Land Redistribution TOWARD GREATER CONSENSUS Public Disclosure Authorized

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Land Redistribution TOWARD GREATER CONSENSUS Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 48896 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Agricultural Land Redistribution TOWARD GREATER CONSENSUS Public Disclosure Authorized Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize Camille Bourguignon Rogier van den Brink Editors Public Disclosure Authorized AGRlCULTURAL LAND REDISTRIBUTION AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Seventy-five percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas and most are involved in agriculture. In the 21st century, agriculture remains fundamental to economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. The World Bank’s Agriculture and Rural Development publication series presents recent analyses of issues that affect the role of agriculture, including livestock, fisheries, and forestry, as a source of eco- nomic development, rural livelihoods, and environmental services. The series is intended for practical application, and we hope that it will serve to inform public dis- cussion, policy formulation, and development planning. Titles in this series: Agricultural Land Redistribution: Toward Greater Consensus Agriculture Investment Sourcebook Changing the Face of the Waters: The Promise and Challenge of Sustainable Aquaculture Enhancing Agricultural Innovation: How to Go Beyond the Strengthening of Research Systems Forests Sourcebook: Practical Guidance for Sustaining Forests in Development Cooperation Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa: Learning from Reform Experience Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries, Volume 1: Key Issues for a Pro-Development Outcome of the Doha Round Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries, Volume 2: Quantifying the Impact of Multilateral Trade Reform Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Investment in Agri- cultural Water Management The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trade-Offs Sustainable Land Management Sourcebook Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy AGRlCULTURAL LAND REDISTRIBUTION Toward Greater Consensus Editors Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize Camille Bourguignon Rogier van den Brink © 2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 12 11 10 09 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-7627-0 eISBN: 978-0-8213-7962-2 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0 Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data Agricultural land redistribution: toward greater consensus / edited by Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize, Camille Bourguignon, Rogier van den Brink. p. cm. — (Agriculture and rural development) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-7627-0 — ISBN 978-0-8213-7962-2 (electronic) 1. Land reform—Developing countries—History—20th century. I. Binswanger- Mkhize, Hans P, 1943- II. Bourguignon, Camille, 1979- III. Brink, Rogerius Johannes Eugenius van den, 1958- HD1333.5.A37 2009 333.3'1091724—dc22 2009009701 Cover and chapter opener illustration: Diego Rivera © 2009 Banco de México, Fiduciario en el Fideicomiso relativo a los Museos Diego Rivera y Frida Kahlo. Av. Cinco de Mayo No. 2, Col. Centro, Del. Cuauhtémoc 06059, México, D.F.; Reproducción autorizada por el Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura, 2009. Cover design: Patricia Hord Graphik Design. CONTENTS Boxes, Figures, and Tables x Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors xvii Abbreviations xxi Part I. The Growing Consensus on the Importance of Land Redistribution 1. Introduction and Summary 3 Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize, Camille Bourguignon, and Rogier van den Brink Why Do We Need a Book on Agricultural Land Redistribution? 3 The Problem of Land Redistribution 5 Why Redistribute Land? The Growing Consensus 7 How to Redistribute Agricultural Land: Emerging Principles 14 Conclusion 35 Annex 37 Notes 40 References 40 Part 1I. The Historical Origins of Land Concentration and Past Attempts to Redistribute Land 2. History of Land Concentration and Redistributive Land Reforms 45 Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize and Klaus Deininger The Emergence of Property Rights in Land 48 v Interventions to Establish and Support Large Farms in Sub-Saharan Africa 57 Success and Failure in Land Reform 63 The Social Cost of Delayed Reform: Revolts and Civil Wars 70 Credit, Policy Distortions, and Land Sales Markets 74 Policy Implications for Redistributive Land Reform 76 Notes 79 References 80 3. Land Redistribution in Kenya 87 Karuti Kanyinga Kenya’s Land Question: The Political Economy of Colonial Agriculture 89 Early Attempts to Redistribute Land 92 Re-Africanizing the Highlands: The One Million Acre Settlement Scheme 99 The Politics of Redistribution 105 Conclusion: Some Key Lessons 114 Note 115 References 116 4. Land Reform throughout the 20th Century in China 119 Zhou Feizhou and Camille Bourguignon The First Land Redistribution in Modern China 120 Land Collectivization and the People’s Commune 124 Decollectivization and Reintroduction of Individual Land Rights 127 Conversion of Rural Land to Urban Uses 129 Conclusion 131 Notes 132 References 133 Part I1I. Ongoing Land Reform Programs, Their Mechanisms, Achievements, and Limitations 5. Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe 137 Simon Pazvakavambwa and Vincent Hungwe Land Redistribution under the Colonial State 138 Early Attempts to Redistribute Land, 1980–99 141 The Fast Track Land Redistribution Program, 2000–05 151 Conclusion 164 Note 164 References 165 6. Land Redistribution in South Africa 169 Edward Lahiff Land Reform since the End of Apartheid 169 vi CONTENTS Key Emerging Policy Issues in South Africa’s Land Reform 179 The Future of Land Reform in South Africa 186 Conclusion 195 Notes 196 References 197 7. Land Reform in South Africa: Additional Data and Comments 201 Rogier van den Brink, Glen S. Thomas, and Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize Alarming Trends in Rural Income and Agricultural Employment 201 Exploiting Multiple Sources of Livelihood and Periurban Farming 203 Economies of Scale in South African Agriculture 203 Land Reform Opportunities in Arid and Semiarid Areas 204 Negotiated Transfers versus Expropriation 205 Underused Flexibility in the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development Program 206 Sales of Parcels by Developers 207 Inadequate Decentralization and Community Empowerment 208 Large-Scale Farmers’ Opposition to Land Reform 209 Land Reform Funding 210 Recommendations 210 Notes 213 References 214 8. Land Redistribution in the Philippines 215 Saturnino M. Borras, Jr. Key Features of CARP 217 CARP Implementation Dynamics 223 Land Reform Achievements and Their Interpretations 229 Conclusion 235 Annex 237 Notes 238 References 239 9. Learning from Old and New Approaches to Land Reform in India 241 Tim Hanstad, Robin Nielsen, Darryl Vhugen, and T. Haque First-Generation Reforms to Land Policy and Law 242 Women’s Land Rights: Overcoming Past Inequities and Leading New Approaches 250 New Approaches 253 Lessons Learned 257 Annex 260 CONTENTS vii Notes 260 References 262 Part 1V. The Wide Array of Objectives, Mechanisms, and Tools for Land Redistribution that Remain the Focus of Heated Debate 10. Expropriating Land in Brazil 267 Zander Navarro Land Reform in the 1950s and the Years of the Military Cycle 268 Brazil’s Legal Structure for Implementing Land Reform 270 The Second Moment of Land Reform: 1995 Onward 274 Current Challenges and Dilemmas 284 Conclusion 286 Notes 287 References 288 11. Negotiated Agrarian Reform in Brazil 291 Gerd Sparovek and Rodrigo Fernando Maule Agrarian Reform in Brazil 292 Evolution of Negotiated Agrarian Reform 295 Main Results of Negotiated Agrarian Reform Evaluations 299 Challenges to the Permanence of Negotiated Agrarian Reform 305 Conclusion 307 Notes 308 References 308 12. Agricultural Land Tax, Land-Use Intensification, Local Development, and Land Market Reform 311 Malcolm D. Childress, Andrew Hilton, David Solomon, and Rogier van den Brink
Recommended publications
  • 19Th Amendment Conference | CLE Materials
    The 19th Amendment at 100: From the Vote to Gender Equality Center for Constitutional Law at The University of Akron School of Law Friday, Sept. 20, 2019 CONTINUING EDUCATION MATERIALS More information about the Center for Con Law at Akron available on the Center website, https://www.uakron.edu/law/ccl/ and on Twitter @conlawcenter 001 Table of Contents Page Conference Program Schedule 3 Awakening and Advocacy for Women’s Suffrage Tracy Thomas, More Than the Vote: The 19th Amendment as Proxy for Gender Equality 5 Richard H. Chused, The Temperance Movement’s Impact on Adoption of Women’s Suffrage 28 Nicole B. Godfrey, Suffragist Prisoners and the Importance of Protecting Prisoner Protests 53 Amending the Constitution Ann D. Gordon, Many Pathways to Suffrage, Other Than the 19th Amendment 74 Paula A. Monopoli, The Legal and Constitutional Development of the Nineteenth Amendment in the Decade Following Ratification 87 Keynote: Ellen Carol DuBois, The Afterstory of the Nineteth Amendment, Outline 96 Extensions and Applications of the Nineteenth Amendment Cornelia Weiss The 19th Amendment and the U.S. “Women’s Emancipation” Policy in Post-World War II Occupied Japan: Going Beyond Suffrage 97 Constitutional Meaning of the Nineteenth Amendment Jill Elaine Hasday, Fights for Rights: How Forgetting and Denying Women’s Struggles for Equality Perpetuates Inequality 131 Michael Gentithes, Felony Disenfranchisement & the Nineteenth Amendment 196 Mae C. Quinn, Caridad Dominguez, Chelsea Omega, Abrafi Osei-Kofi & Carlye Owens, Youth Suffrage in the United States: Modern Movement Intersections, Connections, and the Constitution 205 002 THE CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AT AKRON th The 19 Amendment at 100: From the Vote to Gender Equality Friday, September 20, 2019 (8am to 5pm) The University of Akron School of Law (Brennan Courtroom 180) The focus of the 2019 conference is the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin : a Comparative Analysis of Jamaica and Costa Rica Michael W
