I Wrote About “Tulips,” by Sylvia Plath, a Month Ago. but I Never Fully Revised This Letter and So, Obviously, Did Not Send It Out

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

I Wrote About “Tulips,” by Sylvia Plath, a Month Ago. but I Never Fully Revised This Letter and So, Obviously, Did Not Send It Out I wrote about “Tulips,” by Sylvia Plath, a month ago. But I never fully revised this letter and so, obviously, did not send it out. I think in part it was the impending Presidential election. The proper response to Donald Trump is not suicide. It was to vote him out of office, which thankfully we as American voters did, if only barely: 75 million voters to 70 million who wanted a continuation for Trump. Suicide, self-destruction to avoid pain and tribulation, is no answer. So, had Donald Trump won and been re-elected, would I have sent this out? I do not know . Tulips Sylvia Plath The tulips are too excitable, it is winter here. Look how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in. I am learning peacefulness, lying by myself quietly As the light lies on these white walls, this bed, these hands. I am nobody; I have nothing to do with explosions. I have given my name and my day-clothes up to the nurses And my history to the anaesthetist and my body to surgeons. They have propped my head between the pillow and the sheet-cuff Like an eye between two white lids that will not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in. The nurses pass and pass, they are no trouble, They pass the way gulls pass inland in their white caps, Doing things with their hands, one just the same as another, So it is impossible to tell how many there are. My body is a pebble to them, they tend it as water Tends to the pebbles it must run over, smoothing them gently. They bring me numbness in their bright needles, they bring me sleep. Now I have lost myself I am sick of baggage —— My patent leather overnight case like a black pillbox, My husband and child smiling out of the family photo; Their smiles catch onto my skin, little smiling hooks. I have let things slip, a thirty-year-old cargo boat Stubbornly hanging on to my name and address. They have swabbed me clear of my loving associations. Scared and bare on the green plastic-pillowed trolley I watched my tea-set, my bureaus of linen, my books Sink out of sight, and the water went over my head. I am a nun now, I have never been so pure. I didn't want any flowers, I only wanted To lie with my hands turned up and be utterly empty. How free it is, you have no idea how free —— The peacefulness is so big it dazes you, And it asks nothing, a name tag, a few trinkets. It is what the dead close on, finally; I imagine them Shutting their mouths on it, like a Communion tablet. The tulips are too red in the first place, they hurt me. Even through the gift paper I could hear them breathe Lightly, through their white swaddlings, like an awful baby. Their redness talks to my wound, it corresponds. They are subtle: they seem to float, though they weigh me down, Upsetting me with their sudden tongues and their colour, A dozen red lead sinkers round my neck. Nobody watched me before, now I am watched. The tulips turn to me, and the window behind me Where once a day the light slowly widens and slowly thins, And I see myself, flat, ridiculous, a cut-paper shadow Between the eye of the sun and the eyes of the tulips, And I have no face, I have wanted to efface myself. The vivid tulips eat my oxygen. Before they came the air was calm enough, Coming and going, breath by breath, without any fuss. Then the tulips filled it up like a loud noise. Now the air snags and eddies round them the way a river Snags and eddies round a sunken rust-red engine. They concentrate my attention, that was happy Playing and resting without committing itself. The walls, also, seem to be warming themselves. The tulips should be behind bars like dangerous animals; They are opening like the mouth of some great African cat, And I am aware of my heart: it opens and closes Its bowl of red blooms out of sheer love of me. The water I taste is warm and salty, like the sea, And comes from a country far away as health. When I first started teaching, I taught Sylvia Plath’s poems every year. She was then, and is now, one of the great American poets. But as time passed, I taught her less and then not at all. Something was wrong, I thought, in teaching my college-age students of the seductive powers of suicide. Although I greatly admire many of her poems, the incandescent power of violence and