Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘C’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh
Prepared for National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2014
Suggested format for citation
T E R I. 2014 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘C’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. [Project Report No. 2010WM13]
For more information Ms. Sonia Grover Research Associate – Water Resources Division T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Darbari Seth Block E-mail [email protected] IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org India India +91 • Delhi (0)11
ii Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 11 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ...... 11 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ...... 12 1.2.1 World Bank Assistance ...... 12 1.3 Project Components ...... 12 1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development ...... 12 1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments ...... 14 1.4 Structure of the Report ...... 15 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 16 2.1 About the City ...... 16 2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City ...... 16 2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) ...... 17 2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II ...... 18 2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM ...... 18 2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan ...... 19 2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA ...... 22 2.3 Necessity of this project ...... 22 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project ...... 23 2.5 Proposed Sewerage System ...... 25 2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work ...... 27 2.5.2 Implementation Schedule ...... 30 2.5.3 Financing ...... 30 CHAPTER 3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 32 3.1 Methodology...... 32 3.2 Screening Activity for Project Impact Assessment ...... 34 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ...... 50 CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 51 4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental...... 51 4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India ...... 51 4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ...... 51 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social ...... 54 4.2.1 National Policies and Acts ...... 54 4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families – 2007 ...... 55 4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) .... 55 4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006 ...... 56 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP ...... 56 CHAPTER 5 BASELINE STATUS ...... 59
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5.1 Baseline Environmental ...... 59 5.1.1 Physiography and Topography ...... 59 5.1.2 Climate ...... 60 5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features ...... 60 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality ...... 61 5.1.5 Noise Environment ...... 64 5.1.6 Water Environment ...... 66 5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage ...... 73 5.1.8 Waste Water Management ...... 75 5.1.9 Solid Waste Management ...... 76 5.1.10 Biological Environment ...... 77 5.2 Baseline Social Status ...... 81 5.2.1 Public Consultation ...... 86 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 90 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 90 6.1.1 Design and Development Phase ...... 90 6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase ...... 90 6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase ...... 93 6.2 Potential Social Impacts ...... 93 6.2.1 Social impacts during construction phase ...... 94 6.2.2 Social impacts during operation phase ...... 97 6.3 Conclusion ...... 97 CHAPTER 7 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 99 7.1 Environmental Management Plan ...... 99 7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN ...... 99 7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor ...... 99 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 116 7.3 EMP Budget ...... 120 7.4 Social Management Plan ...... 129 7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase ...... 129 7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ...... 131 7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities ...... 131 7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan ...... 135 7.4.5 Capacity of Institutions ...... 136 7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes ...... 137 CHAPTER 8 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES AND ISSUES ...... 139 8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ...... 139 8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project ...... 141 8.3 Gender Assessment and Development Framework ...... 144
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION ...... 145 ANNEXURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 147 ANNEXURE 2 MINUTES OF MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 152 ANNEXURE 3 CENSUS DATA ...... 157 ANNEXURE 4 LETTER OF REQUEST (DATED 24/09/2009) FOR CONSENT TO OPERATE ...... 159
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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
List of Tables
Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* ...... 19 Table 2.2 District wise Population Projection...... 23 Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) ...... 23 Table 2.4 Size wise details of the sewers proposed for sewerage work in District ‘C’ ... 28 Table 2.5 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed 14 MLD SPS & STP ...... 30 Table 2.6 Overall Estimated Project Cost for proposed sewerage system project ...... 31 Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening ...... 35 Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations ...... 51 Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process ...... 55 Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad...... 60 Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time ...... 61 Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample ...... 61 Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) ...... 62 Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in dB (A)] ...... 65 Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘C’ ...... 66 Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) ...... 68 Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 ...... 70 Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011...... 71 Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Salori nala in sewerage district ‘C’ ...... 75 Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Salori STP ...... 76 Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘C’ ...... 77 Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad...... 82 Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use ...... 83 Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad ...... 84 Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table ...... 88 Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan for Salori 14 MLD STP ...... 101 Table 7.2 Environment Management Plan for Sewer Netwrok in Allahabad District C ...... 110 Table 7.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 117 Table 7.4 Cost Details of Environmental Management Plan ...... 120 Table 7.5 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 128 Table 7.6 Social Management Plan ...... 132 Table 7.7 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation ...... 136
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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 City Sewerage Plan of Allahabad city ...... 21 Figure 2.2 Location map of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh ...... 25 Figure 2.3 Key plan of proposed sewer network system in sewer district ‘C’ of Allahabad city ...... 27 Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment ..... 32 Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District C ...... 47 Figure 3.3 Satellite image demarcating the planned expansion area for the Salori STP ...... 47 Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009 ...... 63 Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad ...... 64 Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 ...... 66 Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years ...... 69 Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years ...... 70 Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘C ...... 74 Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘C’ ...... 78 Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agriculture practice area in sewerage district ‘C’ . 79 Figure 5.9 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city ...... 80 Figure 5.10 Allahabad urban population growth rate ...... 81 Figure 5.11 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District C .. 84 Figure 5.12 Location of STP and its relative distance from all the surroundings ...... 85 Figure 5.13 Connection to sewers ...... 87 Figure 5.14 Problems encountered during construction phase ...... 87 Figure 6.1 Road network map of District C indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high...... 95 Figure 7.1 Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP ...... 100 Figure 8.1 Slum location in District C ...... 143
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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
List of Plates
Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right) ...... 16 Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) .. 17 Plate 3.1 Consultation with Mr. Devanand Shukla an individual committed to saving the Ganga (left) ...... 33 Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community around Salori STP ...... 34 Plate 3.3 Image showing stagnated stormwater behind the Salori STP barricade, limiting its flow outwards ...... 48 Plate 3.4 Image showing flooded street due to water pipe burst in front of a shop in Allahabad District ...... 48 Plate 3.5 Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material...... 49 Plate 3.6 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad...... 49 Plate 3.7 Image showing a typical busy street near the Telarganj area, of sewerage district C ...... 50 Plate 5.1 Storm drainage system in residential area Salori area (left) and Flooding due to rainfall in sewerage district ‘C’ (right) ...... 73 Plate 5.2 Drain in Shukla Market ...... 75 Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Subzi Mandi area (left) and Shukla market area (right) ...... 77 Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Govindpur area (left) and Telarganj area (right) ...... 79 Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbhmela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbhmela ...... 86 Plate 6.1 Narrow road through Salori with open drains on both the sides ...... 94 Plate 6.2 Vegetable vendors at Sabzi Mandi area ...... 96 Plate 8.1 Direct discharge of sewage to river; Salorinala, Amitabh Bachan Culvert ... 140 Plate 8.3 Cultural sentiments associated with river Ganga ...... 141 Plate 8.4 Slums in District C near Salori STP ...... 143
1 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Executive Summary
As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for Allahabad sewerage district ‘C’ has been recently proposed, as this area is completely un- sewered and waste water finds its way into the river through open drains. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed Project Report for the above components has been prepared by an independent consultant and TERI has been working closely with these consultants for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (ESAMP). Sewerage district ‘C’ in Allahabad city, which covers mere 9% of the total area, holds 13% population of the total city. Considering the density of population, absence of sewerage network, proximity to the Ganga River and the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district ‘C’. With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year 2025 would be 43 mld against the installed capacity of 29mld, thus an additional unit of 14 mld will be needed.
District Existing Required Proposed Total Required Augmentation Total STP STP in Capacity Capacity in 2040 Required for STP Capacity 2025 for Sub- by 2040 2040 Capacity project by 2040 District 29.00 42.92 14.00 43.00 55.66 13.00 56.00 C & Allahpur
Proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major components of the proposed project include: 141 km long sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer. Augmenting Salori STP with additional 14 MLD capacity for sewage treatment.
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Additional 14 MLD of sewage pumping station (SPS). Sewer cleaning equipment
As per the DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be 17516.35 lac Rupees.
Approach and Methodology The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter, environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was developed based on the aforementioned. The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood and gender issues. Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘C’ in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which does not involve any fresh land acquisition and has an overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river Ganga.
Environmental and Social Baseline status As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district ‘C’ was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyze the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘C’ is observed to be mostly from residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district ‘C’ area has no sewer system and wastewater flows through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxi Band nala. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Salori nala located in sewer district ‘C’ indicates that the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges standards laid out by CPCB. The may worsen the water quality, causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation.
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Parameter Salori Nala General standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB
BOD(mg/l) 72 30 COD (mg/l) 192 250 TSS (mg/l) 100 100 pH 7.4 5.5 to 9.0 Temperature (°C) 27 shall not exceed 5°C above the receiving water temperature
While in baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage district.
Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of environmentally sensitive areas (such as Labour Chauraha Mandi (Allahapur) area, low lying area near Sabji Mandi and Chhotta Bhaghara that are vulnerable to flooding and crowded/congested areas such as Allahpur, Telarganj, Shukla Market, Allanganj, Chandpur Salori) air quality, noise levels and water resources. Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood would be noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected party will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. One strong suggestion which was identified from consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also present.
Environmental Management Plan For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan.
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Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures Environmental Design and Sewage Pollution of received water body ( The treated water quality shall Development Treatment Plant river) or land due to inefficient comply with the prescribed Stage treatment or non-operation of STP standards of the bid document and other applicable conditions of consent to establish issued by the state pollution control board. Selection of best available sewage treatment technology with High BOD removal efficiency. Ensuring development and compliance to standard operation and maintenance practices. Provision of effective screening at inlet of STP for removal of grit, fine plastics and other suspended solids Provision of effective separation and controlled disposal of digested sludge Provision effective disinfection before discharge of treated water for irrigation or to river Discharge of untreated sewage Provision of adequate holding capacity leading river pollution due to adequate for storage of sewage to prevent breakdown of STP. flow of untreated sewage to river.
Disposal of sludge leading to Efficient Sludge dewatering with contamination of land and water. minimum land involvement shall be adopted. Provision shall be made for intermittent storage of digested sludge at STP site.
The digested sludge shall be utilised as manure or disposed to suitable site as approved by DBO engineer. If disposal is made for land fill, the site shall be located away from habitation, and water bodies and shall be pre-approved by concerned authorities like Municipal corporation, Pollution Control Board or urban development authority.
Noise/Odour/fly nuisance hazards Ensure minimum noise generation to neighbouring areas. at pump station in STP; Cutting of Trees Minimize Tree cutting if involved.
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Tree plantation of at least two row around the periphery of STP site and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared within 24 hours and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour.
Sewage Network Due to accidental burst or Designing sewers with adequate and Trunk sewer leakage of sewers, flooding of capacity and flow velocity line the nearby areas Provision for Regular inspection Backlogging due to unexpected and maintenance of the sewers heavy flow rates Preparation of safety and Emergency Preparedness plan Construction Environmental There are no environmental Care must be taken to ensure that tree Phase of STP, sensitive areas sensitive areas in the proposed cutting is avoided to the extent. SPS and project area. Further the small Necessary permission for tree cutting Sewer residential parks and road side to be taken if at all required. Network trees, will not be affected, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. Air quality Probable increase in the dust Excavated material transported by levels (RSPM and SPM), during trucks will be covered and/or the construction may temporary wetted to prevent dust nuisance. deteriorate the air quality, causing Suppressing dust generation by health problems of respiratory spraying water on stockpiles and ailments, leading cause for eye, unpaved movement areas ear, nose and throat infections and Water sprinkling over excavated related discomfort. areas, unpaved movement areas and stockpiles. Transportation of loose construction material through covered trucks. Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area for containing dust spread. Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and carry Pollution Under Control certificate. Noise levels Increased noise levels due to Construction activities to be carried construction activities like plying out in day time with prior of construction vehicles, pumping intimation to local residents and machines, machinery such as shop keepers. cranes, riveting machines, Use of low noise and vibrating hammering etc, may cause general equipment (such as enclosed
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disturbances to the human generators with mufflers, habitations like sleeplessness in instruments with built in vibration case construction activity is dampening and improved exhaust), extended into the night hours. to meet standards as prescribed by CPCB1. Provision of protective equipment ( PPE) like ear muffs and plugs for construction workers. . Provision of noise barriers as feasible in inhabited areas, particularly near sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Nuisance due to Improper disposal of solid waste Provide two bins for recyclable and domestic solid from the STP and SPS sites may non-recyclable wastes. waste disposal create the nuisance in the Ensure that recyclable and non- surrounding areas. recyclable waste are collected in segregated manner in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable material should be sold. Non-recyclable material should be disposed to designated land fill area of the city. Provide adequate sanitation facility for workers at construction sites. Water resources Contamination of nearby water Suggestion to ensure proper handling bodies via storm drains (during and disposing off construction wastes rainfall) by un-managed at identified refusal sites. construction related material like Proper stock piling of excavated soil suspended particles, pollutants and not in any storm drains or any like oil, grease, cement etc, There other areas where water would may also be temporary blockage of naturally accumulate causing flooding. drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Safety and Safety hazards to labours and Comply with the Occupational Health Hazards public health and Safety act of India Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Follow safe practices for working at height or confined area or underground working for safety of
1 http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.html
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workers Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate PPE to workers such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. to workers Provide handrails on both sides of walkways close to deeper tanks and STPs need to be ensured; Smaller on and off switches at STP units to be installed with protection from rain water to minimize electrical short circuit; Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to DBO engineer and owner.
Sanitation issues Nuisance due to absence of facility Labour camp if provided, must have in construction of sanitation and solid waste adequate provision of shelter, water camps management supply, sanitation and solid waste management
C. Operation Stage STP, SPS and Treatment and River, land or ground water Monitor the treated sewage quality Sewer Disposal of pollution due to discharge of and ensure compliance with PCB Network Treated Water untreated or partially treated standards for effluent disposal into and Sludge sewage due to inadequate or surface water bodies, on land or for inefficient STP operations. the agricultural use. Follow standard operating procedures for operation and maintenance. Undertake periodic audit as per these procedures. Comply with all applicable condition of consent to operate Quarterly monitoring of influent sewage, treated sewage, upstream and downstream point of treated sewage disposal point to river
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Problems arising Maintain the green belt as per due to bad provision of design to prevent odour, insects, spread of bad odour with large polluted air, canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared within 24 hours and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour. Quarterly monitoring of Ambient Air Quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5, Sox and NOx, CO and Odour at three locations ( at STP site, minimum 500 m away from STP site in up-wind and down-wind direction of STP area.
STP, SPS and Noise and air No air and noise problem from Proper handling and regular Sewer quality sewer line as they will be laid maintenance of operating machines at Network underground. STP including pumps, generators, air Improper handling and irregular diffusers, etc. maintenance of operating machines at STP may lead to Ensuring the use of low noise increased noise and odour generating equipment nuisance during operation activity causing disturbance to surrounding human habitation Disposal of Indiscriminate disposal of sludge Prepares sludge disposal plan as per sludge form SPS leading to contamination of land desire stage provisions and and STPs and soil guidelines and adhere to the same. Ensure proper functioning of STP for digestion of sludge and ensure adequate functioning of dewatering units for efficient functioning of system
Waste Handling Bad odour, Health hazard and Provision for regular clearance of from SPS and public nuisance sludge and solid waste to minimize STPs odor nuisance Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to designated land fill sites of the city.
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Water Water contamination and Regular monitoring of sewer line and environment temporary flooding due to STP. Suggestion to ensure appropriate leakages/ overflows from the repair work in less time period. sewer lines may cause unhygienic condition Social Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no But suggested if noticed during impact on livelihood of any construction, then should be permanent shop-owners, licensed compensated according to ESMF kiosks Land acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is - required for any construction Inconvenience to There will be some minor Public notice to be circulated, public inconveniences to the public due construction should be completed in to construction like access to their the given time, debris should be premises, etc. cleared in time
Health issues- During construction dust and Use of acoustics and water sprinkling due to dust, noise noise generated, can cause pollution nuisance to people especially elderly and children, but impact is very limited.
These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring an approximate budget of Rs. 62 Lakhs has been estimated and this is also integrated in the DPR cost.
Social Management Plan Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out. Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts, however they are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem accounts for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious activities along the river, agricultural runoff as well as poor municipal solid waste management are the main causes of pollution in river Ganga.
