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Sustainable Management Models for Neighborhood Parks in Bangalore, India Leveraging the Power of Community Engagement for Effective Park Stewardship

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Sustainable Management Models for Neighborhood Parks in Bangalore, India Leveraging the Power of Community Engagement for Effective Park Stewardship PRIYANKA JINSIWALE , SES CAPSTONE 2019 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT MODELS FOR NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS IN BANGALORE, INDIA LEVERAGING THE POWER OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT FOR EFFECTIVE PARK STEWARDSHIP Project Abstract Bangalore city has had a tradition of being a ‘garden city’ with several green spaces.However, the changing demographic and rapid urban development of the city has led to a deterioration in the quality of many public spaces namely parks, more so, neighborhood parks. The need for clean, well maintained green spaces within residential localities remains unmet.Since hard infrastructure development gains more priority in city-wide budget allocations, the amount of money available for public amenities such as parks and greening of the city is limited. There is an urgent need to rejuvenate and redevelop parks in neighborhoods as recreation and breakout spaces for the citizens. This project intends to explore the various possible partnerships for effective long-term neighborhood park management by engaging multiple stakeholders at the local scale of a neighborhood and the local community for park stewardship.The methodology adopted includes an analysis of existing conditions of parks and their spatial distribution, park management structures, parks assessment conducted by the non-profit Janaagraha and a scoping of opportunities available to supplement current funding streams.A study of relevant case studies of city-wide implemented public-private partnership schemes, land-value capture mechanisms as well as an example of a self-sustaining park model further assists the research process. Based on varying scenarios in Bangalore’s parks planning and management, key conclusions derived from case studies and spatial analysis have been applied to formulate a management model. Table of Contents 1) Introduction​……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ​3 2) Identifying the problem and Research question​…………………………………………….​3 3) Current Parks Usage and Management​…………………………………………………………..​5 4) Research Methodology​……………………………………………………………………………………..​6 5) The Third Tier of Governance : Ward Committees​………………………………………..​13 6) Bangalore Agenda Task Force and Adopt a Park Scheme​…………………………….​16 7) Stakeholder Interviews​…………………………………………………………………………………...​21 8) Case Studies​……………………………………………………………………………………………………..​30 9) Recommendations​…………………………………………………………………………………………..​41 10) Sustainable Park Management Model : Systems Diagram​……………………………​44 2 1) Introduction Historically, Bangalore has been known as India's Garden City. Small and medium-sized parks, as well as large parks like Lalbagh and Cubbon Parks, are spread throughout the city. Publicly developed and maintained parks are mainly located in the districts of Core and Intermediate Ring Planning. They perform environmental functions and meet recreational needs.Cubbon Park, Lalbagh, Coles Park, M.N. Krishna Rao Park, Jayamahal Park, Caribbean Memorial Park, Nandanavana Park, Jayanagar, Kuvempu Park, BTM ​ ​ Layout, R.V. Road Children's Park, etc are some of the major parks in Bangalore city. ​ ​ Bangalore, Karnataka's capital, is India's fifth largest metropolitan city. It is well-known–nationally and internationally–as a destination of choice for high-tech industries, especially in the sectors of IT / ITES and biotechnology. It is a city that has become a modern, thriving cosmopolitan metropolis ,as a paradise of retirees. The pleasant weather conditions and the image of the garden city, as well as the presence of academic institutions and skilled workforce, led to this rapid growth. The Metropolitan Area of Bangalore covers an area of 1307 sq. Km and includes the Mahanagara Palike Bruhat Bangalore (BBMP), the surrounding villages and the Bangalore-Mysore Corridor Project Area (BMICPA). As a result of the development of the IT industry, the Bangalore Metropolitan Area experienced a drastic population increase (currently 12 million) towards the end of the last century.1 1 ​Rajan Sridhar. "Planning Strategies and Design Guidelines for Parks Open Spaces and Green Areas in Bangalore Metropolitan Area." Department of Development Studies,University of Mysore, 2007 3 2) Identifying the problem - Research question Despite a surge in population, the open space ratio per person is only a meagre 2.2 sq.m as opposed to the required norm of 10-12 sq.m(as per Ministry of Urban Development, India). According to the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) of 1995, the percentage of open space was 25% which has reduced to only 4% as per the Revised Master Plan (RMP) of 2031 due to the rapid unplanned expansion of the city towards the outer wards as well as multiple land encroachments. Map : BBMP Wards and Zones ​ 4 Bangalore city under the Urban Local Body - Mahanagara Palike Bruhat Bangalore (BBMP) is divided into 198 wards,28 Assembly Constituencies and 8 zones and is spread over 711 sq.m area. With respect to city budget, less than 14% is targeted at the ward level and as much as 40% is allocated for roads and other infrastructure services and only 4% for parks and open spaces.2 Irrespective of ward size, population and area of parks within each ward, parks budget allocated for nearly all wards is the same amount.This lack of decentralisation of city budget ,disproportionate budgets and no prioritisation of green spaces has resulted in several Urban Local Bodies like the BBMP facing a constant shortfall of funds for infrastructure upgrades especially public amenities like parks and playgrounds. There is ​ clearly a need to develop long-term self-sustaining funding strategies for effective park management. 