self-hatred was too strong in them. They felt to me like recipes for self-destruction, and in what might be considered an act of self-censorship, I felt that I need not celebrate them for my students. Self-destruction? Consider the hypnotic ending to her short poem “Ariel,” about riding in early morning on her horse, Ariel: And I Am the arrow, The dew that flies Suicidal, at one with the drive Into the red Eye, the cauldron of morning. Whew. Her two most famous poems are “Daddy,” about her rage at her dead father for abandoning her by dying, filled with hatred of men and with women’s dependence on them, a central text in women’s coming to an understanding of themselves as women; and “Lady Lazarus” in which she recounts her successive suicide attempts as efforts at self-control that were subjected to the male gaze of psychiatrists and ‘well-wishers.’ In both these poems Plath makes uncontrollable anger and suicide into heroic acts. Yes, she taps deeply into the human psyche, and particularly the psyche of women. But there is something so unconstrained, so over-the-top, about these marvelous poems that I feared it would pull students in, and to their own detriment. So I gave up teaching Sylvia Plath. Why, then, am I now sending you a poem by Sylvia Plath, “Tulips?” It is as full of death, of self-effacement, as anything she wrote. But in this poem, I feel, there is an artistic control reins in the passions a little bit; and this self-control helps us a readers master the deep (and destructive) truths that she reveals to us. A second thing which recommends this poem, as opposed to others which – I hasten to add – are just as great, is that it balances two forces. We might call them, following Freud, Eros and Thanatos, love and death. Or the desire for death and endings as opposed to a force of life that says, “Live, live!” “Tulips” has nine stanzas of seven lines. Although there are a few rhymes at the end of lines, it is largely unrhymed. Yet the poem teems with internal rhyme and repetition; alliteration pounds away as we read the poem, silently or out loud. I thought to highlight those rhymes, those repetitions, that alliteration, but I shall not. If you are interested, and you should be, you can hear what a remarkable poem this is on the auditory level, in the music and insistent rhythms of its words, by reading the poem aloud.. I propose to look at each stanza. But first, the situation of the poem. Plath is in a hospital room, lying in a hospital bed. (In the interest of historical specificity, we know that she was hospitalized for an appendectomy.) Someone has brought her flowers, a huge bouquet of red tulips. That’s it, that’s the entire poem. The patient in the white bed, and the red tulips. And the whole poem, that opposition between the red flowers and the patient in bed, is given in the first stanza. In some sense, the poem states at its opening what it is about, and then revisits it in greater detail. Stanzas two through five expand on Sylvia Plath in that hospital bed; stanzas six through nine examine what those red tulips do to the room, to the patient, to the desires of Plath as she lies, cared for and tended-to, in that hospital bed. The tulips are too excitable, it is winter here. Look how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in. I am learning peacefulness, lying by myself quietly As the light lies on these white walls, this bed, these hands. I am nobody; I have nothing to do with explosions. I have given my name and my day-clothes up to the nurses And my history to the anaesthetist and my body to surgeons. If we can understand the first stanza, and its imagery, we can understand the first half of the poem. The hospital room is ‘winter’ because it is white: the walls, the sheets, underscore the absence of that scurrying-about we call life. Plath tells us this in the next line, which reveals – ah, how in retreat from life she is! – that in the hospital bed all is ‘quiet,’ ‘peaceful.’ She has surrendered her self – “I am nobody.” Those explosions are, of course, the ‘excitable’ red tulips amidst this pristine and quiet white, but she will focus on them only after half the poem has passed, the half in which she investigates just how wonderful it is to be nobody, to give everything up, all agency and identity: “I have given my name and my day- clothes up to the nurses/And my history to the anaesthetist and my body to the surgeons.” Ah, the wonders of quiet, passivity, lack of agency: She has no name, she is nobody, she is far – far – from the life of passions.