1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the river Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in addressing weakness in urban wastewater, and municipal solid waste management, environmental quality monitoring, and reporting, regulatory interventions and (3) inadequate planning, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of public consultation, participation and awareness-raising. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach: Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions); Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and, Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and community support)
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1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project As a major first step in achieving objective of cleaning river Ganga, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA is entrusted to adopt a river-basin approach and has been given wider mandate to meet above objective . The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be allowed to be discharged into River Ganga within Indian Territory. Considering the requirement of large investment to meet above objective, The World Bank has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program development under the proposed initiatives will focus on the entire Ganga main stem, the initial emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal in India. Specifically, pollution abatement programs in cities on the banks of these States which would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, municipal solid waste and river front management . This is expected to be achieved through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such several phases of support aims at; i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and; ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.
1.2.1 World Bank Assistance The Government of India has sought programmatic assistance from the World Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This assistance and aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority infrastructure investments.
1.3 Project Components The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments funded by the second component.
1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development
1.3.1.1 Objective The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to
12 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under this component are grouped under the following sub-components: a. Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management b. Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers c. Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators
1.3.1.2 Sub Component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management This sub-component is aimed at supporting the nascent operational institutions established for implementing the NGRBA program at the central and state levels on a full time basis. The NGRBA’s operational institutions comprise the Program Management Group (PMG) at the central level, and SGRCA Program Management Groups (SPMGs) at the state level. The PMG is being established as a fully owned society of the Government of India, with suitable structure, staff, powers and leadership, to lead the planning and program management of the NGRBA program at the national level. It is supported and housed by the MOEF as the nodal Ministry. Similarly, the SPMGs are being established in the form of registered societies2, to ensure effective planning and program management at the state level. Separating Program Management from Investment Execution: The rationale for establishing the PMG and SPMGs is to have institutions with single point responsibility for the NGRBA’s program planning, management and long-term sustainability. Program Management for the Entire NGRBA Program: The sub-component will provide for initial setup costs of office infrastructure and equipment, as well as provision of critical consultancies, incremental staffing, training, and operation costs. Key NGRBA program management activities included under this sub-component are described below3: a. Enhancing Ganga Knowledge Resources b. Communications and Public Participation c. Innovative Pilots d. Program of Action for Carbon Credits
1.3.1.3 Sub component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Provider The long term operation and maintenance of the NGRBA-funded assets is the responsibility of the ULBs and local service providers, and this sub-component is aimed at providing assistance that can gradually enable them to take on their role.
1.3.1.4 Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulator This sub-component is aimed at addressing the key constraints faced by the CPCB and SPCBs related to their functions regarding the Ganga. The subcomponent will support:
2 With exception of Jharkhand, where instead of establishing a dedicated SPMG, the nodal state department (Department of Urban Development) will implement the NGRBA program. This is because a dedicated agency is not justified given the small stretch of the Ganga river in Jharkhand.
3 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
a. Capacity building of the CPCB and SPCBs b. Up-gradation of Ganga Water Quality Monitoring System
1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments
1.3.2.1 Objective The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river.
1.3.2.2 Investment Sectors The majority of investments are expected to be in following four sectors : i. the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. ii. industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. construction of common effluent treatment plants), iii. solid waste management (collection, transport and disposal systems for municipal waste ), iv. river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of above sectors.
1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA program. The objectives of the investments framework are to: a. provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads; b. make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and c. ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical preparation, financial and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity4.
4 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.
14 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
1.3.2.4 Investment Execution The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA level PMG and state level PMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and tap private sector efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure investments are also setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to execute NGRBA and other similar investments in the respective states in the medium to long term.
1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure. Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be given priority due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga.
1.4 Structure of the Report The Detailed project Report is prepared by UPJN. TERI has worked closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District ‘C’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It provides baseline status of the existing sewage management and expected situation post implementation of the proposed project with associated environmental and social impacts. The Environmental and Social management plan prepared for mitigating these associated impacts, as per the Environment and Social Management Framework is also included in this report. The ESAMP report is presented in in following 9 chapters: Chapter 1 : Provides an introduction of the programme to clean up River Ganga and various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project. Chapter 2: Provides project description is discussed pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in District C of Allahabad. This chapter provides insight into the various component of the proposed project and briefly discusses about the previous projects attempted for River Ganga in Allahabad. Chapter 3: Details out the methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included primary and secondary data collection and analysis. Chapter 4 : Presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects and are in accordance with the ESMF report. Chapter 5 : Presents detailed baseline scenario based on information available for city and for sewerage district C from environmental and social aspects. . Chapter 6: Provides assessment of environmental and social impacts. Chapter 7 : Presents proposed mitigative measures for identified impacts. Chapter 8 : Present social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues. Chapter 9 : Presents conclusions of the study. Which also concludes that it is low impact project.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Chapter 2 Project Description
2.1 About the City Allahabad city lies on the 25°28’ North latitude and 81° 52’ East longitude. Main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam) of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical 'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance can hardly be over emphasized.
Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right)5
2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year 1910. The facility was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt
5 Allahabad district government website,
16 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) deposition, and severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in most of the stretches. At present, there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under scheme pending for approval and new DPR’s are under preparation for tapping of remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on- going/ approved sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below.
Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)
2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) With the objective of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by Ministry of Environment & Forest, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad city are summarized below: Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations Relieving sewer in Kydganj area Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Relieving sewer in Daraganj area Tapping of Mumfordganj nala Taping of Chachar nala Partial taping of Ghaghar nala 60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process
2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in 1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs. 370.40 crore has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below: Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station 29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station
2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM To order to encourage the cities for taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in the existing services levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in 2009. Completion period of the approved works is 3 years. Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km Replacement of old Trunk Sewer 3.800 Km Lateral & Branch sewers 225.000 Km Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer 5.474 Km Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS 55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj
18 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur 60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur
2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1. District A: District ‘A’ covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as 1910. District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river. District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before 2025. District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east. District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement. District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP. Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present. In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system needs to be extended to FSAs in the future. Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Sewer Population Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in Service in 2001 MLD Areas 2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040 District A 304643 405176 479731 515155 53.48 63.32 68.00
District B 160416 179826 279169 343674 23.74 36.86 45.36 District C* 147126 198473 267180 323679 26.20 35.27 42.73
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Sewer Population Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in Service in 2001 MLD Areas 2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040 District D 225846 314514 361352 496859 41.52 47.70 65.59
District E 164672 177845 223789 322577 23.48 29.54 42.58 District F 29628 36000 65196 129500 4.75 8.61 17.09 District G 160000 185121 232280 418000 24.44 30.66 55.18 Total 1192331 1496955 1908697 2549444 197.60 251.95 336.53 Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. *Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb Mela and population of Allahpur region.
20 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Figure 2.1 City Sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam,
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping with sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009. The prime objectives of the NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to Rs. 305.34 Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Component wise approved works are proposed in the Sewerage District A, B & E of Allahabad city as summarized below. Laying/ Replacement of Trunk Sewers- 14211 m Rehabilitation of Existing Trunk Sewers- 1656 m Desilting & Rehabilitation of Existing Trunk Sewer- 4064 m Renovation/ Up-gradation of Existing SPS- 3 Nos Construction of New SPS- 4 Nos Construction of Rising mains- 8050m Renovation/ Capacity enhancement of existing 60 mld capacity Naini STP- 1 No (20mld) Construction of New STPs- (Numaya Dahi 50 mld + Kodra 25 mld + 10 Ponghat) 3 Nos (75 mld) Sewage farm channel & minor channels for Numaya Dahi STP- 18850m
2.3 Necessity of this project Under the ‘Mission clean Ganga’ no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged in to the river Ganga by the year 2020. In Allahabad, total estimated sewerage generation of the town in the year 2025 is expected to be 295.85 mld against which 89 mld treatment capacity is available (Naini 60+ Salori 29), 60 mld treatment capacity is under execution at Rajapur, Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for construction of 105 mld treatment capacity (Numaya Dahi 50 mld + Kodra 25 mld + Ponghat 10 mld + Naini up-gradation by 20 mld = Total 105 mld) has been approved by the NRCD under NGRBA. Further DPR for 59 mld treatment is under preparation (Naini 35 mld +Phaphamau 10 mld + Salori 14 mld) under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA). Presently, the sewerage district ‘C’ area is un-sewered and waste water finds its way into the river through open drains. Under Ganga action Plan phase II, interception & diversion works of Salori & Allenganj Nala, 42.5 mld capacity MPS along with 29 mld capacity STP has been constructed. Later about 900-1000 mm diameter trunk sewer in a length of about 3.2 km has been added to this system under state sector projects. However total waste water generated in this district during the year 2025 would be 43 mld against the installed capacity
22 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) of 29mld, thus an additional unit of 14 mld will be needed (refer Table 2.3). While the area under the sewerage district ‘C’ is mere 9% of the total area, it holds 13% population of the total city. Considering the density of population, absence of sewerage network, proximity to the Ganga river and the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district ‘C’. With the aim of providing complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district ‘C’ all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer network has been taken in this proposal. Table 2.2 District wise Population Projection Sewerage District Projected Population
2001 2010 2025 2040 District C (Zone 1 to 4) 147126 198473 267180 323679
Allahpur 58000 98000 Total 147126 198473 325180 421479 Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited.
Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) District Existing Required Proposed Total Required Augmentation Total STP STP in Capacity Capacity in 2040 Required for STP Capacity 2025 for Sub- by 2040 2040 Capacity project by 2040 District C 29.00 42.92 14.00 43.00 55.66 13.00 56.00 & Allahpur Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited.
2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project As per the latest master plan, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G. Out of those seven, sewerage district C lies at 25°48’ North latitude and 81° 75’ East longitude, located in the north eastern part of the city and adjoining the river Ganga in the upstream and confluence point in the downstream side. Area north of cantonment is the primary area conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. There are totally 12 wards falling under this project area, having a total population of 198473 as of 20106. The area is mostly residential with no industrial area and very less commercial area, which is very randomly distributed in the whole study area.
6 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited.
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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Figure 2.2 Location map of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam,
2.5 Proposed Sewerage System The proposed sewerage network in sewerage district ‘C’ is divided in to 2 major areas as shown in Figure 2.3. 1. The area North of Salori STP comprises four zones starting from Zone – 1 being farthest in North of Salori STP, with zone – 2 and zone – 3 enroute up to Zone – 4 which is just adjoining to Salori STP. The sewer networks and trunk mains are also planned more or less flowing towards the Salori STP. The notable areas in Zone-I include Uptron chauraha, Narayani Ashram, Kuti Mahadev and Rambah; Zone-II & III include: Govindpur, Kailaspur, Katju colony, Bholai Ka Pura, Salori, Ramchandra Dharamshala, Gayatri Nagar, Rajeev Nagar colony, Bada Baghada, Galla Bazar, Sadiya bad, ISU Degree
25 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
college and hostel, IERT college and St. Peter’s Academy; Zone –IV include Chotta baghada, Baksi Bandh, Sabzi Mandi, Ram Priya, Dharhariya, Smt. Anibesant Girls College and Kisnayan Public school. 2. The Allahpur area sewer network is an Independent zone. The proposed sub-project aim to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district ‘C’ of the Allahabad city. The project mainly includes: Approximately 141 km long sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer. Augmenting Salori STP with additional 14 mld capacity of STP and SPS Additional 14.5 mld of sewage pumping station at Chilla Village of sewerage district ‘C’. Sewer cleaning equipment
26 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Figure 2.3 Key plan of proposed sewer network system in sewer district ‘C’ of Allahabad city (Source: Extracted from Draft DPR of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District ‘C’ of Allahabad City, 2010. Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad)
2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district ‘C’ to cover entire area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with base period of 2010 and design year 2040.
A. Sewer System (i) Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay approximately 141 km long sewer network in sewerage district C of the city. Size wise details are given in the Table 2.3 below.
27 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Table 2.4 Size wise details of the sewers proposed for sewerage work in District ‘C’
Sewerage area Sewers Dia (mm) Length (Km)
District C- Zone I 150-800 27.53 District C- Zone II & III 150-1200 46.68
District C- Zone IV 150-1200 21.67 Allahpur 150-800 49.99 Total 140.87 Say 141 km
The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The provision is also made in cost estimation for HDPE pipes for initial stretches in very congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. (ii) Manholes: the ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at all junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on straight run of sewer. Drop manholes are proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral/ branch sewer and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than 600mm. Scraper manholes are proposed for sewer diameter greater than 450mm at interval of about 150m to facilitate lowering of equipment for cleaning purpose. (iii) House connection: Laterals are proposed along the roads to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch sewers. 100% house connections are proposed for sewerage district ‘C’ since this area is unsewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is proposed to be achieved by year 20207. Following two options are been studied by the external consultant for proposed sewerage system in sewerage district ‘C’. Option 1: Laying of trunck sewer along the bank of Ganga river and conveying entire sewage to Salori STP by gravity. Option 2: Laying of trunk sewer on the internal roads by avoiding route on bank of Ganga river except last portion near Zone-IV to Salori STP. Based on pros and cons of each options and life cycle cost analysis conducted by external consultant, it has been recommended that option-2 is techno-economical solution for proposed system in sewerage district ‘C’. B. Proposed 14.50 mld (design peak flow) Sewage Pumping Station near Chilla village The proposed SPS near Chilla village in the sewerage network of Allahabad, sewerage district ‘C’ is designed to pump the sewage of Zone-1 to nearby manhole. The pumping station will be wet well type, wherein submersible type of pumps with
7 More information can be obtained in Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited.
28 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) auto rail and guide, coupling will be installed. The pump capacity is 159 cum/hr, 18 meters of water column (mwc). At present, 3 numbers of pumps will be installed and additional 3 numbers of same capacity will be installed in the year 2025. The pumping station has been provided with DG back up for average flow condition, where in during power failure 2 numbers of pumps and coarse screens will be operated. C. Augmentation of existing Salori STP and SPS (i) 14.00 mld capacity Sewage Treatment Plant In addition to the existing 29 MLD STP, a separate 14.00 mld sewage Treatment Plant has been proposed for the treatment of additional flow to be generated in future. This STP will be based on latest treatment technologies such as Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR)for better effluent quality as effluent of the STP will be discharged into the river Ganga about 3.0 km upstream of Sangam (Confluence of river Ganga & Yamuna). Various units (indicative considering SBR treatment technology ) of the STP are: Stilling Chamber Fine screen channels Grit removal units Anoxic basins SBR basins Chlorine contact tank and chlorination house Sludge sump and pump house Sludge thickener Thickened sludge sump and centrifugal feed pumps Sludge Dewatering system Air blower room Laboratory/ SCADA building Staff quarters (i) Installation of 14.00 mld capacity New Pumping Plants in existing sump Since the capacity of existing sump is designed for 42 mld flow, an additional SPS of 14 mld is proposed, which can be sufficient for the feeding both of the STPs of 29 mld & 14 mld. Submersible raw sewage pump (Non-clog, semi open/ open impeller) is proposed with maximum solid handling capacity of 100mm. The pump capacity is 345 cum/hr, head 18m. A new RCC inlet chamber is proposed for existing SPS which will have two coarse screen channels with sluice gates and mechanically cleaned screens, each capable of handling design peak flow of year 2040.
D. Sewer Cleaning Equipment For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one jetting cum suction machine, submersible dredger pump, safety equipment, and sewer cleaning machine of power bucket type.
29 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
2.5.2 Implementation Schedule It is anticipated that construction duration for the contractor is estimated to be 24 Months (including monsoon period) for proposed sewerage system and 18 months for augmenting the STP and SPS at Salori STP, after appointment of contractor which will include construction activities and commission of the system. The operation and maintenance of proposed sewerage system is also considered for five years after commission of the system.