3) Current Parks Usage/Management Bangalore has 1,115 parks spread across 198 wards of the city. Of the 1,115 parks in the city, 429 parks are maintained by the BBMP in-house staff and 696 through tender/private contracts3.Majority of the parks maintained by the BBMP are of poor standard. Irrespective of the ward size, population and number of parks within it, the same amount of money is dispensed towards developing and maintaining parks and playgrounds. According to the Comprehensive Development Plan of Bangalore city, based on area, parks are divided into :- i) Local Parks - a) Housing Area Parks < 5,000 sq.m b) Neighbourhood Parks 5,000-10,000 sq.m c) Community Park 10,000 -50,000 sq.m ii) District Park - 50,000- 2,50,000 sq.m 2 ​BBMP City Brief 2015-2016 - Janaagraha." 2015 3 ​BBMP List of Parks 5 iii) Sub-city Park -2,50,000 sqm and above. Based on BBMP budgeting , parks are divided into :- i) Neighbourhood Parks - for walking/jogging often separate from playgrounds ii) Ornamental Parks - with water bodies and fountains for tourist attraction iii) Heritage Parks - those with historical significance All major ornamental and heritage parks are maintained well by the Horticulture Department of BBMP in the city as they attract tourists and revenue. These constitute only a handful such as Cubbon Park, Lal Bagh, JP Park, Freedom Park etc.4 The current set of neighborhood parks cater mainly to morning and evening walkers due to limited park timings in the early mornings and evenings.The main park facilities are walking,jogging tracks and benches. Vegetable vendors of the brand Hopcoms, which is state-owned, is allowed to operate as well as the milk brand Nandini ,which is a state cooperative. These parks have limited accessibility due to few entrances ,hard edges and are not designed to offer diverse uses and activities.Because of this, they are not viewed and used as active public spaces. According to BBMP bye-laws, the following are the permissible land uses for parks :- Open Air theatres,indoor recreational uses,dwelling for watch and guard,social clubs, canteens,libraries,government dispensaries,dairy stores,vegetable vendors and public use ancillary to park and open spaces, the are of which should not exceed 5% of the total area. 5 4) Research Methodology 4 ​Rajan Sridhar. "Planning Strategies and Design Guidelines for Parks Open Spaces and Green Areas in Bangalore Metropolitan Area." Department of Development Studies,University of Mysore, 2007 5 ​BBMP Bye-laws 6 The methodology involves first creating a visual mapping of the existing conditions of Bangalore’s green spaces/parks within all the 198 wards that the city is divided into. Based on the total park (in sq. m) within each ward, the spatial distribution of these green spaces has been mapped. The major road Outer Ring Road(ORR) demarcates the inner wards from the outer wards. The population distribution across the wards has also been mapped. Map : Census 2011 , Population data 7 Map : Total Park Area across the wards ​ From the above maps, it is observed that there is a disproportionate distribution of green spaces/parks across the wards i.e the area of parks/green spaces is not proportionate to ward size .Many smaller wards have large areas of green spaces and vice versa. The central wards have highest areas of green spaces due to the presence of large city-scale parks such as Cubbon Park, Lal Bagh, Freedom Park etc. Some of these central wards also contain private green spaces such as IT parks as well as private golf courses.Also, inner 8 wards have more park area than outer wards. The population map (census 2011) shows that outer wards having a larger size as well as a higher population, have lesser park area which is comparable to the inner wards which are much smaller in size and population. This again shows that the green spaces have not been planned in proportion to ward size and population. This is a possible reason for the low open-space ratio within the city. Image Source : Janaagraha Parks Assessment Report ​ ​ 9 Image Source : Janaagraha Parks Assessment Report ​ ​ Janaagraha non-profit ,conducted a parks assessment in 2016 wherein out of the 1,115 parks of the city, only 7 parks scored a full score of 10 whereas 470 parks scored less than 5 showing the state of neglect of parks in Bangalore.Also, the assessment concluded that 79% of parks of the city were within the inner wards.6 The above map highlights the differences between the spatial distribution of green spaces in the inner and outer wards 6 ​"Janaagraha." Parks and Playgrounds Score of Bengaluru.
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