Recommended publications
  • Revulsion, Restlessness, and Rage Through the Body in Pain: Radical Affects and Political Consciousness in the Ariel Poems
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works School of Arts & Sciences Theses Hunter College Summer 9-1-2018 Revulsion, Restlessness, and Rage Through the Body in Pain: Radical Affects and Political Consciousness in the Ariel Poems Erin P. Beach CUNY Hunter College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/369 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Revulsion, Restlessness, and Rage Through the Body in Pain: Radical Affects and Political Consciousness in the Ariel Poems by Erin Beach Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English, Hunter College, The City University of New York 2018 Thesis Sponsor: Dr. Amy M. Robbins August 8, 2018 Amy M. Robbins Date Signature August 8, 2018 Jeremy Glick Date Signature of Second Reader Although Sylvia Plath’s literary career pre-dates the second-wave feminist movement’s acknowledgement and use of poetry as a means to effect political change, Ariel makes a prescient cry for the dismantling of the patriarchy by creating agency and resistance through presentation of grotesquely bloodied and injured female bodies that have historically been on view only as eroticized objects of desire. Plath embeds Ariel with motifs of hospitals, medicine, disfigured anatomy, or the body otherwise in crisis, creating an affective field for the grotesque that makes female trauma a collective – and politically activating – experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Anna Journey, University of Southern California
    Plath Profiles 83 After Ariel: An Argument for Sylvia Plath's Phantom Third Poetry Collection Anna Journey, University of Southern California Phantoms abound in the Sylvia Plath canon. Plath burned her second novel, meant as a gift for her husband, the British poet Ted Hughes, on his birthday in August 1962. Doubletake, Plath's unfinished third novel, "disappeared somewhere around 1970"—long after Plath's suicide in February 1963—Hughes suggests in his introduction to Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams (1). According to Diane Middlebrook's biography of the Hughes/Plath marriage, Her Husband, Plath wrote her patroness, Olive Higgins Prouty, that "[Doubletake's] plot was 'semiautobiographical about a wife whose husband turns out to be a deserter and philanderer'" (198). Hughes's mistress, Assia Wevill, after reading the nascent novel, grew offended by the manner in which Plath caricatured the Wevills, as "a 'detestable and contemptible' couple called 'The Goos-Hoppers'"; Wevill openly hoped Hughes would destroy the unfinished novel (Middlebrook 220). More disturbingly, Wevill absconded with some of Plath's valuable manuscripts, which she sent to her sister, intending the stolen literary relics as a "nest egg" for Shura (the daughter Wevill had with Hughes; the daughter she later murdered during her own suicide via a gas oven) (Middlebrook 232). One is left wondering, "What happened to Doubletake?" Even The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath (2000), edited by Karen Kukil, remain incomplete, as a total of two bound journals that Plath used during the last three years of her life are missing from the oeuvre. Hughes, in his foreword to Frances McCullough's 1982 abridged edition of Plath's journals, claims that one of the journals simply "disappeared," much like the draft of Doubletake, while he deliberately destroyed his wife's other "maroon-backed ledger," in order to spare their children from reading about the darkness of their mother's final days (xiv).
    [Show full text]
  • Phd Thesis Tunstall Corrected 11:12:15
    Vision and Visual Art in Sylvia Plath’s Ariel and Last Poems Submitted by Lucy Suzannah Tunstall to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English June 2015 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. 1 ABSTRACT This dissertation is concerned with Sylvia Plath’s late works. Engaging with critical discussion of what constitutes the corpus of Ariel I show that an appreciation of the editorial history reveals the beginnings of a third book (the last poems) and opens up those difficult and important texts to fresh enquiry. Recent work in Plath studies has focused on visual art. Kathleen Connors and Sally Bayley’s Eye Rhymes examines Plath’s own artwork in an ‘attempt to answer the question, How did Plath arrive at Ariel?’ (1). I contribute to that discussion, but also ask the questions, How did Plath leave Ariel behind and arrive at the even more remarkable last poems, and how did visual art contribute to those journeys? I argue that Ariel’s characteristically lucid style is informed by the dismantling of depth perspective in Post-impressionist painting, and by the colour theory and pedagogy of the Bauhaus teachers. My work is underpinned by an appreciation of Plath’s unique cultural moment in mid-century East Coast America.