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 6-28-2000 Political corruption in the Caribbean basin : a comparative analysis of Jamaica and Costa Rica Michael W. Collier Florida International University DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14060878 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, Latin American History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Collier, Michael W., "Political corruption in the Caribbean basin : a comparative analysis of Jamaica and Costa Rica" (2000). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2408. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2408 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF JAMAICA AND COSTA RICA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Michael Wayne Collier To: Dean Arthur W. Herriott College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Michael Wayne Collier, and entitled Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: A Comparative Analysis of Jamaica and Costa Rica, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. Anthony P.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Viability' in Redistributive Land Reform: Perspectives from Southern Africa
    Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Working Paper 15 Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Working paper for Livelihoods after Land Reform Project Ben Cousins1 and Ian Scoones2 June 2009 1 Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), University of the Western Cape. 2 Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. PLAAS Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies 1 Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Contents Introduction 3 Modernisation and agricultural development in southern Africa: past and present 5 Framing viability: frameworks for assessing land and agrarian reform 9 Viability in redistributive land reform in southern Africa 21 Rethinking viability in southern African land reform 31 Conclusion 34 References 35 2 Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Introduction ‘Viability’ is a key term in debates about land reform in southern African and beyond, and is used in relation to both individual projects and programmes. ‘Viability’ connotes ‘success- ful’ and ‘sustainable’ - but what is meant by viability in relation to land reform, and how have particular conceptions of viability informed state policies and planning approaches? More broadly, how have different notions of viability influenced the politics of land in re- cent years? This paper interrogates this influential but under-examined notion, reflecting on debates about the viability of land reform – and in particular about the relevance of small- scale, farming-based livelihoods – in southern Africa and more broadly3. These questions are not merely of academic interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Reform Litigation at the Human Rights Courts
    Article Reforming the State from Afar: Structural Reform Litigation at the Human Rights Courts Alexandra Huneeust IN TRO DU CT ION ......................................................................................................................................... 2 I. THE EVOLUTION OF HuMAN RIGHTS LITIGATION ..................................................................... 5 A . The Classic Declaratory M odel ................................................................................... 6 1. The Limits of the Declaratory Model in the Americas ..................................... 8 2. D ocket C risis in Europe ....................................................................................... 11 B. The Structural Reform M odel ...................................................................................... 13 1. International Structural Reform Litigation Today ............................................ 15 2. Constitutional Power Grab? ........................................ ............... .. ................. 17 II. How THEY Do IT: STRUCTURAL REFORM STRATEGIES .............................................................. 18 A. National Courts and Structural Reform ...................................................................... 19 B. Are International Courts Different? ........................................ ............... .. ................. 20 1. Jurisdiction over the Wrong Subject ................................................................ 21 2. Where There Is No Special Master .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Capitalist Dynamics from Above and Below in China
