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Culturing on the Borderlands—A Critical Ethnography On CULTURING ON THE BORDERLANDS—A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY ON TAIWANESE AND CHINESE TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICES Hsin-I Cheng A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2006 Committee: Alberto González,, Advisor Robert M. Buffington Graduate Faculty Representative Bettina Heinz John T. Warren Copyright 2006 Hsin-I Cheng All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Alberto González The U.S.-Mexico border has long been a site for cultural intermix and struggles as the global territories become more connected for capital flows. Such a space has drawn researchers from various disciplines to understand the impacts of the high as well as unequal volume of traveling. This ethnography critically examines the everyday communicative activities enacted and cultural identities (per)formed by a group of Taiwanese and Chinese transnationalists who arrived to the borderlands of El Paso and Juárez in the beginning of the 21st century. Rather than viewing culture as static, this research approaches it as an active creature which changes and grows through communication—traveling and dwelling on the border. This dissertation narrates daily interactions where space such as El Paso is (re)constructed during daily interactions in relations to places of Taiwan, China, Mexico, and the United States. Moreover, these relationships are ordered hierarchically, thus places are fixed in to ranked spaces. This spatial hierarchy then serves as the logic determining which communicative activities are to be engaged in on the El Paso/ Juárez border. Drawing mainly from S. Hall, H. Bhabha, and G. Anzaldúa, cultural identities are understood as processes of hybridizations. In the midst of traveling and dwelling in between borders, my transnational friends (re)invent and (per)form various cultural activities such as Baptist rituals, festival celebrations, and language learning. Cultural identities are strategically (dis)articulated through everyday activities. Cultural values such as Confucianism and Christianity are selectively hybridized for more mobility. iv DEDICATION To my parents, 鄭成發 Chen-Fa Cheng and 陳來有 Lai-You Chen, and my brothers 鄭 文逵 Wenquei Cheng, 鄭文選 Wenxuan Cheng, and my sisters-in-law 鄭嘉 Jia Cheng, and 蘇意晶 Yijin Su. To my deceased Grandmother 陳簡阿月 who raised me and showed me the strength and bravery a woman can possess. To all parents who struggle everyday to make better lives for the next generations. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation tells stories about relationships built through interactions. I am grateful for meeting friends who traveled from Taiwan and Chinese to El Paso, TX. In sharing their lives with me, I came to understand their daily struggles and blessings living on a foreign land as an employee, a supervisor, a father, a mother, a daughter, a son, an (im)migrant—a transnational agent. I am forever enriched by the experience of living with the warm peoples who inhabit in El Paso, TX. I have the deepest gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Alberto González for his continuous patience and insights into my (re)search. My great appreciation to the best dissertation committee I could ever ask for—Dr. Bettina Heinz, Dr. John Warren, and Dr. Robert Buffington, for their inspiring suggestions and encouragement on bettering myself as a researcher/human being. A transnationalist myself, I could not have been who I am without my mentor Ms. Pauli Taylor-Boyd who made it possible for me to study in UW-Milwaukee where I dared to begin to dream. I thank Dr. K.E. Supriya who taught me the true meanings of humanity. My forever and deepest gratitude to them for introducing me to issues of justice, love, and human dignity. I am indebted to the extraordinary friendship during my journey at Bowling Green for Omedi Ochieng, Ako Inuzuka, Thomas Fuchs, Chris Bollinger, Mike McGill, Amy Heuman, Linda Cantu, Tang Qi, Chin-Chung Chao, Yahuei Zhang, and Yuping Mao who are unfamiliar with the meaning of thriftiness when it comes to sharing support and vi intellect with me. I appreciate (apologize for?) our endless conversations on issues of scholarship, human conditions, and civil societies. My most sincere love and gratitude to my partner Darren Johnson for his great sacrifice and complete support for my dream