2.5.3 Financing Detailed Project Report(DPR) of “Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur of Allahabad City’’ under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme amounting to Rs. 17516.35lacs. Table 2.4 and 2.5 gives the summary of cost of the proposed STP and sewerage work in sewerage district ‘C’ of Allahabad city. Table 2.5 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed 14 MLD SPS & STP
Sl.No. Description of Work Amount (Rupees in Lacs) (A) CIVIL WORKS 1 Sewage Pumping Station 14 mld 95.22 2 STP 14 mld 812.37 3 Treated effluent pumping stations 36.70 4 Cost of communication and public outreach activities 25.00 5 Cost of Governance and Accountability action plan 20.00 6 Environmental and Social Cost 1.00 Sub Total (A) 990.29 (B) E&M Works 1 Sewage Pumping Station 14 mld 194.72 2 STP 14 mld 1050.38 3 Treated effluent pumping stations 141.67 Sub Total (B) 1386.77 Total (A+B) 2377.06 (C ) Centage @8% 190.16 Total cost of the project (A+B+C) 2567.22 (D) Operation and Maintenance for 5 years 1672.46 Grand Total ((A+B+C+D) 4239.68 Lacs; say 42.40 Crores
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Table 2.6 Overall Estimated Project Cost for proposed sewerage system project
Sl.No. Description of Work Amount (Rupees in Lacs) (A) CIVIL and EM WORKS 1 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station at Chilla Village 229.21 in District C 2 Lift station near Salori Govindpur Road including 35.710 rising main 3 Sewer Lines (District C & Allahapur) 11960.670 4 Augmentation of existing SPS at Salori 109.980 5 4% project preparation & 4% project supervision cost 986.85 6 Communication and Public Outreach 70.000 7 GAAP 20.000 8 Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMP) 61.00 Sub Total (A) 13578.95 (B) Additional items including Polyurea coating of internal 412.94 surface of RCC pipes (dia 600mm an above); Brick on edge road; cost of sewer cleaning equipment; RCC manhole; stone pitching; electrical works for SPS at Chilla village and railway crossing (supervision and way leave charge) Operational and Maintenance Cost for first five years 800.740 of commissioning Sub Total (B) 1213.68 Total (A+B) 14687.1 lacsi.e. say 146.87 crore
31 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology
3.1 Methodology As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)8, and considering associated environmental and social impacts, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district ‘C’ of Allahabad City has been conducted using the following methodology:
Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake- holder consultation
Brief description & analysis of the sub project activities Discussion with host population and key stake-holders
Detailed environmental profile of the
project influence area
Screening activity
Identification and assessment of environmental/ social impacts
Developing mitigation plan
Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment
a. Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and NRCD, City Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this secondary information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence
8 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.
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was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted before conducting the field survey. b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district ‘C’ area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 2.3). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts.
Plate 3.1 Consultation with Mr. Devanand Shukla an individual committed to saving the Ganga (left)
c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District C including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1).
33 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community around Salori STP
d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the important key stakeholders were interacted during informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2). e. Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in subsequent section. f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts. g. Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues identified, and recommend any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase.
3.2 Screening Activity for Project Impact Assessment Screening activity is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Based on the secondary data analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation, the screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines
34 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)9 as given in the Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Environment and Social information format for screening Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘C’ in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad Project cost: 17516.35 lac Rupees Project components: a). Sewer System (~141 km long) b). Installation of 14.5 mld capacity New Pumping Plants at Chilla Village c). Augmenting Salori STP with 14.00 mld capacity Sewage Treatment Plant and Sewage pumping station. d). Sewer Cleaning Equipment
Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District C in Allahabad
Located in the north eastern part of the city and adjoining the river Ganga in the upstream and confluence point in the downstream side. The area is mostly residential with no industrial area and very less commercial area. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flows through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. The total waste water generated in this district in the year 2025 will be more than the capacity of the existing STP and hence an additional unit of 14 mld will be needed. Screening Criteria Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and of category categorization references
1 Is the project in an eco- No There are no eco- Figure 5.9: Map sensitive area or sensitive areas such as showing the Eco- adjoining an eco- water bodies, sensitive areas closest to sensitive area? (Yes/No) monuments or protected Allahabad District C. If Yes, which is t h e forested areas area? Elaborate surrounding the project. i m p a c t accordingly. Field visits, secondary information and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam and other Government officials. 2 Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts?
2.1 Land acquisition No social No Land acquisition Figure 5.11: indicating resulting in loss of impacts involved that the sewer line will income from As per observations in pass through the agricultural land, the field and interviews residential colonies, plantation or other of key stakeholders, commercial areas of the existing land-use. residents, local people, district and would not
9 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.
35 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
and other sources such enter or pass through as DPR, it has been agricultural fields. established that no private land would be Figure 5.12: indicating acquired for either laying that STP area is well of sewer network or for demarcated for even building a new STP. provision of building Project land for STP new STP in the given expansion is already area. Moreover the only available with land available for government. agricultural practice as For the Sewage pumping seen in sewerage district station, (as informed by C is a flood plain area Ganga Pollution Control where no construction Unit (GPCU), UP Jal will happen Nigam, Allahabad), the required land is under Field visits, government ownership consultation with and does not require stakeholders, like local acquisition. A charge of people (for JNNURM Rs.1000 to Rs. 1200 will projects), local residents, be paid to the District government officials. Administration for availing use of land. Sewer line would be laid on the public roads and for STP land is already available with the government, as confirmed by Revenue department also. So there is no loss of income from agricultural land Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the proposed project areas 2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood Consultation with would not happen and stakeholders, like (for also mobile vendors can JNNURM projects), change their position DPR & CRR and minor disruption in terms of access to shops.
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2.3 Land acquisition No social Land acquisition is not Field survey, resulting in impacts required. Consultations with relocation of As per first hand stakeholders, like local households. observation from the people (for JNNURM field and through projects), local residents, interviews of key government officials. stakeholders, residents, DPR & CRR local people, and other sources like DPR, it is established that no private land would be acquired for either laying of sewer network or for building up new STP. The project land is already available with the government and also Revenue department has confirmed the ownership. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises which will get affected due to it 2.4 Any reduction of No social No access problem to Field visits and access to traditional impacts river consultations with the and river dependent shop keepers, mobile communities (to river vendors, expert and areas where they opinions earn for their primary or substantial livelihood). 2.5 Any displacement or No social There are no tribal Consultations with adverse impact on impacts settlements in the project stakeholders, like local tribal settlement(s). area. people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. 2.6 Any specific gender No social No gender issues were Consultations, issues. impacts reported during survey interviews, which were taken up with females specifically. 3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)
3.1 Clearance of No The major land use Field visits and vegetation/ tree-cover environment pattern of sewerage Interaction with UP Jal al impacts district C is mostly Nigam, Nagar Nigam residential, with limited department.
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agricultural and no forested areas. Figure 5.11: GIS map of ward localities in Vegetation and tree District C. cover were insignificant in the proposed project Figure 3.2: Satellite area. Also, sewer lines image showing the will be laid in the center alignment of trees along of the roads hence no the sides of the roads in impact on trees (which District C. are aligned along the sides of roads) or on Figure 5.7: GIS map of residential parks such as identified parks in Singh park, Durga puja District C. park-1, Durga puja park- 2, Irrigation park, Ram park, Katju Colony park, Ram Leela park and Shiv Nagar park. 3.2 Direct discharge of Limited Possibility of temporary Interaction with UP Jal construction run-off, flushing away of un- Nigam and other improper storage and managed spoils and Government officials and disposal of excavation construction wastes consultation with local spoils, wastes and during rainfall to river residents of sewerage other construction Ganga via storm water district ‘C’. materials adversely drains. affecting water quality and flow If not appropriately Figure 5.6: GIS map regimes. managed, there may be showing the drainage potential for temporarily network of District C. affecting storm water flows by obstruction to Additionally, there is a flows and blockage of provision in the DPR drains, especially during (STP) for Allahabad rainfall. This may cause Sewerage District ‘C’, floods. Volume III, Annexure XI, BOQ and Cost Estimate covered under: (A) Option 1 Augmentation of existing SPS (pp. A-XI-1 to A-XI-4); (B) Option 2 New 14 MLD SPS (pp. A-XI-9 to A-XI-13); (C) New 14 MLD STP (pp. A-XI-19 to A-XI-44)
Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR
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(sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘C’, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221); (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 3.3 Flooding of adjacent Limited For the expansion of Figure 3.3: Satellite areas Salori STP, flooding is image demarcating the possible, given that the planned expansion area construction site is in a for the Salori STP. depression; however, for the same reason, even if Plate 3.3: Image flooding did occur, it showing stagnated would have limited stormwater behind the impact on the Salori STP barricade, surrounding area. limiting its flow outwards. For sewerage works in the entire sewerage City Development Plan district C, flooding could for Allahabad, Final be an issue during the Report by Feedback monsoons, since the Ventures. drainage system in sewerage district ‘C’ Plate 5.1: Image covers approximately 60- showing flooded streets 65 %, which is further of Allahabad District C ineffective due to after rainfall. blocked drains and poor solid waste management. Plate 3.4: Image showing flooded street The areas which are due to water pipe burst expected to face in front of a shop in temporary flooding Allahabad District C. issues include Labour Chauraha Mandi (Allahapur) area, low lying area near Sabji Mandi and Chhotta Bhaghara.
Additionally, if water pipes are inadvertently breached, flooding will result. One such event
39 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
was also recorded during field observation of ongoing JNNURM project (Plate 3.4). 3.4 Improper storage and Limited The storage of handling of construction related Plate 3.5: Image substances leading to material will not cause showing a typical contamination of soil any contamination since sewage construction and water these materials would area with material. typically include: Concrete, pipes, Figure 5.6 highlights the masonry, rubber pipes. drainage network.
There are no water Section 5.1.10.1 bodies within the study provides details about area. However, with agricultural land in other finer materials sewerage district ‘C’. such as powders, fluids and greases, if not appropriately managed or in the event of an Additionally, there is a accident, there may be provision in the potential for temporary DPR(STP) for Allahabad contamination of the Sewerage District ‘C’, river Ganga via the Volume III, Annexure various drains and nalas XI, BOQ and Cost in sewerage district C, Estimate covered under: during rainfall. (A) Option 1 Augmentation of existing The agricultural land in SPS (pp. A-XI-1 to A-XI- sewerage district C is 4); (B) Option 2 New 14 limited to the area MLD SPS (pp. A-XI-9 to situated behind Salori A-XI-13); (C) New 14 STP (used only during MLD STP (pp. A-XI-19 the dry season) and may to A-XI-44) be temporarily Additionally, there is a contaminated via provision in the DPR powders, fluids and (sewerage system) for greases if construction Allahabad Sewerage material is not handled District ‘C’, Volume-IV appropriately. and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221); (B) Option 2(Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339)
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3.5 Elevated noise and Limited For sewage works, Consultation with local dust emission construction is likely to residents, and increase dust and noise interaction with UP Jal levels temporarily. Nigam and other Government officials. Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges (St. Refer to ‘Construction Peter’s Academy, Annie schedule’: DPR for Besant School, IERT, proposed STP/Sewerage MNNIT, Institutes of system in Sewerage Ishwar Sharan, Kidzone District ‘C’, Volume II, School), hospitals pp. 12-10 (Narayani Asham Hospital, Royal Hospital, Sachan Nursing Home), cultural centres like Narayani Ashram.
Provided that construction works near schools and colleges are carried out during vacations and works near hospitals are completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.), the impacts may be limited.
Specifically for the STP, the enclosed nature of the site will limit this impact.
Impacts will be temporary as 1 km of sewer line is approximated to be completed within 5 days. 3.6 Disruption to traffic Limited Sewer construction leads Figure 6.1: GIS map movements to the temporary tearing- distinguishing road up of roads and increase network of District C in large construction with majority of roads
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vehicles, which might in the Narrow category impair traffic movement, (<=5 units). especially in the narrower roads and Plate 3.7: Image lanes as seen mainly in showing a typical busy Allahapur region. This street near the Telarganj effect can also be area, of sewerage expected in busy areas district C. like Telarganj, Shukla Market, Allanganj, Additionally, there is a Chandpur salori. provision in the DPR(sewerage system) For the expansion of STP for Allahabad Sewerage at Salori, the site is away District ‘C’, Volume-IV from the busier areas of and Volume V, Cost Allahabad, and thus estimates and should not have a major measurement sheets impact on the city as a covered under: (A) whole. Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221): (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) Figure 5.12: Location of STP and its relative distance from all the surroundings 3.7 Damage to existing Limited If not appropriately infrastructure, public managed, there may be Interaction with UP Jal utilities, amenities potential for temporarily Nigam and other etc. affecting the existing Government officials. public utilities like water supply, telephone, Refer to Plate 3.4 electricity cables etc.
Records and layout plans Additionally, there is a of existing underground provision in the utilities and cable DPR(sewerage system) networks (like telephone, for Allahabad Sewerage electricity water etc.) District ‘C’, Volume-IV were unavailable. and Volume V, Cost However, it is expected estimates and that main utility lines measurement sheets might run along main covered under: (A) roads such as Bandh Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, road, Salori-Govindpur 84, 221): (B) Option 2 road, Talerganj road, (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, MLNR road and roads 339) around Uptron chauraha as well as Baghambri
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road and Matiyara road in Allahapur. 3.8 Failure to restore Limited From field visits and as Field visits and temporary per JNNURM project interaction with U.P. Jal construction sites reinstatement of Nigam and other dismantled roads after Government officials and filling and proper consultation with local compaction was residents. observed. Plate 3.6: Image shows Although temporary, the good practice of concerns regarding fencing-off construction failure to restore areas; this was followed construction sites in the JNNURM phase including failure to close sewerage project in and appropriately fence- Allahabad. off open pits were cited as safety concerns Additionally, there is a especially for children. provision in the DPR (sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘C’, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221): (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 3.9 Possible conflicts Limited For the laying of sewer Consultation with local with and/or works, there will be people. disruption to local temporary disruption to community the local community in terms of access to roads Refer to Figure 6.1 (narrow roads), shops and residences. Conflicts/disruption to local community was inferred as limited based on survey responses which indicated the community’s ability to adapt to temporary disruptions, and their overall preference for the project. For the expansion of the STP at Salori, the
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likelihood of conflicts/disruptions to the local community also appears low, given the isolated and enclosed nature of the site. The same is true for safety concerns. 3.1 Health risks due to Limited Field visits and as per 0 unhygienic JNNURM project no conditions at workers worker camps were seen. camps However there might be small camps within which, if hygienic conditions are not maintained, there may be temporary impacts. 3.1 Safety hazards Limited From field visits and as Consultation with local 1 during construction per JNNURM project residents of sewerage practices for safety district ‘C’ and precautions such as interaction with UP Jal fencing-off construction Nigam and other areas, sign posts etc. Government officials. were observed. Plate 3.6: Image shows the good practice of If not appropriately fencing-off construction managed, there may be areas; this was followed potential for temporary in the JNNURM phase hazards such as injuries sewerage project in and damage to property Allahabad. during the construction phase. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR (sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘C’, Volume-IV Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume -V Page no. 123, 202, 339.
Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘C’, Volume-II, Section 9 of DPR for STP: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no. 1-10. And
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Volume-II, Section 8 of DPR for Sewerage system: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no. 1-11
4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 4.1 Flooding of adjacent Limited Due to the Interaction with UP Jal areas construction of sewer Nigam and other lines, raw sewage that Government officials. currently flows into the river and/or overflows into the streets will now be routed to the STP. This will prevent Refer to Plate 3.4 flooding of adjacent areas. However, accidental leakages during the operational stage will lead to flooding. Additionally, overloading and blockage of sewage lines will also lead to backlogging of sewers and flooding of branch sewers. 4.2 Impacts to water No impacts There will be a Table 5.12: Sewage flow quality due to effluent significant quality values before and discharge improvement in after existing STP. section water quality due to 5.1.8 effluent discharge being treated. 4.3 Gas emissions No impacts Reduction of bad smell ( Methane and other bad anaerobic reaction gases) from open drains since the proposed sewage networks will be underground. 4.4 Safety hazards Limited Safety hazard are associated during construction and maintenance stage of
45 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
the sewage. However these will be temporary in nature. 5 Do projects of this nature / Limited As per Refer to Figure 5.9 type require prior permission Environmental environmental clearance required Impact Assessment either from the MOEF or Notification, 2006, no Refer to Figure 5.7 from a relevant state clearance is required. Government department? However Consent to (MOEF/ relevant State Establish will be Government department/ required from State No clearance at all) Pollution Control Board under Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1974 6 Does the project involve No As the project does Refer to Figure 3.2 any prior clearance from not cover any forested the MOEF or State Forest area (protected nor Refer to Figure 5.9 department for either the reserved forest area), conversion of forest land hence no prior or for tree- cutting? (Yes/ clearance is required No).If yes, which? from relevant authorities (MoEF and State Forest departments) under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
The figure 3.2 to 3.7 below provides view of project area and environmental setting.