    Forthcoming July 2015 with the special issue "AGRARIAN CHANGE IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA" of Journal of Agrarian Change Agrarian Capitalization without Capitalism?: Capitalist Dynamics from Above and Below in China Hairong Yan and Yiyuan Chen Abstract: Cooperatives, family farms, and dragon-head enterprises are emerging as new subjects of agriculture in China and are being promoted by the Chinese government as engines of agricultural development. The current dynamics of increasing capitalization of agriculture in China has been characterized by scholar Philip Huang as ‘capitalization without proletarianization’. Through case studies, we examine the dynamics of accumulation in Chinese agriculture, as well as the government's agriculture policy shift. We argue that capitalist dynamics exist in Chinese agricultural production and they come from above and below. We also argue that Chinese government’s policy shift toward de-peasantization began in the early years of the rural reform. Keywords: capital accumulation, agrarian capitalism, agrarian populism, Chayanov, China INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND DEBATES Thirty some years of market reform has significantly transformed China’s agrarian society and agricultural production. The official political discourse in China disavows Chinese capitalism in general. The Chinese government avows upholding socialism and making markets play ‘a decisive role’ at the same breath (China Daily 2013). It is reported that the private sector already employs 85 per cent of the national labour force, owns 60 per cent of the enterprise capital (Lu 2013) and produced more than 60 per cent GDP in 2013 (Xinhuawang 2014). Reform is underway to open the remaining public sector for private investors. With regard to agricultural sector, the latest national policy asserts ‘socialist market economy’, but strengthens a market-determined pricing system and promotes new subjects (agents) of agriculture that include agribusiness, cooperatives and family farms.
    [Show full text]
  • Article the Córdoba Reform of 1918
    Article The Córdoba Reform of 1918: State of Knowledge Based on Scientific Articles (1978-2018) Marcelo Innocentini Hayashi¹ Maria Cristina Piumbato I. Hayashi² ¹ Universidade Federal de São Carlos ABSTRACT In the context of the Córdoba Reform’s centenary, this study investigated how the scientific production on university reform is configured and presents a balance of research that analyzed from the meaning of this movement in Argentina in 1918, to its impacts and future projection in the context of universities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The exploratory and descriptive study analized scientific articles (n=90) available in databases of open access published in scientific journals (n=47) from different countries (n=13) in the period between 1978 and 2018. The methodology adopted combined the bibliometric and content analysis, and the methodological procedures were developed in the following steps: data collection and recording in a spreadsheet; reading the full texts of articles; this establishment of categories of analysis; description, synthesis and analysis of the data. The articles were categorized into two groups: those that dealt with the historical social and political context of the Reformation, the principles of the Liminar Manifesto and their impairs in Argentine universities (n = 51), and those Corresponding to Author that focused on the legacy as a moment of rupture and continuity in the ¹ Marcelo Innocentini Hayashi history of Latin American universities (n = 39). Then thematic E-mail: [email protected] subcategories were established and the most frequents were: university Universidade Federal de São Carlos, autonomy and extension, intellectuals, students and student. movement. Brasil Few studies have questioned issues such as gender, political theology in CV Lattes the reform movement, and opposition to university reform.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latin American Agrarian Reform Experience Carmen Diana Deere
    Abstract This review of 13 Latin American agrarian reforms shows that most have directly benefitted only men. It is argued that this is largely because of the common designation of "households" as the beneficiaries of an agrarian reform and the subsequent incorporation of only male household heads to the new agrarian reform structures. It is shown that a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for rural women to be benefitted on a par with men is that they too can be designated as beneficiaries. Women as well as men must be given access to land or the opportunity Rural Women to participate within the agrarian cooperatives or state farms promoted by an agrarian reform. This comparative analysis of the Latin American and agrarian reform demonstrates that this has happened only in countries State Policy: where the incorporation of rural women to the reform is an explicit The Latin objective of state policy. American Agrarian Reform About the Author Experience Carmen Diana Deere is an Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She received her Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, in by 1978. Dr. Deere's initial field research was on rural women, peasant households and agricultural development in Peru; subsequently, she has collaborated on national-level studies of this topic in Colombia, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. Among her publications are La Carmen Diana Mujer en las Cooperativas Agropecuarias en Nicaragua (with CIERA Deere Rural Women's Research Group, Managua, 1984); Women in Andean Agriculture: Peasant Production and Rural Wage Employment in Colombia and Peru (with Magdalena Leon de Leal, ILO, 1982) and University of Mujer y Capitalismo Agrario (with ACEP Rural Women's Research Group, Bogota, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Back to the Basics: Lessons from U.S. Property Law for Land Reform