    [Show full text]
  • These Ghostly Archives 5: Reanimating the Past
    Plath Profiles 27 These Ghostly Archives 5: Reanimating the Past Gail Crowther & Peter K. Steinberg "Archival histories consist of tales we tell about the archive, and of tales the archive tells." (Helle 5) The universe of the Sylvia Plath archive is expanding. In addition to discussing long-established and worked-through archives such as the Plath papers held by Smith College and Indiana University, this series of papers has explored lesser known collections of materials such as the BBC Written Archives Centre, the Heinemann archives, and The New Yorker records. We ended our previous paper stating that "Since Plath's documents and possessions are scattered disparately in archives across the world, there are always new treasures to find" and with a quote from rare book dealer Rick Gekoski stating that "the treasure hunt must go on" (49). This is a challenge as much as it is a credo, and in this paper we continue our conversation about newly uncovered Sylvia Plath photographs, letters, and collections of archival materials. Our tales of the archive, and in particular the Plath archives, are as Anita Helle states above, a simultaneous telling. There are our experiences as researchers, and the stories we tell about our searches and finds, working alongside the stories the archives tell to us. This multi- dimensional story weaves a tale that not only informs us about Plath, but also includes history, culture, memory and time-hopping across years. As in "These Ghostly Archives 4,"1 our research for this paper took place both within the walls of traditional archives – in libraries and special collections– as well as remotely through Google queries and out of doors: both in nature and in houses where Plath resided.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Eye, the Cauldron of Morning| a Study of the Later Poetry of Sylvia Plath
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 Red eye, the cauldron of morning| A study of the later poetry of Sylvia Plath Laurel Ann Hebert The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hebert, Laurel Ann, "Red eye, the cauldron of morning| A study of the later poetry of Sylvia Plath" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3377. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3377 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EED EYE, THE CAULDRON OF MORNING: A STUDY OF THE LATER POETRY OF SYLVIA PLATH by Laurel A. Hebert B.A., Ualveralty of Oregon, 1962 Presented in partial fulfillment of thm requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA I960 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Graduate Sehool August 7, 1968 Date UMI Number: EP35599 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these wili be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • “Sylvia Plath's Selected Stories”
    ENGLISH TEXT SUMMARY NOTES “Sylvia Plath’s Selected Stories” Text guide by: Fran Bernardi TSSM 2008 Page 1 of 18 Copyright © TSSM 2008 TSSM ACN 099 422 670 ABN 54 099 422 670 A: Level 14, 474 Flinders Street Melbourne VIC 3000 T: 1300 134 518 F: 03 97084354 W: tssm.com.au E: [email protected] TSSM 2008 Page 2 of 18 CONTENTS Areas of Study Chapter Topics Covered - Chapter 1- Genre - Chapter 2- Structure 3.1 Women in the 1950s Chapter 3- Historical Issues 3.2 Literary Influences - Chapter 4- Style - Chapter 5- Background Notes 6.1 Miss Drake Proceeds to Supper 6.2 Spinster 6.3 Maudlin 6.4 Resolve Area of study 1 – 6.5 Night Shift Reading and the 6.6 Full Fathom Five study of texts 6.7 Suicide off Egg Rock 6.8 The Hermit at Outermost House 6.9 Medallion 6.10 The Manor Garden Chapter 6- Poem Summaries 6.11 The Stones 6.12 The Burnt-Out Spa 6.13 You’re 6.14 Face Lift 6.15 Morning Song 6.16 Tulips 6.17 Insomniac 6.18 Wuthering Heights 6.19 Finisterre 6.20 The Moon and the Yew Tree 6.21 Mirror 6.22 The Babysitters 6.23 Little Fugue 6.24 An Appearance 6.25 Crossing the Water 6.26 Among the Narcissi TSSM 2008 Page 3 of 18 6.27 Elm 6.28 Poppies in July 6.29 A Birthday Present 6.30 The Bee Meeting 6.31 Daddy 6.32 Lesbos 6.33 Cut 6.34 By Candlelight 6.35 Ariel 6.36 Poppies in October 6.37 Nick and the Candlestick 6.38 Letter in November 6.39 Death & Co.