46 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District C (Source Google Earth)
Figure 3.3 Satellite image demarcating the planned expansion area for the Salori STP (Source Google Earth)
47 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Plate 3.3 Image showing stagnated stormwater behind the Salori STP barricade, limiting its flow outwards
Plate 3.4 Image showing flooded street due to water pipe burst in front of a shop in Allahabad District
48 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Plate 3.5 Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material
Plate 3.6 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad
49 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Plate 3.7 Image showing a typical busy street near the Telarganj area, of sewerage district C
3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)10 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification. Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations. Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘C’ in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which does not require any fresh land acquisition. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences.
10 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.
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Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework
4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme: Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI) Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments Legislations applicable to construction activities
4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).
4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability 1 Environment To protect and Yes As all environmental MoEF, Gol, Protection Act- improve overall notifications, rules DoE, State Gov. 1986 environment and schedules are CPCB, SPCB issued under this act. 2 Environmental To provide No The project is only for MoEF, EIAA Impact environmental Sewage and STP Assessment clearance to new hence as per the Notification development notification amended 14th Sep-2006 activities following till date it does not environmental attract requirement of impact assessment environmental clearance 3 Municipal To manage the NO This notification is MoEF, EIAA, Wastes(Managem collection, applicable only for CPCB, SPCBs ent and Handling) transportation, Municipal Solid Rules, 2000 segregation, waste Treatment treatment, and facility investments disposal of municipal solid
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S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability wastes 4 Coastal Protection of fragile No If Project location is Regulation coastal belt located along coastal Zone(CRZ) belt Notification 1991 (2002) 5 The Land Set out rule for NO This act will be Revenue Acquisition Act acquisition. of land applicable only if to Department 1894 (As by government as there will be State amended in 1985) acquisition of land Government for investments . But no land acquisition is involved for the project. 6 The Forest To check No No forest land Forest (Conservation) deforestation by diversion is required Department, Act. 1980 restricting in the project. State conversion of Government forested areas into and Ministry of non- forested areas Environment and Forests, Government of India 7 Wild Life To protect wildlife No This act is will be Chief Protection Act through certain of applicable, if there Conservator 1972 National Parks and are any points of Wildlife, Sanctuaries wildlife crossing s in Wildlife Wing, proximity to project State Forest locations Department and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India 8 Air (Prevention To control air Yes This act will be SPCBs and Control of pollution by applicable during Pollution) Act, controlling construction. stage 1981 emission of air for operation of pollutants as per equipment, DG sets the prescribed and hot mix plant. standards. This will be applicable if DG set is installed for STP. 9 Water Prevention To control water Yes This act will be SPCBs and Control of pollution by applicable during Pollution) controlling construction and Act1974 discharge of operation stage for
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S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability pollutants as per STP the prescribed standards 10 The Noise The standards for Yes This act will be SPCBs Pollution noise for day and applicable for all (Regulation and night have been construction Control) Rules, promulgated by the equipment deployed 2000 MoEF for various at worksite. land uses. 11 Ancient Conservation of No This act will be Archaeological Monuments and cultural and applicable, only if Department Archaeological historical remains any investment is in Gol, Indian Sites and Remains found in India proximity to any Heritage Act1958 Ancient Monument, Society and declared protected Indian National under the act. Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH). 12 Public Liability Protection form No Contractor unlikely SPCBs and Insurance Act hazardous to store hazardous 1991 materials and material more than accidents. the threshold limits defined the this Act. 13 Explosive Act Safe transportation, Yes For transporting and Chief 1984 storage and use of storing diesel, Oil Controller of explosive material and lubricants etc. Explosives 14 Minor Mineral For opening new No Regulate use of District and concession quarry. minor minerals like Collector Rules stone, soil, river sand etc. 15 Central Motor To check vehicular Yes This rule will be Motor Vehicle Vehicle Act 1988 air and noise applicable to vehicles Department pollution. deployed for construction activities and construction Machinery. 16 National Forest To maintain No This policy will be Forest Policy, 1988 ecological stability applicable if any eco Department, through sensitive feature State preservation and exists in and around Government restoration of the investments and Ministry of biological diversity. Environment and Forests, Government of India 17 The Mining Act The mining act has No The construction Department of
53 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability been notified for activities for mining, State safe and sound investments will Government mining activity. require aggregates. These will be procured through mining from approved quarries
4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under:
National Policies and Acts i. National Tribal Policy, 2006 ii. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007 iii. Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended) iv. Forest Rights Act, 2006
4.2.1 National Policies and Acts
The National Tribal Policy (2006) The Policy has the following objectives: Regulatory Protection • Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these. • Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands. • Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages. • Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and
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opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV). • Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self- rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. • Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels.
4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families – 2007 The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement. The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project- affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under the Land Acquisition (LA) Act. This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to natural calamities, etc.
4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose. The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement including income restoration aspects. Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process
Legal Provision Actions
Section 4 Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice locality No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one month) Declaration of Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose
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Public purpose Declaration is published Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department, State Government Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month) Section 5(a) Enquire objections to LA Enquiry Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections are raised – (one to three months) Section 6 State government issues notices LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government’s intention to take possession of land Time and place set for claims to LAO Public notice given Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months) Section 9 LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable LAO determines compensation (12 months)
Section 11 and Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after 12 inquiry of total valuation Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency (14 months)
4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006 The Act basically does two things: • Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws. • Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and wildlife conservation
4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following: 1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment); 2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years);
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3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions by the employer plus workers); 4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.); 5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour); 6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act); 7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers); 8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees); 9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages); 10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment); 11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment); 12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities); 13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry); 14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen‟s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.); 15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid
57 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.); 16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities); 17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste); 18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-site emergency plans).
58 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Chapter 5 Baseline Status
The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam, Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area.
5.1 Baseline Environmental
5.1.1 Physiography and Topography Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of water during the rainy season. Sewerage district ‘C’ is located in the north eastern part of the city, adjoining the river Ganga in the east side. The highest recorded flood level of river Ganga is 88.00 meters (1978). Number of drains carrying sewage and storm water from different areas forms the natural drainage of the sewerage district ‘C’. Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following geomorphic features, out of which sewerage district ‘C’ falls under the older alluvial plain. • Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system. • Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces found in patches along the active plain. • Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-Yamuna area formed mainly of quartzitic nature. Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-Ganga or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-Yamuna or the Yamunapar tract which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of trans-Ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from 89.30 - 93.57m above MSL.
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5.1.2 Climate Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to September. The average rainfall being 962.68 mm takes place normally in 53 days. The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad
Month Temperature (oC) Mean Humidity (%) Maximum Minimum rainfall in 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs mm January 23.5 8.9 17.9 78 53 February 26.7 11.4 17.3 66 40 March 33.3 16.6 9.6 46 25 April 39 22.3 5.5 32 18 May 41.8 26.7 8.7 36 36 June 39.8 28.4 88.8 55 41 July 34 26.5 280.8 80 71 August 32.5 25.9 296.1 85 77 September 33 24.9 184.9 80 71 October 32.9 20.2 36.6 69 55 November 29.2 13.5 9.3 65 49 December 24.6 9.3 6.9 75 56 Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-2000 (except Humidity data which is 1951-1980)
5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features The sewerage district ‘C’ and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium. The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-Cambrian formation. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit
60 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary alluvium. Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m) Recent to 0.01 m year Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay 60-100
Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium Sand, clay, pebble, gravel 100-200 and Kankar ------Unconformity------Pleistocene & Siwalik Conglomerate, sandstone Above 350 m Pleocene shale etc. ------Unconformity------Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Limestone Not known ------Unconformity------Archean Bundelkhand Granite Basement massit Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
5.1.3.1 Soil Soils in sewerage district ‘C’ usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface, with a thickness ranging between 10-15 m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the east side of the district ‘C’ along the banks/ flood plain of the rivers, clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety. Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been presented in the Table 5.3 below: Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample S. No. Parameters Range of test results 1 Type Silty Clay 2 pH 7.9-8.0 3 Bulk density (g/cm) 1.2-1.28 4 Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 390.5-371.6 5 Water holding capacity (% by mass) 47.7-49.54 6 Organic matter (% by mass) 1.08-1.16
Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality presented in this section is monitored under NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB) and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Out of these two monitoring stations, “Square Crossing near Laxmi
61 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) talkies” is the nearest station for describing the air quality status of sewerage district ‘C’ region. Although, Allahabad city does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have exceeded the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 from 2007 to 2010. The sulphur-di oxide (SO2) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards of 20 µg/m3. The nitrogen-di- oxide (NO2) concentrations, though not exceeding the standards of 30µg/m3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular activities. Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Location Landuse Sulphur- Nitrogen- Respirable Suspended di-oxide in di-oxide Suspended particulate µg/m3 in µg/m3 particulate matter matter (SPM) (RSPM) in µg/m3 in µg/m3
Square crossing circle Mixed 5.7 23.6 237.7 469.4 of Laxmi talkies
Bharat Yantra Nigam Residential 5.4 23.7 232.6 459.4 Ltd.
National Ambient Air Residential 80 80 100 -- Quality Standards ( 24 hourly) National Ambient Air Residential 20 30 60 - Quality Standards ( annual average ) Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011
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SO2
25 Annual avg std. 50 mg/m³
20
g/m³)
m 15
10
Concentraiton ( Concentraiton 5
0 2007 2008 2009
NO2 PM10 (RSPM)
Annual avg. std.
45 40 mg/m³ 250 40 35 200
g/m³) 30 g/m³) Annual
m
m 150 avg. 25 std. 20 60 100 mg/m³ 15
Concentraiton ( Concentraiton
10 ( Concentraiton 50 5 0 0 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009 Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India
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Seasonal Variation
Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations are presented in Figure 5.2. It is observed that air quality with respect to RSPM is poorer at the “Square crossing near Laxmi talkies” station which is nearer to sewerage district ‘C’. However, both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death.
Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011
5.1.5 Noise Environment Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the
64 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) monitoring stations do not come under sewerage district ‘C’, but provide a probable idea of expected noise levels. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively. Noise levels similar to Numaya Dahi can be expected in sewerage district ‘C’, which is mostly residential and has limited commercial and no industrial area. Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in dB (A)] Levels in dB(A) Leq* S.No. Location Day Night Average 1 Numaya Dahi 45.8 41.1 44.0
2 Sulem Sarai 56.3 48.4 53.4
3 Near Office DM 72.4 54.5 65.7
Note: Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) * dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
Seasonal Variation The average day and night ambient noise levels monitored by UP Pollution Control board for residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive locations during 2010-2011 in Allahabad city are presented in Figure 5.3. Noise levels in all areas are largely within the prescribed limits (Refer Figure 5.3) at most of the locations barring few readings.
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80 Day Night 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
24-Jul-10 24-Jul-10 28-Mar-1126-Oct-1019-Aug-1024-Apr-1023-Mar-10 18-Nov-1026-Feb-1122-Jan-1123-Dec-1025-Sep-10 19-Jun-1028-May-10 28-Mar-1128-May-1018-Nov-10 26-Feb-1122-Jan-1123-Dec-1025-Sep-1019-Jun-1024-Apr-1023-Mar-1026-Oct-1019-Aug-10 26th April 2011 26th April 2011
Res Com Ind Sens
Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011
5.1.6 Water Environment Domestic water requirement of district A is met from both surface and ground water resources. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water consumption of 150 litres, as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district ‘C’ by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district ‘C’ is approximately 29.8 million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization. Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘C’ Location Population (as of Per capita water Total water 2010) consumption per consumption in day as per DPR million litres Sewerage District ‘C’ of 198473 150 29.8 Allahabad city
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5.1.6.1 Surface Water An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which flows easterly and Yamuna River merge with River Ganga close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the city. River Ganga lies to the eastern side of sewerage district ‘C’, which often experiences flooding near banks due to the combined discharge of the two rivers especially during rainy season, which is evident from the available data given in Table 5.7. The maximum discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is about 16187-12265 m3/s mainly during the months of August and September and the minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m3/s during April and May.
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Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1972 401.38 433.61 294.13 288.22 362.67 230.12 2609.37 6664.86 13253.85 2065.6 644.51 489.48 1973 389.03 347.81 283.07 225.23 221.7 478.79 13784 21527.1 28809.04 4651.25 1073.44 598.22 1974 507.35 384.54 325.14 267.79 307.61 260.77 9149.19 19693.1 3915.68 1100.98 691.88 488.52 1975 462.97 303.01 265.96 270.39 189.88 572.22 9742.86 18209.5 15767.68 4366.54 1303.98 724.01 1976 669.83 557.91 420.13 420.78 383.05 1117.08 3359.8 18221.7 161.42.34 1893.42 553.63 482.89 1977 335.1 327.9 270.71 394.99 373.86 332.77 9115.64 17417.4 14236.34 3051.76 1121.82 750.47 1978 707.07 623.33 740.88 707.16 556.8 1077.63 7994.05 29786.2 22399.45 3980.05 1346.27 964.36 1979 924.76 1123.35 217.99 678.51 582.7 474.02 4357.59 5701.17 1476.75 598.01 318.43 518.45 1980 380.91 288.71 224.58 151.84 123.71 406.3 6804.97 21670.9 11438.9 1441.81 684.11 443.14 1981 430.99 439.37 337.12 329.04 314.16 303.28 5841.3 11215 3259.22 2337.97 674.15 507.81 1982 476.17 741.79 645.68 689.06 624.22 626.4 1779.81 28824.3 16981.02 1398.27 763.93 616.34 1983 565.77 552.64 357.87 312.95 499.11 503.91 3738.99 12823 22159.27 7019.81 1522.83 767.78 1984 721.53 551.58 486.94 367.11 279.16 575.6 2261.22 10243.4 11080.78 1237.75 571.11 400.81 1985 433.23 323.99 238.99 262.01 237.49 257.07 1827.61 15588.6 10073.87 12078.5 2174.33 745.18 1986 588.76 736.23 554.26 372.11 309.6 382.35 11078.1 17832 4199.39 1539.24 740.38 519.89 1987 497.74 399.46 334.12 271.71 238.36 247.44 1116.56 3277.58 12471.41 1968.6 589.38 366.13 1988 327.21 279.35 261.2 216.16 173.64 165.69 5489.87 16483.9 4730.56 4060.86 9520.2 476.83
Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
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Surface Water Quality Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentrations has increased over the period of 2002 to 2008. TThe Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few years (Figure 5.5). There is a general increase in BOD concentrations as the Ganga passes sewerage district ‘C’, the most prominent of which is the increase of 1mg/l that was observed in 2002. In recent years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water (Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the untreated sewage that has been directly discharged mostly from sewerage district ‘C’ to the river Ganga.
Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years
69 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Source: Ganga water quality trend, 2009. Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India
Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8 shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007. It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution levels are very high11. Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 Location BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) 1.7 8.6 Ganga at Shstri Bridge (U/s sangam) 5.7 10.4 Sangam 4.3 9.3 Yamuna at Karella Bagh 1.8 6.8 Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam 6.4 8.3 Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad 4.3 6.3
11 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., 1996. Water quality of the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11: 1–5.
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Recent Data As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table 5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and also above 2.0 mg/l limit for the drinking water standard, as set by the Indian Standard code IS 10500. However, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water as per the Indian standard code ranges from 4.0-6.0 mg/l for drinking and bathing respectively. Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it from various domestic and industrial sources. Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011 Parameters U/S Rasoolabad Main D/S Ganga Rasoolabad Ghat, Ganga Sangam on Mawaiya Ghat, Ganga Ghat
Temp ( C ) 24.9 24.9 25.4 25.5 pH 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 DO (mg/l) 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4 BOD (mg/l) 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.5 COD (mg/l) 28.4 31.4 30.4 34.9 Turbidity (NTU) 94.3 104.5 85.6 90.7
Alkalinity CaCO3 (mg/l) 168.1 174.6 205.4 213.0
Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) 146.9 153.0 166.4 173.6
Calcium as CaCO3 (mg/l) 87.0 90.6 94.0 99.0
Magnesium as MgCO3 59.9 62.4 72.4 74.6 (mg/l) Conductivity (umho/cm) 427.7 429.4 520.6 531.1 Total Coliform (PN/100 ml) 4678.6 7857.1 6571.4 9428.6
Fecal Coliform 2742.9 3492.9 3142.9 3785.7 (MPN/100ml)
Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, 2011
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5.1.6.2 Ground Water According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Allahabad city • Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl12 • Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and • Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl. Although the extension of individual zones is variable over the district, the sewerage district C’ comes under shallow aquifer zone, which is mainly along the Ganga belt. The ground water generally occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the rivers are effluent in nature. The gradient of the water table in the sewerage district ‘C’ is towards river Ganga particularly in the northern part of Ganga river (within the district) is 0.6 meter/km. Ground Water Quality13 The ground water quality pre and post monsoon has shown small variation in quality as can be seen tabulation below and can be used for drinking with small treatment.