    Denver Law Review Volume 95 Issue 1 Article 9 November 2020 Back to the Basics: Lessons from U.S. Property Law for Land Reform Shelley Cavalieri Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/dlr Recommended Citation Shelley Cavalieri, Back to the Basics: Lessons from U.S. Property Law for Land Reform, 95 Denv. L. Rev. 73 (2017). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. BACK TO THE BASICS: LESSONS FROM U.S. PROPERTY LAW FOR LAND REFORM SHELLEY CAVALIERIt ABSTRACT Redistributive land reform programs are a central development ap- proach in nations of the global south. For proponents of land reform, land redistribution is an obvious strategy, designed to reduce hunger and pov- erty, to bolster citizens' ability to support themselves and their families, and to shape the future of burgeoning democracies worldwide. But for land reform skeptics and opponents, land reform is something of a puz- zle. While states routinely redistribute money, the choice to distribute land seems somewhat peculiar. On its face, it is not obvious why land is worthy of a separate, strange approach, when this is not how nations con- sider the allocation of many other crucial non-monetary resources. To invest money in reducing the concentration of land by purchasing from some in order to give or sell land to others seems far more complex than simply redistributing financial resources.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Viability' in Redistributive Land Reform : Perspectives from Southern Africa
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IDS OpenDocs Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Working Paper 15 Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Working paper for Livelihoods after Land Reform Project Ben Cousins1 and Ian Scoones2 June 2009 1 Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), University of the Western Cape. 2 Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. PLAAS Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies 1 Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Contents Introduction 3 Modernisation and agricultural development in southern Africa: past and present 5 Framing viability: frameworks for assessing land and agrarian reform 9 Viability in redistributive land reform in southern Africa 21 Rethinking viability in southern African land reform 31 Conclusion 34 References 35 2 Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa Introduction ‘Viability’ is a key term in debates about land reform in southern African and beyond, and is used in relation to both individual projects and programmes. ‘Viability’ connotes ‘success- ful’ and ‘sustainable’ - but what is meant by viability in relation to land reform, and how have particular conceptions of viability informed state policies and planning approaches? More broadly, how have different notions of viability influenced the politics of land in re- cent years? This paper interrogates this influential but under-examined notion, reflecting on debates about the viability of land reform – and in particular about the relevance of small- scale, farming-based livelihoods – in southern Africa and more broadly3.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub Rosa Resistance and the Politics of Economic Reform: Land
    v56.4.554.allina-pisano 3/4/05 9:15 AM Page 554 SUB ROSA RESISTANCE AND THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC REFORM Land Redistribution in Post-Soviet Ukraine By JESSICA ALLINA-PISANO* INTRODUCTION HANGE in postcommunist societies has been marked by political Cobstacles to successful economic reform. Efforts to create demo- cratic polities and market economies have often resulted in imperfect im- plementation of the liberalization programs promoted by international lending institutions and adopted by national governments. In some cases, state and societal actors in postcommunist polities have reshaped reform policies to suit real or perceived local needs.1 Observers of reform processes have interpreted such practices variously as indications of so- cietal reluctance to embrace change, self-interested behavior on the part of business and state elites, or incompetence among cadres. The literature on postcommunist transitions thus has emphasized three categories of explanation for stalled, distorted, or incomplete economic reform: soci- etal resistance through the electoral process; rent-seeking behavior on the part of state and other actors; and weak state institutional capacity, which itself was both stipulation and product of reform policy.2 Existing accounts of the failures of economic reform look primarily to political obstacles exogenous to state institutions as their explanatory * Many people provided helpful comments on various stages of this manuscript. The author would like to thank, in particular, Eric Allina-Pisano, Robert H. Bates, David R. Cameron, Timothy J. Colton, M. Steven Fish, Atul Kohli, Margaret Levi, Pauline Jones Luong, Rory MacFarquhar, James C. Scott, Carol B. Stevens, Ivan Szelenyi, Don Van Atta, and the three anonymous reviewers from World Politics.
