were very successful in their era. Carolina Coronado's work is important as a barometer of the transition from the Romantic to the post-Romantic period in Spanish Literature. In her earliest poetry, mostly written in the 1830s, and also in her first novel, Jari11a (1851), Coronado belongs mostly to the literary traditions of the first Romantics. She shared with them, for example, their approach to nature as an ever changing creature with a soul of its own. Yet, even in her early works there is evidence of a different orientation which would later be 3 confirmed around mid-century. Coronado is always in search of harmony among the elements of nature and the delicacy of human feelings. She prefers suggestions to out-cries while her imagery is translucid and her vocabulary simple, on occasion, almost conversational. To the extent that she states the relative in terms that imply the absolute, she remains basically Romantic, but the ambiguity of her emotions and the subdued tones she uses to express them bring her closer to the later Becquer than to the earlier and more explosive Espronceda. After 1846, her poetry begins to incorporate history, politics, society and the role of women within it, and thus initiates a tendency away from Romanticism. Her novels La Sigea (1854) and La rueda de la desgracia (1873) bridge the gap between Romanticism and Realism. This study will explore the evolution of Carolina Coronado's style and thinking to see how her work prolongs Romantic tendencies while also contributing to the appearance of Realism. As a multifaceted writer whose transitional work contributes to the emergence of female consciousness in Spanish literature, Coronado's production deserves a thorough investigation. 4 A. Biographical Summary of the Life of Carolina Coronado Details of the life of Carolina Coronado are reasonably well known and can be found in various biographies as well as other more fragmentary