Parameters Pre monsoon Post Monsoon pH 7.2-8.1 7.1-7.8 Total Dissolved Solids ( TDS) in mg/l 281 - 1372 <1300 Hardness in mg/l 180-1128 154 to 1092 Conductivity in mmhos/cm 475-1875 Not Available BOD in mg/l 0.1 - 0.3 Not Available COD in mg/l 1.0 – 6.0 Not Available Fluoride in mg/l 0.24 – 1.03 0.23 to 0.93 Phosphate in mg/l 0.38-0.61 0.24 to 0.55 Pesticide in mg/l Absent Absent Iron in mg/l 6.25 Not Available
12 Meters below ground level
13 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar
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5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, approximately 60-65 percent of area in sewerage district ‘C’ has storm drainage system as shown in Figure 5.6. The regions in sewerage district ‘C’ which have storm drains include: area near Govindpur police station, Shukla market, Chandpur salori, and most part of Allahpur area. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga. The human and animal waste accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic conditions. Since there is no sewerage system in district ‘C’, the discharge from outlet of STPs to storm drains were also practiced as shown in Plate 2.2 under section 2.2. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon.
Storm drains
Plate 5.1 Storm drainage system in residential area Salori area (left) and Flooding due to rainfall in sewerage district ‘C’ (right)
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Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘C
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5.1.8 Waste Water Management As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of Allahabad city. Sewerage district ‘C’ is located in the north-eastern part of the city, with river Ganga on its eastern side. As per the detailed project report, most of sewerage district ‘C’ area has no sewer system and wastewater flows through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxiband nala.
Plate 5.2 Drain in Shukla Market
Wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘C’ is mostly residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. Table 5.10 provides the wastewater characteristics of Salori nala located in sewer district ‘C’ which indicates that the wastewater exceeds the General standard for discharge on inland surface water in terms of BOD and TSS. Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Salori nala in sewerage district ‘C’ Parameter Salori Nala General standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB
BOD(mg/l) 72 30 COD (mg/l) 192 250 TSS (mg/l) 100 100 pH 7.4 5.5 to 9.0 Temperature (°C) 27 shall not exceed 5°C above the receiving water temperature Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad14
14 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District ‘C’ of Allahabad City, 2010. Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad
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As per 2010 population data, nearly 30.76 mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district ‘C’ which generally flows in the open drains (Salori, Allenganj and Buxiband nala.). Under GAP II, 29mld capacity Salori STP has been constructed in sewerage district ‘C’ for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such drains. Table 5.11 provides information about the wastewater treatment characteristics of STP at Salori, monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board. It can be seen from the table below, BOD removal efficiencies in the STP is approximately 91 percent. Therefore, significant reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. It is further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to 43 mld by the year 2025, thus creating a treatment capacity gap of 14 mld as given in Table 2.2 in section 2.3. Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Salori STP Parameter Influent Effluent Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 350-500 30 BOD (5 day sat 20°C) (mg/l) 100-150 20 Fecal Coliforms (MPN/100ml) 107 < 1000 pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 Sulphides (mg/l (as S)) 2.0 2.0
Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad
5.1.9 Solid Waste Management As per Nagar Nigam, about 540.0 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and hospital wastes – non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town. The solid waste from sewerage district ‘C’ is mainly from residential areas and very little comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid waste generated from sewerage district ‘C’ is approximately 79.4 MT as shown in Table 5.12. With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase thereby increasing the solid waste.
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Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘C’ Location Population (as of Average solid waste Total solid waste 2010) generation per capita generated in MT per day Sewerage District ‘C’ of 198473 400 79.4 Allahabad city
The solid waste management in sewerage district ‘C’ is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam, which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under JnNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further, the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district ‘C’ is shown in Plate 5.3. As a result of such practices, the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city.
Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Subzi Mandi area (left) and Shukla market area (right)
5.1.10 Biological Environment
5.1.10.1Green cover Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in sewerage district ‘C’. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district ‘C’ is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Singh park, Durga puja park-1, Durga puja park-2, Irrigation park, Ram park and Katju Colony park majorly falling
77 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) in Govindpur area of study region and the Ram Leela park and Shiv Nagar park exists in Allahapur region. Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district ‘C’, especially near the flood plain area, IERT institution, near Ishwar Sharan college area, Govindpur and less in residential area like Subzi Mandi area, area near Annie Basant school, Uptron Chauraha. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.4.
Govindpur area
Allahapur area
Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘C’
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Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Govindpur area (left) and Telarganj area (right)
Agriculture: The agricultural practice in sewerage district ‘C’ of Allahabad city is limited to the area situated near Salori STP as shown in Figure 5.8. This is generally a flood plain area, which is utilised for agricultural practices during non-monsoon seasons and during monsoon the area is completely flooded due to rise of water level in river Ganga. Crop rotation and mixed cultivation practices are common features of locals in Allahabad district, and locals in sewerage district ‘C’ generally grow seasonal vegetable. As shown in Figure 5.8, the agriculture area in district ‘C’ is located away from the proposed sewer work area and will not be affected.
Agriculture practice in Flood plain area
River Ganga
Salori STP
Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agriculture practice area in sewerage district ‘C’ (Source: Google Earth)
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5.1.10.2 Flora Allahabad district as a whole has around 19839 hectares of reserved forest area falling under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century, patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-Ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-Yamuna tracts in Bara tehsil and the southern tracts of tehsil Meja. Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district ‘C’ of Allahabad city. The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest area. The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is evident from Figure 5.9, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D) and their average distance from Allahabad.
Figure 5.9 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city Source: Google Maps
5.1.10.3 Fauna The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-Yamuna tract than elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was
80 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. As mentioned in section 5.10.2 above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the sewerage district ‘C’ and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.9. The proposed project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality.
5.2 Baseline Social Status Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade 1961-71. In this particular decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown. Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state.
Figure 5.10 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report
Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. According to census of India 2011 data its Scheduled Caste population (21.58%), consists primarily of the Chamar and Pasi castes. In terms of literacy rate Allahabad district witnesses a relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predictably, women fall far below the average at 46.38% while men with the average rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6 population shows an increase of females from 879 to 917 per 1,000 males. Employment situation is not well off as the most people in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district’s population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalent or above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle with only a basic education; for
81 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) example, the percentage of the population (43%) with Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes to populations overall vulnerability. Analysing housing structure in the district, roughly half of all houses are permanent, while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage are considered temporary. Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad
Source: Measurement Learning and Evaluation Study: City Report, Allahabad 2010
Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is 318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones, only 26.6% of households of the district have access to toilet facility. Fitting with the educational background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are very few. Medical facilities also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to Annexure (3). Allahabad’s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project). Allahabad sewerage district C comprises of 12 wards. Most of the land use in District C has been identified as residential, through the field survey. The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described in the table below;
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Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use Ward Wards Land use observation Population Projected Population (Source: Ref. in field DPR) No. 2001 2010 2025 2040 2 Sadiabad Residential, middle to 12365 16075 21639 26214 low income groups, very small roads 7 Ishwar Saran Commercial/residential 11728 15246 20524 24863 with some institutions, not too congested 9 Sheqkuti Residential, some 13134 17074 22985 27844 green pockets, congested in some areas 14 Alenganj Mostly residential, not 8388 10904 14679 17783 too congested, present of slums near railway crossing before Subji Mandi at Bandh Road 18 Engineering Institutional area, there 13329 17328 23326 28257 is an engineering college & hostels, not congested, large open areas 25 Bhardwaj Also known as 13690 17797 23958 29023 Puram/Allahapur Allahpur. Residential, congested, some markets, High income to middle income groups 26 Govindpur Residential, middle 12611 16394 22069 26735 class, some parts not very congested, very few shops on road side 37 Bagambari Residential, middle 13593 17671 23788 28817 class, congested 44 Pura Parain Residential with a mix 13280 17264 23240 28154 of commercial 48 Chadpur Salori Residential, rural 10739 13961 18793 22767 village and middle class 54 Salori Residential, rural 10650 13845 18638 22578 village and middle class 56 Bakshi Khurd Residential, middle 13619 17705 23833 28872 class, congested Sub Total (C ) 147126 191264 257472 311907 Source of population data: DPR
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Population density in Allahabad Ditrict C: As mentioned district C has 12 wards, and most of these wards have population density less than 200 people per hectare. Not a single ward falls in the category of highest density. Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad
The table shows that ten wards out of the twelve are falling in category with density of less than 200 person per hectare. Only two wards i.e. Bhardwaj Puram and Bagambari are in the category of denisty of 200-400 people per hectare.
Figure 5.11 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District C
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Location of STP: Salori STP is located in District C. It is surrounded by residential colonies at varying distances at three sides and flood plain area on the fourth side, where the land is used for agricultural use.
Figure 5.12 Location of STP and its relative distance from all the surroundings
Plate 5.5 Salori STP
Cultural Significance Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India’s
85 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) holiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name 'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate 5.6), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists.
Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbhmela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbhmela (Source: http://kumbhmela.co.in/mahakumbhmela2013.html)
5.2.1 Public Consultation The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social survey has been discussed in the Section 2.6. Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned stakeholders. Household owners in all the 12 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. All these 12 wards have various academic institutions and most of them are residential in land use. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the fact stated by census of India also. All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project. Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not.
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Figure 5.13 Connection to sewers One of the important questions that was asked to communities was on the consequence of construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed the following result;
Figure 5.14 Problems encountered during construction phase
The figure clearly shows that traffic nuisance is ranked the highest as a consequence and almost 90% of the respondents cited it as a problem. After traffic congestion, pollution mainly in the form of dust was the reply given by around 60% of the respondents. Around 30% of people surveyed, stated that damage to basic services like water pipe, electricity lines happen during such construction activities and almost 20% of interviewed people told noise caused during construction is a problem for them.
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Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table
Consulta Place Date No. of Nature of Key issues raised tion no. Participants participants 1 Sadiabad 23/8/11 4 Residents Inconvenience But want it to be executed and also should be executed in time 2 Ishwar 23/8/11 10 Academic Noise and dust during Saran Institution construction, members: inconvenience to daily students, life teachers Positive overall impact is expected 3 Sheqkuti 23/8/11 8 Residential Dust is too much and at times debris is not cleared on time 4 Alenganj 23/8/11 12 At Railway Overall satisfied if this line crossing: project is executed and Mobile would like it to get vendors, completed in time mandi, shopkeepers 5 Engineering 23/8/11 8 Academic Noise and dust ward Institution pollution, access members/engi problem at times, traffic neering congestion college: students, teachers 6 Bhardwaj 23/8/11 5 Residents : Traffic congestion, dust, Puram/Alla females casualties due to hapur construction, disruption in supply of basic facilities like water 7 Govindpur 24/8/11 8 Residents and Traffic congestion, dust, shop keepers noise 8 Bagambari 24/8/11 5 Residents: Inconvenience to daily females life routine, dust, problems to pedestrian 9 Pura Parain 24/8/11 4 Shop owners Dust, traffic congestion, in-convenient access to shop 10 Chadpur 24/8/11 14 Residents, Dust and inconvenience Salori mobile in daily activities vendors 11 Salori 24/8/11 12 Residents, Daily life gets disturbed, priest of a no prior intimation is
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temple and provided to residents pedestrians about upcoming construction in the area 12 Bakshi 24/8/11 7 Residents and Improve the water Khurd pedestrians, quality of river, water students from which they use for their household chores and at times for bathing also
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Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts
Any development projects have associated environmental and social positive and negative impacts. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have started integrating measures in project design to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the major findings of field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and social impacts due to proposed sewerage subproject in district C are identified and presented in following sections below.
6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘C’ would influence the environment during all three following phases: • During Design and Development phase • During construction phase • During operation phase
6.1.1 Design and Development Phase Design with inadequate consideration to likely environmental impacts associated with construction and operation stages may lead to significant environmental impacts due to the projects. Anticipated impacts which either can be eliminated or minimize with design consideration are identified at design stage and required measures are integrated in the designs. The identified impacts requiring design stage considerations are stated below: • Accidental leakages/burst in trunk sewerage line due to inadequate design ( non- consideration of project population or sewage load) or lack of maintenance provisions. • Sewage Pumping Station locational specific : noise and odour nuisance, tree cutting, • Alignment planning considering least shifting of utilities • STP Operation Specific: Bad Smell, digested sludge disposal, discharge of untreated or partially treated effluent
6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase The proposed sub-project consists of four major activities which include: • Construction of approximately 141km long sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer. • Construction of additional 14 mld capacity STP in the existing Salori STP premises • Construction of 14.5 mld sewage pumping station
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The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc.) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below: i) Environmental sensitive areas Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1). The nearest eco-sensitive areas such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. Small residential parks (Figure 5.7 in section 5.1.10.1) and road side trees (Plate 5.4 in section 5.1.10.1) are located in this area , which will not be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive aquatic areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of District C is residential, with limited agricultural and no forest areas. There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district ‘C’, except the banks of river Ganga which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm- havans and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. The four ASI (Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort, Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj are also not within the boundary of sewerage district ‘C’ and hence will not be effected by the proposed sewer works. Even the river banks will not be impacted by the sewer works as, the construction and operational works will take place inside the residential areas which are away from river banks. ii) Air quality Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono- oxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction phase mainly because of: Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved roads (increases dust level) Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2). Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO). A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern. iii) Noise levels The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations, As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in sewerage district ‘C, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and
91 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (St. Peter’s Academy, Annie Besant School, IERT, MNNIT, Institutes of Ishwar Sharan, Kidzone School), hospitals (Narayani Asham Hospital, Royal Hospital, Sachan Nursing Home) and cultural centres like Narayani Ashram. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction period. iv) Water resources From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the following ways: Direct discharge from construction activities – If the construction wastes and construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find their way to the river Ganga via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for drainage network of District C). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section 5.1.9 of baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During construction of sewerage works in District C, there may be flooding due to the already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Labour Chauraha Mandi in Allahapur area and other low lying areas such as Sabji Mandi, Chhota Bhagara. Temporary flooding in the STP area may occur due to its low lying position and may also cause stagnation of water promoting breeding of mosquitoes and create unsanitary condition. The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report.15 Excavation may lead to damage to underground water supply lines or other utilities. As per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often above the permissible limits indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage district C (Salori STP) and would not be let into the Ganga16. Improved water quality provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious pilgrims that visit the city.
15 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited.
16 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad
92 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has been suggested. Top soil productivity will also be lost, if it is not preserved separately. vi) Safety and traffic management: accidental damage due to erosion/sliding of vertical sides of excavated trenches while placing pipes, Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoon or blockage of surface drains. Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access). vii) Tree Cuttings: No very few tree felling may be involved. Compensatory Tree shall be planted for each tree cut.
6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase i) Water environment Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation project since additional sewage will now be routed to the expanded STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include unpredictable events such as: Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to blockages and backlogging of lines. Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process. ii) Noise and air quality Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during operation, most of the works will be laid underground. iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station, STP and Sewer Cleaning Operations It is possible that during the operation of pumping station, STP and sewers cleaning, sludge generated may not be properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect.
6.2 Potential Social Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘C’ would influence the social sector in two distinct phases: • During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term; • During the operation phase which would have long term effects
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6.2.1 Social impacts during construction phase i. Impact on human health One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies are Sadiabad, Govindpuri, Ishwar saran, Salori, Chadpur salori, Allen Ganj, Bakshi Khurd, Bagambari, etc. ii. Traffic Congestion Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de- routing of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Residents of Allahapur reported traffic congestion happening during the construction. Streets of Labour Chauraha are very narrow and congested and hence witnesses’ traffic jams during peak hours. Also many of the roads in many pockets of the district are very narrow some ranging from 7 -12 ft. wide for example in areas like Sadiabad, Salori, Chadpur salori etc. Any excavation along the roads in these areas will inhibit traffic movement. Since Allahapur is comparatively having higher population density than other wards, there would be more traffic congestion in this ward. The ward houses around 18,000 residents.
