U.S. Department of the Interior Scientific Investigations Map 3412–C U.S. Geological Survey 115°35’ 115°30’ 115°25’ 115°35’ 115°30’ 115°25’ INTRODUCTION percent; for eTh, from −0.74 to 180.20 ppm, with a mean of 8.16 ppm; and for eU, from REFERENCES CITED −0.22 to 17.03 ppm, with a mean of 2.03 ppm. Negative concentrations were obtained Geophysical investigations of Mountain Pass, California, were conducted as part of DeWitt, E., Kwak, L.M., and Zartman, R.E., 1987, U-Th-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the 35°35’ EXPLANATION 35°35’ over water or some alluvial deposits. Verplanck and others (2014) provided a deposit an effort to study regional crustal structures as an aid to understanding the geologic Mountain Pass carbonatite and alkalic igneous rocks, southeastern California: 6a Quaternary alluvium model for carbonatite- and alkaline-intrusion-related REE mineralization, and they framework and mineral resources of the eastern Mojave Desert. The study area encom- Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 7, p. 642. Quaternary gravel described some of the geophysical tools used to assess these deposits. These radiogenic 5b passes Mountain Pass, which is host to one of the world’s largest rare earth element International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003, Guidelines for radioelement mapping using Granitic rocks, undivided features are briefly discussed below (from northwest to southeast), and their locations are 5a (REE) carbonatite deposits. The deposit is found along a north-northwest-trending, gamma-ray spectrometry data: International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Ivanpah Valley labeled on the maps and figure 1 (for example, locs. , ): Mesozoic volcanic rocks fault-bounded Paleoproterozoic block that extends along the eastern parts of the Clark 1a 3b document IAEA-TECDDOC-1363, 173 p. • Very low concentrations of K, eTh, and eU correlate with Paleozoic dolomite, Mesozoic sandstone Mountain Range, Mescal Range, and Ivanpah Mountains (fig. 1). This Paleoproterozoic Miller, D.M., Miller, R.J., Nielson, J.E., Wilshire, H.G., Howard, K.A., and Stone, P., 3a limestone, and other sedimentary rocks that are thrust against Proterozoic basement Paleozoic limestone block is composed of a 1.7-Ga metamorphic complex of gneiss and schist that underwent 2007, Geologic map of the East Mojave National Scenic Area, California, plate 1 in terrane along the western margin of the study area (locs. 1a, 1b, 1c) Cambrian dolomite widespread metamorphism and associated plutonism during the Ivanpah orogeny, at Theodore, T.G., ed., Geology and mineral resources of the East Mojave National 6b • Moderate concentrations of K and low concentrations of eTh and eU delineate Cambrian to Precambrian sedimentary rocks about 1.7 Ga (Wooden and Miller, 1990). The Paleoproterozoic rocks were intruded by a Scenic Area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin Clark Mountain Range Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Mescal Range (loc. 2) 5e Mesoproterozoic (1.4 Ga) carbonatite body and associated ultrapotassic alkaline intrusive 2160, 265 p., 6 pls., scale 1:125,000, https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2160/. 1a Mesoproterozoic carbonatite • Moderate concentrations of K, eTh, and eU correlate with a small felsic body in the suite (Olsen and others, 1954; DeWitt and others, 1987; Premo and others, 2016). The Olson, J.C., Shawe, D.R., Pray, L.C., and Sharp, W.N., 1954, Rare-earth mineral deposits Mesoproterozoic syenite and granite Clark Mountain Range (loc. 3a) and a Jurassic granite in the Ivanpah Mountains 5d intrusive rocks include, from oldest to youngest, shonkinite, mesosyenite, syenite, quartz of the Mountain Pass District, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological 5c Mesoproterozoic shonkinite (loc. ) syenite, potassic granite, carbonatite, carbonatite dikes, and late shonkinite dikes (Olson 3b Survey Professional Paper 261, 75 p., 13 pls. • High concentrations of K, eTh, and eU correlate with the Birthday shonkinite (loc. Paleoproterozoic granite and gneiss and others, 1954). Ponce, D.A., and Denton, K.M., 2019, High-resolution airborne radiometric survey of 6c ), the Sulphide Queen carbonatite body (loc. ), and the remainder of the 4a Location of radiometric anomaly discussed in text 4a 4b Mountain Pass, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, alkaline intrusive suite composed of shonkinite, syenite, and granite (locs. Carbonatite or alkaline intrusive dike METHODS 4c https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENLS6D. through 4h). High concentrations of K in the alkaline intrusive suite are due 5f Contact A high-resolution radiometric survey of Mountain Pass was flown by CGG Canada Premo, W.R., Miller, D.M., Moscati, R.J., Holm-Denoma, C., Neymark, L., and Ponce, 35°30’ 6d 35°30’ primarily to biotite mica, phlogopite, and potassium feldspars. High concentrations Faults—Solid where location is accurate; dashed D.A., 2016, Searching for the aerial extent of the Mountain Pass carbonatite Clar Services Ltd. (CGG). This helicopter survey, which was flown at flightline spacings of of eTh and eU are present because Th and U have the same valance and similar k where location is inferred; dotted where event—Evidence from U-Pb zircon geochronology of Proterozoic rocks in M 100 and 200 m, a flightline azimuthal direction of 70°, a nominal flightline elevation 4a ou location is concealed atomic radii as REEs and can substitute in various REE-related minerals nt above ground of 70 m, and an average sampling distance of about 30 m, consists of about southwestern United States [abs.]: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with 7a ain • Concentrations of K are variable across the Paleoproterozoic gneissic terrane along Fault, unspecified or unknown sense of slip Programs, v. 48, no. 7. 