    [Show full text]
  • World Without War Council - Midwest Archives, 1961 - 2006
    1 World Without War Council - Midwest Archives, 1961 - 2006 Box 1: A. Overview, 1961 - 2006; B. Challenges and Lessons Learned, 1991 - 2010 Box 2: Turn Toward Peace, Midwest Regional Office, 1961 - 1970: Ed Doty, Chicago Area Coordinator, and Jack Bollens, National Staff in Chicago Boxes 3 & Box 4: World Without War Council - Midwest, 1970 - 1977 (June): Lowell Livezey, Director Box 5: World Without War Council - Midwest, 1977 (July) - 1981: Karen Minnice and Robert Woito, Co-Directors Boxes 6 & 7: World Without War Council - Midwest, 1982 - 1995: Robert Woito, Dir. Boxes 8 & 9: World Without War Council - Midwest, 1996 - 2006: Robert Woito, Dir. Box 10: Interne/Fellows Program: 1961 - 2006 Box 11: Democracy & Peace: 1965 - 2006 Box 12: Bayard Rustin and Project South Africa, 1984 - 1991 Box 13: Strategies of Change: But What Can I Do? A. Citizen: Form A Citizen Peace Effort with Community Peace Centers, Peace Education in Churches and Responses to Crises, 1961 - 1971 B. NGO!s: Engage Voluntary Organizations in work for a World Without War 1965 -1990 C. Government: Improve American Competence in World Affairs, 1975 - 2006 Box 14: Strategies of Peace: A. Individual: Civilian defense, Gandhian Satyagraha, Conscience and War -- witness B. Society: global civil society, aiding transitions to democracy, extending the demo- cratic peace in time among democracies and geographically C. Government: American Peace Initiatives Strategy Box 15: Newsletters (Communique, American Purpose and Democratic Values) Boxes 16 & 17: World Without War Publications, 1967 - 2006 Box 18: Finances Box l.B. Conclusion: Challenges (2010) & Lessons Learned (1991 - 2010) 2 Box 1: A. Overview We live in a country distinguished from many others by its wealth, size, diversity, technological capability, and most of all, by the idea that formed it.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin-American Land Reform: the Uses of Confiscation
    Michigan Law Review Volume 63 Issue 2 1964 Latin-American Land Reform: The Uses of Confiscation Kenneth L. Karst The Ohio State University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Land Use Law Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Legal History Commons, Legal Remedies Commons, and the Torts Commons Recommended Citation Kenneth L. Karst, Latin-American Land Reform: The Uses of Confiscation, 63 MICH. L. REV. 327 (1964). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol63/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LATIN-AMERICAN LAND REFORM: THE USES OF CONFISCATION Kenneth L. Karst* N Latin America, every land reform is motivated principally by I political demands for equality, for the redistribution of wealth and income. The statement is true even in those countries where the governments are hostile to the idea of redistribution. Palliatives that exploit the ambiguity of the word "reform" in such countries are aimed at appeasement of the demand for sharing the wealth. Landless peasants and landowners understand perfectly well; yet, many technicians and students of land reform continue to speak a different language, a language in which land reform means anything from agricultural rent control to the introduction of hybrid corn.1 In part, talk of this kind is the product of sophistication.
    [Show full text]