Plate 6.1 Narrow road through Salori with open drains on both the sides
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Figure 6.1 Road network map of District C indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high. iii. Impact on livelihood
The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage on temporary basis and as a result the commercial establishments and vendors may have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. Vendors in areas like Sabzi Mandi near Salori STP, parts of Govindpuri, and area near Prayag railway crossing, Sabzi Mandi at Labour Chauraha are particularly vulnerable to such obstructions. As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same interviewees felt that
95 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long duration of construction work.
Plate 6.2 Vegetable vendors at Sabzi Mandi area
iv. Impact on existing utility services
The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs. Flooding of areas has been witnessed in localities like Allahapur, some parts of Salori Chadpur salori, and Bakshi Khurd. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some complaints about water line breakage during the construction phase. With no other alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue. v. Safety hazards
There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR. vi. Elevated Noise Levels
Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in Ishwar Saran area. For elderly and students, noise is disturbing and affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and hospitals.
96 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites
Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern. viii. Affect to daily life
Resident of Allahapur, Bakshi Bund colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects, they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was no space outside for parking. ix. Land Acquisition
Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, Revenue Department, community, other sources17 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional land is required for the project, as land is available for construction of proposed 14 mld STP and also sewage construction will not result in fresh land acquisition. Also there are no squatters and encroachers present in and around the STP premises. Thus, given that there is no land acquisition, there are no R&R issues related to land acquisition, including but not limited to loss of property, resettlement, land regulations, etc. Also Figure 4.11 indicate that the project construction will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land requirement for laying sewer lines. Sewer lines will pass through various residential colonies of sewerage district C. Figure 4.12 clearly shows the well demarcated boundary land of existing STP, which has barren area to accommodate new STP and pumping station in the same premises. Moreover there would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey and consultation with the local people. Loss of access in temporary manner would be compensated by local mitigation measures as discussed later in the report.
6.2.2 Social impacts during operation phase Noise pollution: Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity, which would affect the daily life of the surrounding neighbourhoods.
6.3 Conclusion Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow
17 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District ‘C’ and Allahapur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited.
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Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid waste Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health hazards within the cities/towns Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial risks and other health hazards Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences.
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Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan
7.1 Environmental Management Plan Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in sewerage district ‘C’ and construction of Salori STP. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study. In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved institutes are described below.
7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities: EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required; Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum;
7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the following:
7.1.2.1 Implementation of EMP The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in implementing the Environment Management Plan.
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Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1 below:
State Pollution Control Board
Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone UPJN
GM-Ganga Pollution control unit
PM-1 PM-2 PM-3
Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)
Team Leader (Supervision Consultant) Project Manager (Contractor)
Environmental Expert Environmental Officer (Supervision Consultant) (Contractor)
Figure 7.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP
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Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan for Salori 14 MLD STP
Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency Sewerage and Sanitation Investments A. Design and Development Phase Sewage Treated water Pollution of received water Temporary The treated water quality shall comply DBO Operator Treatment disposal into body ( river) or land due to with the prescribed standards of the bid plant nearby inefficient treatment or document and other applicable conditions stream non-operation of STP of consent to establish issued by the state pollution control board. Selection of best available sewage treatment technology with High BOD removal efficiency. Ensuring development and compliance to standard operation and maintenance practices. Provision of effective screening at inlet of STP for removal of grit, fine plastics and other suspended solids Provision of effective separation and controlled disposal of digested sludge Provision effective disinfection before discharge of treated water for irrigation or to river
STP Discharge of untreated Temporary Provision of adequate holding capacity DBO Operator Breakdown sewage leading river adequate for storage of sewage to prevent pollution. flow of untreated sewage to river.
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Flooding of Rain water may flood the Temporary Suitable drainage provision shall be made DBO Operator STP area STP area in absence of to divert the rain water likely to be adequate provision of accumulated from peripheral catchment diverting rain water flow area of STP, to natural drainage stream or towards STP from area. periphery area. Sludge Disposal of sludge leading Permanent Efficient Sludge dewatering with minimum DBO Operator disposal to contamination of land land involvement shall be adopted. and water. Provision shall be made for intermittent storage of digested sludge at STP site.
The digested sludge shall be utilised as manure or disposed to suitable site as approved by DBO engineer. If disposal is made for land fill, the site shall be located away from habitation, and water bodies and shall be pre-approved by concerned authorities like Municipal corporation, Pollution Control Board or urban development authority.
Provision for Accidents leading to injury Permanent Ensure adequate provision of Handrails on DBO Operator safety of or death of workers both sides of walkways close to deeper workers and ( Fall of workers from tanks and STPs need to be ensured; safe operation Height, Fall into deep All electric switches ( including unit of STPs water tanks, Short specific on-off switches installed at Circuiting) respective units ) and panels should have Accidental slip, trip and adequate protection from rain water to fall in walk ways or work prevent short circuiting areas Proper earthling with installation of earth Fire circuit breakers shall be made Exposure to toxic gas such Walk ways designs shall be made with
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as chlorine proper slope to avoid accumulation of rain water. Material handling and storage shall be so designed that walk way surface remains free from wet or oil surface situation to prevent slips, trip or fall accidents. Provision of interlock system to either stop STP or divert untreated effluent to holding tanks in case of short circuiting, or mall functioning of STP Prepare emergency preparedness plan including identification of assembly area in case of fire Location of Noise/Odour/fly nuisance Permanent Ensure minimum noise generation at DBO Operator STP hazards to neighbouring pump station in STP; areas. Minimize Tree cutting if involved. Cutting of Trees Tree plantation of at least two row around the periphery of STP site and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared within 24 hours and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour.
Sewage Pumping of Noise and odour nuisance Permanent Ensure minimum noise generation at DBO Operator Pumping sewage to hazards to neighboring pump station in SPS by use of less noise Station STP areas. generating equipment meeting prescribed Cutting of Trees noise standards as applicable and enclosed generators. Minimize Tree cutting if involved.
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Tree plantation of at least two row around the periphery of SPS site and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared at short intervals and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour. Provision for regular maintenance and switching off equipment when not in use; B. Construction phase
Sewage Excavation Loss of topsoil due to Temporary Excavation shall be planned in such a DBO Operator treatment excavation activities. manner that such that no damage occurs to plant and existing structures. Sewage Top soil should be separately stockpiled pumping and utilized for green belt development or station landscaping after completion of work Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste DBO Operator should be properly managed by storing and disposing off at suitable refusal sites approved by DBO engineer. Nuisance due to domestic Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and non- DBO Operator solid waste disposal recyclable wastes. Ensure that recyclable and non-recyclable waste are collected in segregated manner in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable material should be sold. Non-recyclable material should be disposed to designated land fill area of the city.
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Provide adequate sanitation facility for workers at construction sites. Dust Generation due to Temporary Excavated material transported by trucks DBO Operator construction activities will be covered and/or wetted to prevent dust nuisance. Suppressing dust generation by spraying water on stockpiles and unpaved movement areas Water sprinkling over excavated areas, unpaved movement areas and stockpiles. Transportation of loose construction material through covered trucks. Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area for containing dust spread. Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and carry Pollution Under Control certificate. Temporary flooding due to Temporary The construction waste material should be DBO Operator uneven dumping of stored on the higher areas of the site and or construction waste areas where water may accumulate creating flooding like situation Temporary flooding due to Temporary The construction waste material should be DBO Operator uneven dumping of stored on the higher areas of the site and or construction waste areas where water may accumulate creating flooding like situation Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if DBO Operator required) at a place away from any drainage channel/nalla preferably to be stored in drums mounted on a concrete paved platform with slop draining to small spills collection pit.
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Noise and vibration Temporary Construction activities to be carried out in DBO Operator disturbances to residents and day time with prior intimation to local businesses residents and shop keepers. Use of low noise and vibrating equipment (such as enclosed generators with mufflers, instruments with built in vibration dampening and improved exhaust), to meet standards as prescribed by CPCB18. Provision of protective equipment ( PPE) like ear muffs and plugs for construction workers. . Provision of noise barriers as feasible in inhabited areas, particularly near sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. General: Safety and Safety hazards to labours and Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and DBO Operator safety Health Hazard public Safety act of India during Ensure that the contact details of the police constructi or security company and ambulance on services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Follow safe practices for working at height or confined area or underground working for safety of workers Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed
18 http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.html
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construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate PPE to workers such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. to workers Provide handrails on both sides of walkways close to deeper tanks and STPs need to be ensured; Smaller on and off switches at STP units to be installed with protection from rain water to minimize electrical short circuit; Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to DBO engineer and owner.
Constructio Sanitation Nuisance due to absence of Temporary Labour camp if provided, must have DBO Operator n camps (if facility of sanitation and solid adequate provision of shelter, water adopted) waste management supply, sanitation and solid waste management C. Operation phase
Sewage Treatment and River, land or ground water Permanent Monitor the treated sewage quality and DBO Operator treatment Disposal of pollution due to discharge of ensure compliance with PCB standards for plant and Treated Water untreated or partially treated effluent disposal into surface water bodies, Sewage and Sludge sewage due to inadequate or on land or for the agricultural use. pumping inefficient STP operations. Follow standard operating procedures for station operation and maintenance. Undertake periodic audit as per these procedures. Comply with all applicable condition of
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consent to operate Quarterly monitoring of influent sewage, treated sewage, upstream and downstream point of treated sewage disposal point to river Problems arising due to bad Temporary Maintain the green belt as per provision of DBO Operator odour, insects, polluted air, design to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared within 24 hours and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour. Quarterly monitoring of Ambient Air Quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5, Sox and NOx, CO and Odour at three locations ( at STP site, minimum 500 m away from STP site in up-wind and down-wind direction of STP area.
Increase in Ambient Noise Temporary Proper handling and regular maintenance DBO Operator Level and discomfort to of operating machines including pumps, neighbouring people generators, air diffusers, etc. Quarterly Monitoring of Ambient Noise level to check compliance to standards. Quarterly monitoring of ambient noise levels ( day and night) at same locations as of ambient air monitoring
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Indiscriminate disposal of Temporary Prepares sludge disposal plan as per desire DBO Operator sludge leading to stage provisions and guidelines and adhere contamination of land and to the same. soil. Ensure proper functioning of STP for digestion of sludge and ensure adequate functioning of dewatering units for efficient functioning of system
River, land or ground water Temporary Ensure compliance with PCB standards for DBO Operator pollution due to discharge of effluent disposal into surface water bodies, untreated or partially treated on land or for the agricultural use. sewage due to inadequate or Follow standard operating procedures for inefficient STP operations. operation and maintenance. Undertake periodic audit as per these procedures. Comply with all applicable condition of consent to operate Sewage Waste Handling Bad odour, Health hazard and Temporary Provision for regular clearance of sludge DBO Operator Pumping public nuisance and solid waste to minimize odor nuisance Station Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to designated land fill sites of the city. General Workers Serious/health/ safety Temporary Ensure availability of PPE for maintenance DBO Operator Safety exposure to hazards workers. hazardous Follow safety measures and Emergency materials/ preparedness plan evolved at design stage situations
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Table 7.2 Environment Management Plan for Sewer Netwrok in Allahabad District C
Activity Potential Negative Duration Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern of impact agency
Sewerage and Sanitation Investments A. Design and Development Phase Sewerage Accidental Due to accidental burst or Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity and flow DBO Network ( leakages/ bursts leakage of sewers, flooding velocity Operator Trunk of the nearby areas Provision for Regular inspection and maintenance of Sewer Backlogging due to the sewers Line) unexpected heavy flow Preparation of safety and Emergency Preparedness rates plan
Sewage Location of Noise and odour nuisance Permanent Ensure minimum noise generation at pump station in DBO Pumping Sewage Pumping hazards to neighboring SPS by use of less noise generating equipment Operator Station Station and areas. meeting prescribed noise standards as applicable and Pumping of Cutting of Trees enclosed generators. sewage from Minimize Tree cutting if involved. District C to STP Tree plantation of at least two row around the periphery of SPS site and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared at short intervals and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour. Provision for regular maintenance and switching off equipment when not in use;
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B. Construction phase
Sewerage Excavation, Damage to underground Temporary Identify existing underground other utility DBO (laying of cutting, back utilities like water, gas line, structures, lines through available records and in Operator sewers) and filling, electricity and telephone consultation with concerned authorities and plan Sewage compaction and conduits, etc. due to construction activities accordingly to minimize Pumping construction construction activities. damage to such utilities. These underground utilities station operations encountered in excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and protected from damage or interruption of service until backfill is complete and settlement has taken place. Accidents/ damages due to Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench sides DBO erosion/ sliding of vertical by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, Operator sides of excavated trenches bracing, piles, or other materials while places the pipes Exposed surface shall be resurfaced and stabilized. Exposed surface will be resurfaced and stabilized by making the sloping sides of trench to the angle of repose at which the soil will remain safely at rest. Generation of substantial Temporary Top soil shall be preserved and may be used for DBO debris, top soil and muck agricultural purpose or development of city parks. Operator during construction Soil and debris may be managed for planned land filling and landscaping; Debris may be suitably stored to filling back the excavated areas after placing the trunk sewer lines. Dust Generation ( Air Temporary Water sprinkling over excavated areas, unpaved DBO Pollution) due to excavation, movement areas and stockpiles. Operator cutting, back filling and Transportation of loose construction material compaction operations through covered trucks. Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area for containing dust spread at SPS building construction site. Construction equipment must comply with pollution
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norms and carry Pollution Under Control certificate.
Noise and vibration Temporary Construction activities to be carried out in day time DBO disturbances to residents and with prior intimation to local residents and shop Operator businesses keepers. Construction work near schools and colleges to be carried out during vacations and work near hospitals to be completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.). Use of low noise and vibrating equipment meeting prescribed noise standards. Provision of protective equipment (PPE) like ear muffs and plugs for construction workers. . Provision of noise barriers in inhabited areas, particularly near sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Temporary flooding due to Temporary Stockpiled areas to be bordered by berms; DBO excavation during monsoons Stockpiles to be done in high areas to avoid flow in Operator or blockage of surface drains storm water run-off channels and erosion; Increased traffic Temporary Alternate traffic routing must be adopted in DBO inconvenience (emissions, consultation with concerned traffic police authorities. Operator congestions, longer travel Proper traffic planning be made for narrow lane times, blockage of access) areas. Work should to be completed on priority near business and market place to minimize business loss. Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts at schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be maintained to these places during construction.
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Provide temporary crossing/ bridges as may be required to facilitate normal life and business Settlement of backfilled area Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from petroleum DBO after construction products, slag, cinders, ash or other material. Operator Backfilling activity shall be completed within five days of laying of sewer. Proper compaction as per the soil condition and retain the original level of alignment and grade. Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if required) at a DBO place away from any drainage channel/nalla preferably Operator to be stored in drums mounted on a concrete paved platform with slop draining to small spills collection pit. Nuisance due to solid waste Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and non-recyclable DBO disposal wastes. Operator Ensure that recyclable and non-recyclable waste are collected in segregated manner in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable material should be sold. Non- recyclable material should be disposed for designated land fill area of the city. Provide adequate sanitation facility for workers at construction sites.
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General: Accidents Safety hazards to labours and Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and Safety act DBO safety public of India Operator during Ensure that the contact details of the police or constructi security company and ambulance services nearby to on the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. to workers Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to DBO engineer and owner. C. Operation phase
Sewer line Leakage/ Water pollution and Temporary Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for DBO overflows possibility of mixing with visible leakages/ overflows. Operator water supply line Immediate repair shall be carried out to plug the leakages. Restore the sewer and other utility services if damaged due to leakages. Sewage Waste Handling Bad odour, Health hazard Temporary Provision for regular clearance of sludge and solid DBO Pumping and waste to minimize odor nuisance Operator Station public nuisance Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to disposal site as approved by DBO engineer. Sewage Extracted Sewage Bad odour, Health hazard Temporary Ensure that extracted sewage sludge collected during DBO Cleaning Sludge handling and sewers cleaning are disposed to disposal site as Operator Equipment and cleaning public nuisance and possible approved by DBO engineer.
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equipment land contaminations Sewage solids shall not be disposed on road sides or maintenance non-designated areas. waste handling Equipment cleaning waste shall be disposed to public sewer or STP inlet for treatment Waste oil if any generated shall be separately collected. It shall be sold to authorized waste oil recyclers. General Workers Serious/health/ safety Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the sewer DBO Operator Safety exposure to hazards line will be adequately vented to ensure that no toxic toxic gases in The toxic gases are likely or hazardous gases are present in the line. sewers and to contract communicable Ensure availability of PPE for maintenance workers. hazardous diseases from exposure to Follow safety and Emergency Preparedness plan materials pathogens present in the prepared at design stage during sewage. Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate sewer reporting to DBO engineer and owner. maintenance work
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7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-3. Successful implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following: The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt); The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out; Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and subsequent analysis of results; Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to: o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency); o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations; o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required; o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and, o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels.