4b R 1,814 line-kilometers (fig. 2). Tie lines, which were spaced at 1-km intervals, were flown the central and eastern parts of the study area. Numerous linear, northwest-trending, a Thrust fault—Sawteeth on upper plate Verplanck, P.L., Van Gosen, B.S., Seal, R.R., and McCafferty, A.E., 2014, A deposit 7b 7c ng in a flightline azimuthal direction of 160°. Closely spaced lines flown at low elevation are moderate concentrations of K, eTh, and eU throughout the gneissic terrane (locs. 7d e 5a model for carbonatite and peralkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits: Normal fault—Hachures on upper plate needed to resolve small-scale features and improve signal-to-noise ratio. through 5i) reflect various changes in basement lithology or geochemistry, structure, Mountain U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–J, 58 p., Pass 4d Data were collected using a Radiation Solutions RS-500 spectrometer and processed or faults 4c 6e https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070J. 4e by CGG, using standard radiometric-surveying techniques (see, for example, Interna- • Prominent and mostly northeast-trending, moderate concentrations of K, eTh, and Wooden, J.L., and Miller, D.M., 1990, Chronologic and isotopic framework for Early 4g 5g tional Atomic Energy Agency, 2003) that include corrections for both aircraft and cosmic eU along the western margin of Ivanpah Valley (locs. through ) reflect alluvial 1b 4f 6a 6f Proterozoic crustal evolution in the eastern Mojave Desert region, SE California: background radiation, radon background, Compton scattering effects, and variations in and eolian deposits derived from the Proterozoic basement terrane Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 20,133–20,146. 4h altitude. Aeroradiometric surveys measure the intensity and energy spectrum of • Moderate concentrations of K, eTh, and eU along Piute Valley (loc. 6g) are probably 2 Mescal Range gamma-ray radiation from the three most common naturally occurring radioelements: derived from alluvial and eolian deposits from a combination of Paleozoic 40 232 238 232 238 potassium ( K), thorium ( Th), and uranium ( U). For Th and U, the source of the metavolcanic and Proterozoic basement rocks 6g 5i 208 214 gamma-rays comes from their thallium ( Tl) and bismuth ( Bi) decay products, • Some high concentrations of K, eTh, and eU are associated with anthropogenic features EXPLANATION FOR MAPS A, B, AND C respectively, and, thus, concentrations for Th and U are referred to as “equivalent such as tailings, dumps, and disturbed areas west of the carbonatite (locs. 7a, 7b, 7c) 4a Location of radiometric anomaly discussed in text y concentration,” assuming radioactive equilibrium. The concentrations of these radioele- and an isolated eTh and eU anomaly southeast of the carbonatite body (loc. 7d). le al 5h ments can be used together to estimate changes in geochemistry and lithology. The diverse physical properties of rocks that underlie the study area are well suited Outline of carbonatite body and associated alkaline instusive suite V 35°25’ 35°25’ Data, which were gridded at a 20-m interval, are expressed as percent K (Map A), te to geophysical investigations. Contrasts in radiogenic signatures between iu 1c 6f parts per million (ppm) equivalent Th (eTh) (Map B), and ppm equivalent U (eU) (Map Carbonatite or alkaline intrusive dike P Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement, rocks of the Mesoproterozoic carbonatite body
C). Although gamma rays are of high energy and frequency, they attenuate rapidly in and the associated alkaline intrusive suite, Paleozoic carbonate rocks, Mesozoic Faults—Solid where location is accurate; dashed where location is inferred; rocks and soil, partly owing to Compton scattering, and they can only be detected from granitoids, Tertiary volcanic rocks, and unconsolidated alluvium, for example, produce a 3b dotted where location is concealed about the upper 50 centimeters (cm) of the Earth’s surface and mostly from the upper 30 distinctive pattern of radiometric anomalies that can aid in understanding the geologic cm (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003, p. 114). framework and mineral resource potential of the eastern Mojave Desert. Fault, unspecified or unknown sense of slip s in ta DISCUSSION Thrust fault—Sawteeth on upper plate n ACKNOWLEDGMENTS u o
Carbonatite deposits typically have distinctive geophysical signatures because they M We thank David Grenier of CGG Canada Services Ltd. for coordinating and Normal fault—Hachures on upper plate
h 0 1 2 3 4 KILOMETERS are relatively dense, magnetic, and radiogenic. Specifically, the carbonatite and alkaline 0 1 2 3 4 KILOMETERS facilitating the detailed aeroradiometric survey. We also thank Jared Peacock and Daniel MNP a p intrusive suite at Mountain Pass is ultrapotassic and contains relatively significant Scheirer of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for their reviews, and map editor Taryn Boundary of Mojave National Preserve (MNP) n 0 1 2 MILES a 0 1 2 MILES
v amounts of K, Th, and U, which can be delineated using airborne radiometric surveys. Lindquist (USGS) for comments and suggestions. I Values for K concentration range from −0.12 to 3.59 percent, with a mean of 1.22 Figure 1. Map showing simplified geology of study area (modified from Olson and others, 1954; Miller and Figure 2. Index map showing location of flightlines (blue lines) within area of radiometric survey (thick black others, 2007). Black outline, area of radiometric survey; green line, boundary of Mojave National Preserve outline). Green line, boundary of Mojave National Preserve (MNP). Base map from U.S. Geological Survey (MNP). Base map from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale quadrangles: Ivanpah, 1985; Mesquite Lake, 1:100,000-scale quadrangles: Ivanpah, 1985; Mesquite Lake, 1985; contour interval, 50 m; thin, red horizontal 1985; contour interval, 50 m; thin, red horizontal and vertical lines are township and range boundaries. and vertical lines are township and range boundaries.
