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Citation: Hifza, R., Farah, N., Fauzia, A., Saiqa, I., and Ashraf, M., (2020). Wastewater Assessment and Treatment Needs Analysis of District Jhelum. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), pp. 52. © All rights reserved by PCRWR. The authors encourage fair use of this material for non-commercial purposes with proper citation. ISBN: __________________ Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the institution. Wastewater Assessment and Treatment Needs Analysis of District Jhelum Hifza Rasheed Farah Naz Fauzia Altaf Saiqa Imran Muhammad Ashraf PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCES January, 2020 Acknowledgements The authors are highly indebted to all professionals of National Water Quality Laboratory, PCRWR Islamabad for their assistance in data collection and analysis. Sincere and warm gratitude is due to Ms. Kiran Anwaar, Ms. Rahila Noureen, Ms. Rizwana Perveen and Ms. Irum Gul for testing of all water samples. Our appreciations go to Mr. Shafiq- ur-Rehman for analytical data quality control and Dr. Naveed Iqbal and Mr. Ebtisam Asmat for GIS mapping. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Sohail Anjum, Mr. Zeeshan Munawar and Mr. Qismatullah for data entry and formatting the report. i ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................... i Summary .................................................................................. ix 1. Introduction .........................................................................1 2. Methodology .......................................................................4 2.1 Study area ....................................................................4 2.2 Study design ................................................................5 2.3 Type of samples and preservatives ..............................6 2.4 Samples collection procedure ......................................7 2.5 Analytical methods .......................................................8 3. Results and discussion ..................................................... 11 3.1 Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan (PD Khan) ........................... 11 3.2 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Jhelum ...... 32 3.3 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Dina .......... 35 3.4 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Sohawa .... 38 3.5 Water quality of river Jhelum ...................................... 41 4. Overall situation of district Jhelum .................................... 43 5. The Way Forward ............................................................. 47 5.1 The Constructed Wetlands (CW) ............................... 48 5.2 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) ................................. 49 5.3 Membrane Bio Reactors ............................................ 51 5.4 On-site treatment using bio-cleaner solution .............. 52 6. Conclusions & recommendations ..................................... 54 7. References ....................................................................... 56 Annexures ............................................................................... 57 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Water and wastewater sampling sites in district Jhelum ......................................................6 Figure 2: Water and wastewater samples collection by PCRWR team in district Jhelum ...........................8 Figure 3: Wastewater drinking water quality analysis in the NWQL of PCRWR .................................... 10 Figure 4: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the NEQS in tehsil PD Khan .................................... 12 Figure 5: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the wastewater channels and ponds in tehsil PD Khan ................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Layout of wastewater nullah in tehsil PD Khan ................................................................... 14 Figure 7: Wastewater nullah in tehsil PD Khan ................. 15 Figure 8: Cleaning of wastewater nullah in tehsil P.D.Khan ............................................................ 15 Figure 9: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples of tehsil PD Khan ....................... 16 Figure 10: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil PD Khan ............................................................. 16 Figure 11: Wastewater situation in Pindi Saidpur village ..... 18 Figure 12: Map of the Pindi Saidpur village showing wastewater drainage and pond .......................... 19 Figure 13: Layout of the Village Kotli Saidan ....................... 20 Figure 14: Sewearge system in village Kotli Saidan ............ 21 iv Figure 15: Map showing the wastewater drains of Chotala and Chotala Khurd ................................ 22 Figure 16: Openly flowing sewage in Chotala and Chotala Khurd .................................................... 23 Figure 17: Map of village Daryala Jalap showing wastewater drainage system .............................. 24 Figure 18: Wastewater pond on the main road Daryala Jalap ................................................................... 25 Figure 19: Map of Pinanwal village showing wastewater drainage system .............................. 26 Figure 20: Wastewater ponds in village Panninwal ............. 27 Figure 21: Map of Sangohi village showing wastewater drainage system ................................................. 29 Figure 22: Wastewater Situation in streets of village Sanghoi .............................................................. 29 Figure 23: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the wastewater channels in tehsil Jhelum ................ 33 Figure 24: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples in tehsil Jhelum ........................... 34 Figure 25: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil Jhelum ................................................................ 34 Figure 26: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the NEQS in tehsil Dina ............................................ 35 Figure 27: Variation in COD and BOD levels alongside the wastewater channels in tehsil Dina .............. 36 v Figure 28: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil Dina .................................................................... 37 Figure 29: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples in tehsil Dina .............................. 37 Figure 30: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the NEQS in tehsil Sohawa ..................................... 38 Figure 31: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the wastewater channels in tehsil Sohawa ............... 39 Figure 32: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples in tehsil Sohawa ........................ 40 Figure 33: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil Sohawa .............................................................. 40 Figure 34: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in district Jhelum ................................................................ 46 Figure 35: Dumping of solid waste in wastewater streams............................................................... 47 Figure 36: The constructed wetlands (Islamabad) ............... 48 Figure 37: The schematic diagram of the constructed wetlands ............................................................. 49 Figure 38: Sewage Treatment Plant (Islamabad) ................ 50 Figure 39: The schematic diagram of the sewage treatment plant ................................................... 50 Figure 40: Membrane Bio reactors plant (Islamabad) .......... 52 Figure 41: Bio Cleaner Technology ..................................... 53 vi List of Tables Table 1: Water quality parameters and methods used for analysis ........................................................... 9 Table 2: Wastewater quality in tehsil PD Khan ................ 11 Table 3: Wastewater characterization of the surveyed villages ............................................................... 31 Table 4: Drinking water status in the villages of PD Khan ................................................................... 32 Table 5: Wastewater quality in tehsil Jhelum ................... 33 Table 6: Water quality of Jhelum River at wastewater disposal sites ...................................................... 41 Table 7: Overall wastewater pollution situation in district Jhelum .................................................... 43 Table 8: Possible impacts of wastewater pollution on drinking water sources ....................................... 45 vii List of abbreviation APHA American Public Health Association BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand Cl Chlorides COD0 Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen EC Electrical Conductivity mg/L Milligram per liter NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NO3 Nitrate NSDWQ National Standards for Drinking Water Quality NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources PD Pind Dadan PHED Public Health Engineering Department SO4 Sulphate TDS Total Dissolved Salts TSS Total Suspended Salts UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund WHO World Health Organization viii Summary In many parts of the world, health problems and diseases have often been caused by discharging untreated or inadequately treated wastewater. Estimates suggest that 80- 90 percent of wastewater