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Table 7.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component Parameter Standards/Met Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision hods PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5 μg/m3, CPCB Sewer Construction Once in every season Contractor through PMC, UPJN and
SO2, NOX, CO Sites (except monsoon approved monitoring SPMG agency/Lab
Construction PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5 μg/m3, Sewer Construction Once in a year except Contractor through PMC, UPJN and
SO2, NOX, CO Sites monsoon for first 5 approved monitoring SPMG years. agency/Lab
Air Quality Operation Rainfall, humidity, Wind USEPA's One location within Once in every season Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Speed, Wind direction, Meteorologica Allahabad A approved monitoring SPMG
Temperature l Monitoring district agency/Lab Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
Meteorology Construction
Rainfall, humidity, Wind USEPA's One location within Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Speed, Wind direction, Meteorologica Allahabad A approved monitoring SPMG Temperature l Monitoring district agency/Lab Operation Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
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Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component
Leq dB (A) (Day and Night) Ambient Sewer Construction Once in every season Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Average and Peak values Noise Sites (except monsoon) approved monitoring SPMG Standard agency/Lab
CPCB
Construction
Leq dB (A) (Day and Night) Sewer Construction Once in a year except Contractor through PMC, UPJN and
Average and Peak values Sites monsoon for first 5 approved monitoring SPMG
Noise LevelsNoise years. agency/Lab
Operation
Physical Parameter: Texture, Consider the Sewer Construction Once in every season Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, following Sites and SPS approved monitoring SPMG Clay; Chemical Parameter: pH, methods: agency/Lab Conductivity, Calcium, Construction Magnesium, Sodium, IS-2720 Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio (Various part);
Soil Chemical
Soil Analysis by M.L. JACKSON. Soil Test Method by Ministry of agriculture
118 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component Physical : Texture, Grain Size, Consider the Along sewer Twice in a year (Pre- Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; following construction sites, monsoon and Post approved monitoring SPMG Chemical Parameter: pH, methods: SPS monsoon) for first 5 agency/Lab Conductivity, Calcium, years, Magnesium, Sodium, IS-2720 Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio (Various part);
Soil Chemical Analysis by M.L.
Operation JACKSON.
Soil Test Method by Ministry of agriculture
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7.3 EMP Budget The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-4 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in Table 7-5. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering costs are listed below: Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS and STP site area Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer Alternate traffic re-routing, Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas Solid Waste Management
Table 7.4 gives a brief idea about the probable cost implications of the environmental management plans. These costs are to be considered as estimated on a lump-sum basis, since the detailed cost estimates depend on site condition and construction/operation practices. Table 7.4 Cost Details of Environmental Management Plan
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) Design Design of Selection Yes (not DPR for STP at SBR technology has been and efficient STP of specific but Salori in Sewerage chosen in the proposed DPR Develop appropriate included as a District ‘C’ ment technology part of Allahabad, associated Volume-III, Page construction no. A- XI-19 to 4 activity) Sludge disposal Appropriat Yes (not DPR for STP at The proposed DPR includes design in STP e specific but Salori in Sewerage these activities technology/ included as a District ‘C’ sludge part of Allahabad, manageme associated Volume-III, Page nt construction no. A- XI-19 to 4 activity)
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Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) Provision for Proper Yes (not DPR for STP at The proposed DPR includes accidental drainage specific but Salori in Sewerage these activities leakages / arrangemen included as a District ‘C’ bursts in ts to part of Allahabad, STP/SPS prevent associated Volume-III, Page water construction no. A- XI-19 to 4 stagnation/ activity) flooding in STP/SPS site area Location of Provision Yes (provision DPR of STP at The proposed STP is placed STP of trees as of plantation Salori in Sewerage away from main residential noise and District ‘C’ area and its enclosed nature barriers development Volume I, Section prevents odour and noise and to of STP 6, Page no.3. pollution. reduce campus) odour Tree plantation: Suggested nuisance if to grow trees with large any canopy and which are suitable to grow in the study area. Trees like Neem, Sal, Arjun, Jamun, Nahera, Pongamia, Harar, Drek, Bahera, Ailanthus are suitable for the present project area.
Location of Appropriat Yes DPR for STP at The proposed SPS will be SPS e siting, Salori in Sewerage indoor which will prevent and District ‘C’ noise and enclosed nature enclosing Allahabad, and appropriate cleaning and within Volume-III, Option maintenance will prevent building to 1:Page no. A- XI- odour nuisance reduce 1to 4 and Option 2: noise and Page no. A-XI-9 odour to13 nuisance to surroundin g area Construct Excavation, Review of Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes ion Cutting and existing system in Sewerage these activities filling infrastructu District ‘C’ operations re, shoring Allahabad, trenches, Volume-IV Page reinstateme no. 1, 84, 221 & nt/ Volume -V Page resurfacing no. 123, 202, 339 Damage public Proper Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes utilities reviewing system in Sewerage these activities of existing District ‘C’ drawing s Allahabad,
121 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) of utilities, Volume.-IV, page informing no. 1, 84, 221 & concern Volume-V, Page authorities no. 123, 202, 339 and reinstateme nt of public utilities
Dust generation Water No Water tanker: Water sprinkling: sprinkling Rs. 951750 As per time schedule 24 on months – 141km. excavated Top cover for Per day, as estimated 200 m material to dumper truck: Rs. will be covered suppress 22500 2000 L water will be dust and consumed every for 200m provision using sprinkler, average 2 of top times a day. cover when Labour cost = Rs. 150/day transported Rs 300/tanker + Rs. 150 through /labourer = Rs. 450 vehicles Per meter cost = Rs.450/200m = Rs. 2.25 Total cost for 141km = Rs.2.75 x 141,000 = Rs. 3,17,250
As discussed with SPMG keeping a 2-day margin for construction and re- instatement per site: = 4 x 317250= Rs.634500/-
Top cover: Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may be required for each vehicle. Assume that 10 such vehicles are required in transporting excess soil to dumping location (considering construction schedule and max excavated earth disposal). Therefore: 10 trucks x required top cover 30 Sqm x Cost of Tripol cover @Rs. 75/ Sqm = Rs. 22500 Noise and Usage of No. Setting up As per the schedule, the vibrations sound barricades: construction of 141km has to
122 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) barriers or Rs. 42900 be executed in 24 months sheets. which implies that Setting up noise approximately 5 days are barriers (installing required for completing 1km GI sheets): or 200 m/day. Rs. 3,36,400 Setting up barricade frame: 1 wooden rod (bamboo or babool) length = 10ft = 3m Total rods (vertical) required = 250/3 = 83.3 ~ 90. Total rods (horizontal) required (2 layers) = 250/3 x 2 = 83.3 x 2 ~ 90 x 2 = 180. Total one side = 180 + 90 = 270 rods Total opposite side Total = 180+ 90 = 270
Rate for 1 wooden rod = Rs.75 per rod.
Total cost for frame = R.300 * 540 rods = Rs. 40,500 Labour Cost: 2 labourers per day = 2 x 150 = Rs.300 Total = Rs.300 x 8days for barricading= Rs. 2400
Using Galvanized Iron (GI) sheets as noise barriers in sensitive zones: Based on discussions with SPMG, noise barriers will be setup only in sensitive regions hence, only 2kms (estimated) of noise barrier would be required. 2km@250m/day would require 8 days.
Approximately 250 m of barricade is set up on each side of construction site = 250m x 2 = 500m per site.
Each GI sheet has dimensions of
123 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) 10ft x 4ft = 3m x 1.2m.
Laying each sheet horizontally, 2 sheets would cover a height of 1.2m + 1.2m = 2.4m and a length of 3m.
Number of GI sheets required for 250m stretch (left side) = 250/3 x 2 = 167 sheets Number of GI sheets required for 250m stretch (right side) = 250/3 x 2 = 167 sheets Total = 334 sheets
Hence 334 sheets x Cost of GI sheet Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs.70-100 per Kg) + labour cost for 8 days (two labourers at avg. rate of Rs.150 per day). = 334 x 1000 + (150x2x8) = Rs. 3,36,400
*The costs provided above are for a 250m stretch and provided for barricades and GI sheets (noise barriers) separately. Erecting Barricades or Noise barriers should be done based on the site specific requirements.
*It is also assumed that excavation, construction and backfilling activity will take place simultaneously at each stretch.
Temporary Alternate Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes flooding or , traffic re- system in Sewerage these activities water logging routing, District ‘C’ Ensuring Allahabad, storage of Volume-IV, page excavated no. 1, 84, 221 & soil Volume-V, Page material on no. 123, 202, 339
124 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) the higher lying areas Increased Traffic re- Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes traffic routing system in Sewerage these activities inconvenience District ‘C’ Allahabad, Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 Safety hazards Putting Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes to workers and fences or system in Sewerage these activities residents other District ‘C’ barricades Allahabad, to Volume-I,Table demarcate 6.24 the area & Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 and there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘C’, Volume-II, Section 8: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no. 1 to11. Labour Health hazards Sanitation No Cost of Total number of labourers is camps (if and nuisance construction of pit estimated assuming 35% of adopted) due to absence and toilet building total project working for of facility for approximately Rs. average 20 months (24 sanitation or 10,40,000 months for sewerage and 16 solid waste Cleaning of all pits months for STP). The labour management 1,20,000 camps can be divided into 2 camps, for appropriate management and maintenance work. Each camp will have around 1500 labourers
A toilet with septic tank is been suggested for sanitation facility at labour camps.
Pit: Assuming single pit of 45cum would cover
125 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) 600 people. 3 pits are needed in 1 camp. Construction of one pit would cost approximately Rs. 1,20,000/-. So for 2 camps 3 pits each is required. So total cost of pit construction would be Rs. 7,20,000 Construction of toilet building consisting of 15 toilets cost Rs 80,000. 4 such buildings will cost 3,20,000 Pit cleaning: The filled pit has to be cleaned after 9 months by either disposing off at refusal site or STP by concerned Municipal agency. Cleaning of one pit would be approximately Rs10,000/-. So, for 6 pits in the given project duration twice cleaning would be needed, So total cost would be Rs. 1,20,000 Water No Approximately Rs. As estimated 1500 labourers Supply 8,57,500 will be at one camp, so approximately 300 families. Around 20 standposts will be needed at one camp. One standpost cost is Rs 6250/- So total cost of construction will be Rs. 250000. For the standard of 135 LPCD, 405000 L of water is needed for both the camps. At the rate of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of water provisioning would be Rs 1012.5 per day. For 20 months, cost will be Rs. 6,07,500 Dust bins No Approximately Rs. Solid waste generation: 4,00,000 Generally about 200 grams of solid waste is generated per 5 persons every day. Hence 4 cluster dustbin (one
126 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of Mitigation in the DPR Phase (or Details if Remarks EMP measure (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) for biodegradable waste and one for non-biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may handle solid waste generated. Treatment and Ensure Yes DPR for STP at The proposed DPR includes disposal of proper Salori in Sewerage these activities. sludge functioning District ‘C’ of STP for Allahabad, digestion Volume-III, Page of sludge no. A- XI-19 to 4, Provision of Aesthetic plantation and appearance campus by green development in cover Volume-I, Section 6, Page no.3.
The estimated cost of the environmental management plans amounts to Rs.37,71,050/-
127 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Table 7.5 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan
Allahabad-C SEWERAGE SCHEME and Salori STP , UP
Item Locatio Season Year Total Unit Cost Total Cost n no. of sampl es Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage Air quality 6 3 3 54 378000 Monitoring 7,000.00 Metrological data 1 4 3 12 60,000.00 5,000.00 Noise / vibration 6 3 3 54 108000 2,000.00 Soil analysis 6 2 3 36 198,000.00 5,500.00 Water Quality 4 4 3 48 6,500.00 312,000.00 Assessment at STP and 2 SPS site Travel and Lumpsum 240,000.00 Transportation of monitoring Team Sub total 1,296,000.00 Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage) Water Quality 4 2 5 40 6500 260,000.00 Analysis Air quality 6 1 5 30 210,000.00 Monitoring 7,000.00 Metrological data 1 1 5 5 25,000.00 5,000.00 Noise / vibration 6 1 5 30 60,000.00 2,000.00 Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 220,000.00 5,500.00 Sub-Total 775,000.00 Travel and Lumpsu 300,000.00 Transportation of m monitoring Team Total of Environmental Monitoring (During Operation Phase) 1075000.00 TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring (Construction and Operation Phase) 23,71,000 Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring 6142050 (Total of Table 7.4 and Table 7.5) (Say 62 Lakhs)
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7.4 Social Management Plan
7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders.
i. Impact on human health
Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are doing water sprinkling in the construction area.
ii. Traffic Congestion
Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement. Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already included in the DPR. iii. Impact on livelihood
Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption. Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions. In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily
129 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report. iv. Impact on existing utility services
Mitigation Measure: Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site. Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to disruptions
v. Safety hazards
Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards. As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains. Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not.
vi. Elevated Noise Levels
According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with functioning of the schools. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution.
vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites
As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR.
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viii. Public Notice
According to the suggestion given by locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions.
ix. Health Programme for Workers
If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp, health programmes for their well-being should be implemented.
7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents.
7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded; Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or shops Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate construction area for the time when construction is on Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period. Mr. Devanand Shukla since 2001 has taken up upon himself the task of trying to prevent the big drains from polluting the Ganga in Salori area. He has two main tasks viz, to minimize pollution and prevent erosion of the bank. With the help of his brother Mr. Shobhanan Shukla and a few hired laborers, he placed thousands of sand filled gunny bags along the banks of the river to prevent erosion. To improve the quality of water discharged by the Salori drain he had adopted an ingenious method comprising of equating the flow of sewage by damming the drain with a few of the sand bags. He then screens the sewage using boulders that have been placed in a criss-cross manner to prevent the flow of solid and semi-solid waste. This water is then diverted to open land where the water is further passed through more boulders and using the constructed wetland method the sewage is further treated leaving the final discharge cleaner.
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The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures to sewage construction projects.
Public Grievances
Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials. Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework. Table 7.6 Social Management Plan Potential Negative Activity Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern
I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects
A. Design and Development Phase
Land Acquisition NA SPS is planned on land NA for new pumping already owned by the station government and confirmed by the Revenue department
and in fenced off location, where in only this new pumping station would come up
Location of STP* Nuisance hazards to STP is planned next to NA neighboring areas. current STP, in same isolated area. Future growth of the surrounding areas shall be considered. Map in Figure 6.3 shows that there is considerable distance of residential settlements from the existing STP location, thus limiting any of such nuisance.
B. Construction Phase
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Potential Negative Activity Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern
Laying of sewer Safety hazards to Provide workers with Safety gear already network * workers and adequate safety equipment provided by residents such as helmets, safety contractor
shoes, gloves, etc. Putting fences or Fences/temporary enclosures other barricades to should be put around demarcate the area, construction sites (even is already being inactive ones, if hazards, like done open pits, remain); enclosures should be DPR for Sewerage properly marked with system in Sewerage caution signs District ‘C’ Allahabad, Volume- I, Table 6.24 & Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339
Dust generation, Water sprinkling, removal of Water sprinkling with resulting excess materials, cleaning of
implications for sites upon completion of human health activities. Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust.
Reduced pedestrian Work should proceed on NA and vehicle access schedule so as to minimize Debris clearance to residences and road closures budgeted for in businesses, with Upon project completion, DPR inverse effects on quick clearance of debris, livelihoods etc. will facilitate access by DPR for Sewerage customers to local business system in Sewerage and residents to their District ‘C’ households Allahabad, Volume- I, Table 6.24
& Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339
133 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Potential Negative Activity Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern
Temporary water , Circulation of layout plan Provision for electricity, supply for all underground temporary shifting interruptions infrastructure to ensure that of water/power contractor is aware of lines, etc. already in water/electricity lines in DPR construction zones DPR for Sewerage Local utilities should be system in Sewerage made aware of District ‘C’ timing/location of all Allahabad, construction, enabling them Volume.-IV, page to respond swiftly to supply no. 1, 84, 221 & disruption, especially in the Volume-V, Page no. event of flooding, etc. 123, 202, 339
Increased traffic Use of alternate traffic Provisions for inconvenience routes; signage should traffic diversion, (emissions, clearly indicate dates of road with signage congestions, longer closures and new routes so already in DPR travel times) residents can plan accordingly DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage Placement of traffic officers District ‘C’ at busy intersections to Allahabad, Volume- facilitate easy of movement IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221& Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339
Impact to daily life Prior public notice indicating the date of start of construction and end date of construction should be provided road-wise to the locals, allowing them to make adjustments accordingly
Construction of Safety hazards to Provide workers with Additionally, there new STP * workers adequate safety equipment is a provision in the such as helmets, safety DPR for Allahabad
shoes, gloves, etc. Sewerage District ‘C’, Volume-II, Section 9: Safety
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Potential Negative Activity Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern and Health Aspects, covered under Page no. 1 to10.