115°35' 30' 25' 115°35' 30' 25' 115°35' 30' 25' Map A—POTASSIUM (K) Map B—THORIUM (eTh) Map C—URANIUM (eU)
30°35' Potassium (K) 30°35' 30°35' Equivalent thorium 30°35' 30°35' Equivalent uranium 30°35' concentration, concentration (eTh), concentration (eU), 6a in percent 6a in parts per million 6a in parts per million
>3.5 >175 >17.0 5b 3.5 5b 175 5b 17.0 5a 3.4 5a 170 5a 16.5 Ivanpah Valley 3.3 165 Ivanpah Valley Ivanpah Valley 16.0 3.2 160 15.5 3.1 155 15.0 3.0 150 14.5 2.9 145 3a 3a 3a 14.0 2.8 140 13.5 2.7 135 13.0 2.6 130 6b 6b 6b 12.5 2.5 125 Clark Mountain Range Clark Mountain Range 12.0 2.4 120 Clark Mountain Range 5e 5e 5e 11.5 2.3 115 1a 1a 1a 11.0 2.2 110 10.5 2.1 105 10.0 5d 2.0 5d 100 5d 5c 5c 5c 9.5 1.9 95 9.0 1.8 90 8.5 1.7 6c 85 6c 6c 8.0 1.6 80 1.5 75 7.5 1.4 70 7.0 1.3 65 6.5 5f 5f 5f 6.0 30' 6d 1.2 30' 30' 6d 60 30' 30' 6d 30' Clark Mountain Range 1.1 Clark Mountain Range 55 Clark Mountain Range 5.5 1.0 50 5.0 4.5 4a 0.9 4a 45 4a 0.8 40 4.0 7a 0.7 7a 35 7a 3.5 4b 0.6 4b 30 4b 3.0 7b 7c 0.5 7b 7c 25 7b 7c 2.5 7d 0.4 7d 20 7d 2.0 Mountain 0.3 Mountain 15 Mountain 1.5 0.2 10 1.0 Pass 0.1 Pass 5 Pass 0.5 4d 4c 4d <5 4c 4d <0.5 4c 6e <0.1 6e 6e 4e 4e 4e 4g 4g 4g 1b 4f 5g 1b 4f 5g 1b 4f 5g
4h 4h 4h Mescal Range 2 Mescal Range 2 Mescal Range 2
6g 5i 6g 5i 6g 5i
Valley 5h Valley 5h Valley 5h 30°25' 30°25' 30°25' 30°25' 30°25' 30°25'
Piute 1c 6f Piute 1c 6f Piute 1c 6f
3b 3b 3b
Ivanpah Mountains Ivanpah Mountains Ivanpah Mountains
115°45' 30' 25' 115°45' 30' 25' 115°45' 30' 25'
Base map from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale Data compiled in 2018 quadrangles: Ivanpah, 1985; Mesquite Lake, 1985 GIS database and digital cartography by D.A. Ponce and Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 11N, North K.M. Denton American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) Edited by Taryn A. Lindquist; digital cartographic production by Katie Sullivan CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 METERS Manuscript approved for publication April 19, 2019 APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 2019
Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive Airborne Radiometric Maps of Mountain Pass, California purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government This map or plate is offered as an on-line only, digital publication. Users should be aware that, because of differences in rendering processes and pixel resolution, some slight distortion of scale may occur when viewing it on a By computer screen or when printing it on an electronic plotter, even when it is viewed or printed at its intended publication scale. Digital files available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3412C D.A. Ponce and K.M. Denton Suggested citation: Ponce, D.A., and Denton, K.M., 2019, Airborne radiometric ISSN 2329-132X (online) maps of Mountain Pass, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 2019 https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3412C Investigations Map 3412–C, scale 1:62,500, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3412C.