    [Show full text]
  • FZ-256501-17 Heather Clark NEH Public Scholar Application Narrative Section January 29, 2017
    FZ-256501-17 Heather Clark NEH Public Scholar Application Narrative Section January 29, 2017 SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTION Why do we need another biography of Sylvia Plath? Although several have been published since her death in 1963, a definitive, critical biography of America’s best-known, 20th- century woman poet still does not exist. Because biographies of Plath tend to be inaccurate and sensationalist, there is a need for an in-depth, meticulously researched biography that resists caricature and helps restore Plath to the prominent place she deserves in American letters. Sylvia Plath: The Light of the Mind will recover Plath the writer. The celebrated biographer Hermione Lee has noted, “Women writers whose lives involved abuse, mental-illness, self-harm, suicide, have often been treated, biographically, as victims or psychological case-histories first and as professional writers second.”1 This is especially true in Plath’s case. Like Marilyn Monroe, who died six months before her, Plath is an enigmatic, paradoxical symbol of female power and helplessness, an expert performer whose life was subsumed by her afterlife. She has been mythologized in movies, television, and even biographies as a high priestess of poetry, obsessed with death. These distortions gained momentum in the 1960s when Plath’s seminal collection Ariel was published. Most reviewers didn’t know what to make of the burning, pulsating metaphors in poems like “Lady Lazarus,” or the chilly imagery of “Edge,” so they resorted to cliché. Time called the book a “jet of flame from a literary dragon,” while the Washington Post dubbed Plath a “snake lady of misery.”2 The poet Robert Lowell characterized Plath as a Medea figure hurtling toward her own destruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Plath Poetry Timeline Poem Titles Indicate Date of Writing, As Precisely As Possible
    Plath Poetry Timeline Poem titles indicate date of writing, as precisely as possible. This is not the complete list of her works Date Event Work 27th October 1932 Sylvia Plath is born to Otto Plath (German) and Aurelia Plath (Austrian) 12th October 1940 Otto Plath’s leg is amputated as a result of advanced diabetes: this could have been prevented but he refused to see a doctor until it was too late because he was afraid that he had cancer. 5th November 1940 Otto Plath dies as a result of complications arising from the amputation 1950 – 1953 Attends Smith College, a private girl’s college in Mad Girl’s Love Song (1953) Massachusetts Summer of 1953 Works as a Guest Editor for Mademoiselle magazine in New York. First suicide attempt and subsequent treatment at McLean Hospital 1955 Graduates from Smith College October 1955 Plath starts at Cambridge (Newnham College) as a Fulbright Scholar 25th February 1956 Plath meets Hughes at a party (and bites his cheek) Pursuit 16th June 956 Plath and Hughes marry Sept 1957 – May 1958 Plath goes back to US to teach at Smith College June 1959 Plath becomes pregnant with Frieda December 1959 Plath & Hughes return to England and live in London Nov 1959 - April 1960 You’re 1st April 1960 Frieda is born 27th June 1960 The Hanging Man October 1960 Colossus (her first poetry collection) is published Jan – August 1961 She writes The Bell Jar 6th February 1961 Plath miscarries 11th – 26th February 1961 Morning Song 28th February 1961 Plath has an appendectomy 18th March 1961 Tulips July 1961 The Rival August 1961 Plath & Hughes move to Devon October 1961 Moon and the Yew Tree January 1962 Nicholas is born 19th April 1962 Elm April 1962 Little Fugue June 1962 Plath drives her car off the road (and later says this was a suicide attempt) 30th June 1962 Berck-Plage Late June – August 1962 Aurelia Plath (her mother) visits July 1962 Plath learns of Hughes’ affair with Assia Wevill Poppies in July September 1962 Plath & Hughes go to Ireland to find a place for Plath to rest.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminist Critical Study on Contemporary Women's Writing
    Feminist Critical Study on Contemporary Women’s Writing and Female Culture with Special Focus on Sylvia Plath’s Poems Azadeh Mehrpouyan. Ph.D. Student in English Literature Bharati Vidiyapeeth University, Pune, India E mail: [email protected] . And Dr. Mutkaja Mathkari Bharati Vidiyapeeth University, Pune, India Abstract: This article investigates the roles of women and men in society from an interdisciplinary point of view. The author discusses how it shapes social roles within diverse cultures, and defines women and men‟s personal sense of identity in literary contexts. The literary criticism and cultural theories in women writing are analyzed. The author focuses on Sylvia Plath as a feminist poetess definitely and examines the reflections of female- culture tendencies in feminist criticism on Sylvia Plath‟s poems. In author‟s opinion, her works are valuable for their ability to reach contemporary reader, because of its concern with the real problems of contemporary dominant culture. In this age of gender conflicts, broken families, and economic inequities, Plath‟s forthright language speaks loudly about the anger of being both betrayed and powerless. The effects of gender on participation in literary expression are explored. Finally, the paper concludes cultural anthropology and social history can offer a terminology of women‟s cultural condition but feminist critics must use this concept in relation to what women actually write. Introduction & Background: There is a greater diversity of women writing now than in any period. They differ in class, ethnicity, race, age, and cultural and linguistic backgrounds. More educated than their precursors, they also have the advantage of drawing on the works of a rich tradition of male and female writers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pessimistic Images in Sylvia Plath's Selected Poems
    Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana ISSN: 1315-5216 ISSN: 2477-9555 [email protected] Universidad del Zulia Venezuela The Pessimistic Images in Sylvia Plath's Selected Poems Ketab, Athraa Abdulameer The Pessimistic Images in Sylvia Plath's Selected Poems Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, vol. 25, núm. Esp.1, 2020 Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27963086042 DOI: https://doi.org/:10.5281/zenodo.3784886 PDF generado a partir de XML-JATS4R por Redalyc Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 2020, vol. 25, núm. Esp.1, Enero-Abril, ISSN: 1315-5216 2477-9555 Artículos e Pessimistic Images in Sylvia Plath's Selected Poems Las imágenes pesimistas en los poemas seleccionados de Sylvia Plath Athraa Abdulameer Ketab DOI: https://doi.org/:10.5281/zenodo.3784886 University of Baghdad., Irak Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=27963086042 Recepción: 15 Febrero 2020 Aprobación: 28 Abril 2020 Resumen: Sylvia Plath generalmente se distingue como poeta confesional, ya que sus escritos literarios representan una dramatización real de sus propias experiencias con los miembros de su familia. Ella hábilmente encarna su tragedia personal como base para la imaginación poética simbólica, promoviendo su propia vida en lenguaje poético. Palabras clave: Imágenes, pesimismo, poemas, Sylvia Plath. Abstract: Sylvia Plath is generally distinguished as a confessional poet, since her literary writings represent an actual dramatization of her own experiences with her family members. She skillfully embodies her personal tragedy as basis for symbolic poetic imagination, promoting her own life into poetic language.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bell Jar" and "Ariel" Poems Emma M
    The Criterion Volume 2018 | Issue 1 Article 3 4-30-2018 Coverings of White in Plath's 'The Bell Jar" and "Ariel" Poems Emma M. Kuper College of the Holy Cross, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://crossworks.holycross.edu/criterion Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, Poetry Commons, and the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Kuper, Emma M. (2018) "Coverings of White in Plath's 'The Bell Jar" and "Ariel" Poems," The Criterion: Vol. 2018 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://crossworks.holycross.edu/criterion/vol2018/iss1/3 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by CrossWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in The rC iterion by an authorized editor of CrossWorks. Coverings of White in Plath’s The Bell Jar and Ariel Poems In Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, and “Ariel” poems, veils and sheets of white are drawn over people, objects, and even scenery throughout her work. Plath draws on images that are normally associated with purity and new beginnings, such as white clothing or fresh fallen snow. Yet Plath twists these symbols, describing snow that covers the freshly-dug grave of a young woman dead from suicide, or a hateful and violent man dressed in a pure white suit. In Plath’s writing, these white exteriors do not reflect internal serenity and purity, as expected. Instead, the whiteness thinly masks morbid, angry, and painful interiors. The repetition of these white- covered images mirrors Plath’s own pale and vulnerable skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Endangered Subjects: the First-Person Narrator in Sylvia Plath's Hospital Poems "Waking in Winter," "Tulips,"
    362 Endangered Subjects: The First-person Narrator in Sylvia Plath's Hospital Poems "Waking in Winter," "Tulips," and "Three Women" Adrianne Kalfopoulou, Hellenic American University Sylvia Plath's departure in her poems' subject matter from what she called "the old lyric sentimental stuff" is nowhere more obvious than in her hospital poems (J293). In "Waking in Winter" (1960), "Tulips" (1961), and "Three Women" (1962) in particular, the confluence of self and environment, or self and nature, is reflected as a crisis of subjecthood. The poems demonstrate an uncanny consequence of an encounter with what Ralph Waldo Emerson phrased as "the currents of Universal Being" that "circulate" through the beholder's "transparent eye-ball" ("Nature" 10). When, for Emerson, "the individual feels himself invaded" by "an influx," the oracular, perceiving self becomes part of an integrating dynamic of "joyful perception" between the self and the world ("The Over-Soul" 392). Plath's early Ariel poems and her hospital poems in particular explore this romantic ambition. In the three poems I will discuss, it is in moments of attempted integration with the subject's surroundings that Plath's narrators feel "...the inexorable reality of the outer world," a phrase in the introduction to her copy of The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud1 which Plath underlined with an asterisk in the margin (Freud 12). This dynamic, I believe, shares with Emerson an ambition for the possibilities of "metamorphosis" ("The Poet" 456). It is a word which occurs repeatedly in Emerson's essay, "The Poet." But in Plath's modern 1950s world, the transformative powers of Emerson's poet are menaced and fragmented as they undergo transformations, or, more literally, morph according to their physical encounters with the world.
    [Show full text]