Dust generation, Water sprinkling, removal of Water sprinkling with resulting excess materials, cleaning of Fences already in implications for sites upon completion of place around human health activities. current STP Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust.
C. Operation Phase
None identified
Note: *** denotes – Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact.
7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials, relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction. Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan include; All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of vulnerable households; decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and citizens, NGOs etc.; staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and Representatives of the various state government departments, as required.
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7.4.5 Capacity of Institutions Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. Currently all the departments or institutions concerned have a strong technical capability. They have rich pool of engineers and technical personnel. However it is required that there should be synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination and may be achieved through mutual knowledge dissemination. The area where the capacity of the institutions can be built is that of the officers of the relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc. This will help in implementing social development aspects. Every department can have a social management specialist and/or increase in-house expertise on gender issues to look into the gender issues, and tackle all social issues that may arise. Also, it is suggested that an environmental officer can also be recruited for better project planning, implementation, and monitoring. Also some of the important technical issues like disaster management, application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS), and other relevant software and tools can be taken up and focused training can be imparted to the concerned staff of institutions. Training of Trainer approach can be adopted, and then trained officials from all the institutes can train their colleagues and subsequently build the capacity of their own institute. Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be sustainable. Table 7.7 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation
Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation
NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan is implemented well Ensuring funds for mitigation plan execution Executing agencies (UP Implementation of the project by Ensuring that the relevant Jal Nigam, Ganga awarding the project to the departments are available for Pollution Control Unit) suitable contractor and regional mitigation plan coordination Enough safety provisions are Informing the relevant available for the project departments about the progress implementation. of the project Jal Sansthan While execution of projects Should ensure that the basic related to sewerage line, Jal amenities are in order during Sansthan is responsible for the the construction and damage caused to the public operational phase of the utility functions like drinking project water pipe lines Municipality Ensuring better access to Should ensure all the households households envisaged at project planning phase gets
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Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation
access to the services. Weaker section of the society should get equitable share. State, local Government Coordination Coordination Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. NGOs, CSOs, Research Awareness creation about the Public participation and Institutes ( Allahabad project activities coordination University) Community participation for better project implementation
7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below; Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network) Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river) Proper sites for industries, building etc. Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society Increase in public toilet Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value) Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area
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Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues
8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until the year 2040. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 1,98,473 in 2010 to 3,23,679 by 2040. In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase from 26.20 MLD to 42.73 MLD. Increased sewerage will prevent outflow of waste water to the Ganga. Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved environmental conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to improved public health conditions and will likely reduce the average medical expenses of the residents in the project areas. According to DPR this area is completely un-sewered and waste water finds its way into the river through open drains. These areas suffer from powerful odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be mitigated with the sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and health is anticipated from this project. Increase in household connections: 100% sewer connection has been proposed for District C. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% has been proposed to be completed by 2020. Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Allahabad. As the water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD much higher than the safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/L. Downstream from Allahabad (post Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BDO reduces to below the safe bathing limit19.
19Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of NRCD as per orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime
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Plate 8.1 Direct discharge of sewage to river; Salorinala, Amitabh Bachan Culvert
Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site. The support for this statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad odor, insects, etc.).
Plate 8.2 Open drains at Sadiabad
Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to reduce the overall investment cost. Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would
140 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad) connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘Kumbh Mela’ better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded by UP State Pollution Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform concentration, and it has been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against the river pollution and boycott the ritual bathing20. This could be sorted out with better river water quality.
8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to ensure that these benefits are realized are given below:
Plate 8.3 Cultural sentiments associated with river Ganga
Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would increase to 75% from 10% of 2010 ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel. Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists (especially visiting during ‘Kumbh Mela’ are able to benefit from the increased sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have better environment and social ramifications.
20http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/Critical%20analysis%20of%20GAP.pdf
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Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for relevant jobs. Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing, pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area. Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned above around 185 slums spread across the city. District C also has number of slums, near Prayag railway crossing, Salori sabzi mandi, etc. All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to provide such services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for the overall sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of low cost sanitation technologies without sewerage connection.
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Figure 8.1 Slum location in District C
Plate 8.4 Slums in District C near Salori STP
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8.3 Gender Assessment and Development Framework
As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMF, mainstreaming gender equity and empowerment is a focus area in the project. Gender assessment was one of the integral parts of the social assessment and was carried out through focused interviews with women only group. The survey results showed that no gender based issues were raised. The primary social survey analysis shows that there will be no livelihood loss, but if during implementation of the project, any such issue surfaces, then livelihood restoration related activities should address women’s needs on priority. However to ensure gender development, overall monitoring and evaluation of the project should include gender disaggregated indicator and gender relevant indicator, to ensure that equal access is being credited to all beneficiaries of the project including women. Also during the implementation project, gender disaggregated feedback from the stakeholders should be taken and must be discussed thoroughly to determine the need for changing the course of action or taking any further actions.
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Chapter 9 Conclusion
The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district ‘C’ of the Allahabad city after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. There has been no reported land acquisition or livelihood losses to be caused under this project. As per environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project. Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for which appropriate mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis study. All the social and environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction, implementation and operation phases. Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped to understand the general perception of public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection and treatment, prevention of untreated liquid waste infiltrating into ground water and soil, improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary inconveniences faced during the implementation stages.
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Annexure 1 Questionnaire
TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011
NGRBA Project Impact Assessment
Interviewer:______Site: ______Interviewee:______Location: Residential____Public Place______For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____ Classification: Resident______ShopKeeper___StreetVendor_____Officeworker____School______pedestria n___ Religious figure_____Other______
1. Are you aware that this project will be constructed? 2. Do you think it is necessary to have this kind of project? You feel connection to sewerage is important? 3. Will your household be connected to sewer line? 4. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the following: (classify as short term and long term impacts) a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood/ environment sanitation d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? (temporary or permanent) k. Family? l. Daily Life?
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m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other?
5. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion? a. Pollution? b. Smell/flies, etc.? c. Access to river water source d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. e. Livelihood? f. Family? g. Daily Life? h. Other?
6. Are you aware of similar projects (prompt JnNurm projects) in your area/neighbourhood?
7. How are you coping up with these difficulties? a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighborhood d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? (Temporary/permanent) k. Family? l. Daily Life? m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other? 8. Have you/or anyone you know of have complained on any similar projects in the past?
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9. What are your suggestions on improving the project construction/operation phase?
10. Are you aware of what will happen in the absence of the project?
11. Do you think this is a no regret investment by GoI (explain what is no regret investment) and more such projects should be implemented?
12. Do you perceive any conflicts during implementation/construction of the project? (get details)
13. Do you know of any conflicts in the past due to similar projects?
14. Do you know of any land acquisition for this project?
15. Do you know of any rehabilitation/resettlement that might be required during project implementation phase?
16. Do you think these projects; will help in improving Ganga river quality, if replicated and up scaled in different areas or not?
17. Are you aware of any community/social movement against this upcoming project?
18. Are you aware of any community/social movement/ cultural issues/security threats (due to labour migration) against similar projects in your area in the past?
Are you willing to cope with the temporary disruptions/disturbances during the construction/operational phase? (prompt and get reason for willingness to cope, if answer is yes/no)
Do you believe that the authority will implement the project in a timely and efficient manner?
Have you/or anyone you know of approached the public grievance authority in the past regarding similar projects? (note down details)
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Do you feel this project has minimal/no impact in comparison with some other projects/programmes you know of in the region?
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Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders
Allahabad 28-29th April 2011
S. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting no 1 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project 9473942159 According to rough estimates Engineer, State Pollution the project in District C would Control Board, help in treating 2.61 MLD of Allahabad sewage, and in District A around 7 MLD of sewage. This will help prevent flow of approximately 10 MLD of sewage into River Ganga. During construction work, they make sure appropriate safety equipment’s are available along with proper caution signage and contact number of the concerned project coordinator. Also proper shuttering to be placed as excavation commences; water to be sprinkled through tankers, twice a day, to avoid dust pollution. Work in front of schools and hospitals to be prioritized and finished urgently. Work could be conducted during day/night shifts. Upstream/downstream water quality data can be retrieved from the MoEF public domain. There are no forested areas or protected monuments being threatened by the projects. There is no threat to Groundwater Resources since digging for sewers does not go below 6-7 meters.
2 Mr. R S Singh, State 9473942675 Said that he dealt mainly with
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘C’-Allahabad)
Pollution Control Board, [email protected] the Operation and Maintenance Allahabad [email protected] phase of the projects. Introduced TERI to Mr. Rohit for all necessary information. TERI submitted a letter of request to Mr. R.S Singh, requesting relevant data for ESIA.
Allahabad 5thAugust 2011
S. Name and designation Minutes of Meeting no 1 MoEF, PMG ,World Bank There was a verbal agreement between the Nagar Nigam, team, U.P. Jal Nigam, UP Jal Nigam and other offices that each construction site Nagar Nigam, Tata for laying of sewer lines will be completed and restored in Consulting Engineers maximum period of 1 month. (TCE), TERI It was brought to the attention that since no maps, plans of underground utilities exists, damage to them will be Venue: Jal Nigam, inevitable. Training Centre, Sangam It was agreed upon that a ‘Social publicity Programme’ Hall would be launched, the budget for which was to be prepared by Jal Kal department. There was a suggestion to use Sewer Cad and it was recommended that all sewer maps and details should be mapped using it. The issue of providing sewer lines to unauthorized colonies was brought up. One solution was to provide sewerage to all habitations and unauthorized colonies except where public land has been encroached. Another suggestion was to provide network in all areas where a water connection already exists. This matter is still under review and consideration. Suggestion was made by the World Bank to initiate a plan to involve and motivate local residents to install sewer connections in their homes. One such idea for a scheme would provide a free connection to all those who applied in the 1st six months.
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Allahabad 23rd - 26th August 2011
S. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting no 1 Mr. A.K Mittal, General 09473942672 He shared basic information on Manager, Ganga Pollution the existing sewerage system in Control Unit (GPCU), UP Allahabad city and provided Jal Nigam, Allahabad, contacts of important officials Uttar Pradesh. required for the environmental and social assessment study. Important issues such as damage to public utilities, traffic congestion, dust pollution etc. were highlighted. Data and Maps related to Water Supply, Solid Waste management, storm drainage, health and social issues were not available with UP Jal Nigam and would be with the Nagar Nigam. 2 Mr. J.P Mani, Project 09473942674 As secondary data on Manager, Ganga Pollution Allahabad District C, he Control Unit (GPCU), UP provided TERI with a report by Jal Nigam, Allahabad, Ramky Infrastructure Ltd. on a Uttar Pradesh soil test conducted titled “A report on sub-soil exploration for design foundation of sump well at Gaughat, Allahabad (U.P.)” 3 Dr. Mukesh Sharma, 09935754985 Stated that most of the data is Envrionment Officer, with the UP Jal Nigam Project Implementation Shared statistics about solid Unit, Allahabad Nagar waste management in city. Nigam. Overall the SWM plans are have reached only 20% implementation in all wards. 400 gm/head solid waste is collected adding up to a total of 540 Million Metric Tonnes per day. Door to Door Collection (DTDC) is followed in 18 wards of District A. No slums
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S. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting no are included in the DTDC plans. The major dumping sites are Allahpur, Govindpur and KarelBagh. The major processing plant is at Baswar. With regard to waste water, BPCL is a major industry that dumps waste water into the Simraha Ghat. Other industries in NAINI area are Baidyanath, AREVA and RECRON. Provided information on water supply for the city which included pumps, tube wells and overhead tanks (18 under JNNURM, each storing 2000KiloLitres). There are also 3 underground reservoirs in District A (2 are complete, 1 is 30% constructed) 4 Mr. Tiwary, Social officer, 07376336219 Informed that there is not much Allahabad Nagar Nigam. data that exists on social issues at the moment. Provided TERI with a photocopy of wards in Allahabad district and a list of slums. 5 Mr. P.K Mishra, Land Informed that there is no Officer, Nagar Nigam. landuse data or maps available for Allahabad due to lack of recording and poor response from locals. 6 Mr, K.K Srivastav, JE, 09473942168 Provided important information Gaughat Pumping Station, with regard to the Gaughat Allahabad. pumping station and overall sewage system in Allahabad. The current pumping capacity of the Gaughat MPS is 72MLD and it has the capacity to handle extra increased levels of 7 to 8 m. The MPS was built in 1988 and is very old, it should have been
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S. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting no changed in 2003 (after 15 years). There is no provision to handle high flows/excess flows during the monsoon. During these times, backlogging leads to flooding of the sewage network. It was suggested that storm water be bypassed to the river to avoid this kind of flooding. There have been no complaints from the residents neighboring the MPS about noise or air quality. Polythene is a major issue at the pumping station. Approximately 2 trucks per week are transported to dumping sites from Gaughat MPS. 7 World Bank, TCE and [email protected] All 3 parties discussed the day’s UPJN field visits and the World Bank gave their impression and expectations of the project work. The following points are to be mentioned: As per JNNURM , by March 2012, water supply is targeted to be 100% in Allahabad. The main concern for finishing the project in time is the upcoming Kumbh Mela in 2013 at Prayag. GIS maps are to be acquired from TCE in the form of a CD. The UPJN agreed to provide field assistance to all field going teams, as suggested by the World Bank.
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Annexure 3 Census Data
District Allahabad (45), Uttar Pradesh (09)
Population Persons 4,936,105 Males 2,626,448 Females 2,309,657 Growth (1991-2001) 26.72 Rural 3,729,320 Urban 1,206,785 Scheduled Caste Population 1,065,097 Percentage to total Population 21.58 Literacy and Educational level Literates Persons 2,506,942 Males 1,635,387 Females 871,555 Literacy rate Persons 62.11 Males 75.81 Females 46.38 Workers Total workers 1,671,349 Main workers 1,106,596 Marginal workers 564,751 Non-workers 3,264,756 Scheduled Castes (Largest three) 1. Pasi 304,424 2. Chamar etc. 402,347 3. Kol 106,164 Religions (Largest three) 1. Hindus 4,284,834 2. Muslims 627,735 3. Christians 9,114 Important Towns (Largest three) Population 1. Allahabad (M Corp.) 975,393 2. Allahabad (CB) 24,137 3. Lal Gopalganj Nindaura (NP) 22,992 House Type Type of House (% of households occupying) Permanent 50.7
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Semi-permanent 45.5 Temporary 3.8 Number of households 740,941 Household size (per household) 7 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 879 Sex ration (0-6 years) 917 Scheduled Tribe population 4,273 Percentage to total population 0.09 Educational Level attained Total 2,506,942 Without level 152,585 Below primary 536,398 Primary 542,568 Middle 404,832 Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 616,060 Graduate and above 254,138 Age groups 0-4 years 586,483 5-14 years 1,374,513 15-59 years 2,598,662 60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 376,447 Scheduled Tribes (Largest three) 1. Generic Tribes etc. 3,322 2. Tharu 870 3. Jaunsari 57 Amenities and infrastructural facilities Total inhabited villages Amenities available in villages No. of Villages Drinking water facilities 2,783 Safe Drinking water 2,783 Electricity (Power Supply) 2,289 Electricity (domestic) 1,066 Electricity (Agriculture) 703 Primary school 1,733 Middle schools 613 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 214 College 61 Medical facility 651 Primary Health Centre 53 Primary Health Sub-Centre 66 Post, telegraph and telephone facility 910 Bus services 201 Paved approach road 1,956 Mud approach road 1,986
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Annexure 4 Letter of Request (dated 24/09/2009) for Consent to Operate for 29mld STP at Baxi Bandh, Salori
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