while putting his own on-hold. Many thanks to Mr. and Ms. Thomas and Patricia Johnson, and family: Kim, Paul, Danette, Jeff and Sam for including and loving me as a family member. My forever love and indebtedness to my parents, brothers, and sisters-in-law who not only allow but also encourage me to live, explore, and experience life. Thank you for letting me be and continue to become. I appreciate the blog of Fu-Jen Catholic University 1998 graduates where I find energy and warmth in the process of writing and reading. YY and Kay, thank you for your love and I am grateful to grow with you. Lastly, much longing and gratitude belongs to my hometown Taipei, Taiwan where I learned how to love, care, and be passionate about the peoples of the world. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPTER I. STUDYING CULTURE IN THE TIME OF TRANSNATIONALSIM … 7 A Tale of Culture: From Wisdom Keeper to Interactive Player……………………... 9 “Culturing” while Moving …………………………………………………... 9 A Tale about Modern Place: From Colonial Space Making to Post-colonial De-centering …………………………………………………………………………. 13 Spatial Hierarchy Transcends Time …………………………………………. 16 (Post)coloniality Meets Transnationalism: Dispersed Groups with Diverse Stories … 19 Transnational Practices and Global Communication ……………………….. 21 Diasporic Groups in the Era of Transnationalism ………………………….. 23 Chinese Diasporic Groups in the U.S. Under Transnationalism ……….. 25 Identity and Transnational Border Crossing/Dwelling …………………………….. 27 Empowering? Co-opting? Or Both? ……………………………………….. 33 Communication Studies on Chineseness ………………………………….. 37 Conflating Nation-States with Confucianism ………………………….. 37 Eastern Chineseness vs. Western Americanness ……………................ 39 The Masculine Chineseness …………………………………………… 40 Essentialized Chineseness ……………………………………………... 43 Culture Identity (Chineseness) and Ethnic Superiority (Whiteness) ………... 44 Ethnography and Communication about Peoples in Societies …………………….. 48 Critical Ethnography and Communicative Situations ……………………… 50 A Critical Ethnographic Researcher/Writer ………………………………... 53 Coming Back to the Beginning ……………………………………………. 56 viii CHAPTER II. CONTEXTUALIZING CONTEXTS …………………………………. 57 Stories Told From Somewhere …………………………………………………… 58 El Paso-- “A Frontier to the North” ……………………………………………….. 61 Chinese People on the Borderlands of Mexico and the U.S. …….………….. 62 Mexican People on the Borderlands of Mexico and the U.S. ….…………… 68 Taiwan—Another “Frontier”……………………………………………………….. 76 Arriving at the Setting— Locating the “Community” …………………………….. 88 Settling into the Setting …………………………………………………………….. 90 Learning with Four Women ………………………………………………….. 96 Connecting Academic Knowledge with Lives of the Four Women ………… . 104 CHAPTER III. MATERIALIZATION OF SPATIAL IDENTITIES ……………........... 110 Manichean Exchange Influence: (Dis)ordering Spaces ……………………………. 113 Taiwan’s Narrow Future in the Global Arena ………………………………. 120 “Reality Simply Works This Way.” China as the Inevitable Future ………... 128 A Greater China for Whom? ………………………………………................ 135 Coming to A Land of the Free ……………………………………………… 140 Modern America: “One Is Safe and Free to Go Anywhere.” …………. 142 Egalitarian America: “So Now We Are All Nobles” ………………….. 145 Humane America: “Adults in Taiwan Just Don’t Want Children to Be Happy.” ………………………………………………………………… 149 Democratic America: “America Is the True Founder of Democracy.” ... 154 El Paso in America …………………….………………………….................. 159 An Unauthentic America: “Americans Have A Whiter Face.” ………… 162 A Burdened America: “Lao-Mo Coming Over … to Enjoy American Benefits.” …………………………………………………….………… 173 ix A Less Cultured America: “There Is No Culture Here.” ……………… 180 A Discrimination Free America: “Mexicans Do Not Discriminate”....... 183 Spatializing El Paso in the Frame of Manichean Allegory ………………………... 189 CHAPTER IV. CRAFTING SPACE THROUGH TRAVELLING ………………......... 192 “They Are Tougher with the Chinese Passports.”— Crossing El Paso/Juárez Border After the 9/11 Event ……………………………………………..………………… 194 “They Are Targeting at the Chinese.” — The Grand China Commotion ……… 202 “China? Taiwan? Same Thing!” ………………………………………............... 214 No Pictures Here ………………………………………………………………. 219 “You Have to Be Very Careful in Answering Questions.” ……….……………….. 223 Negotiating Nationalities ………………..………………………………………… 232 Conclusion: Becoming More Legitimate Border Crossers/Dwellers ……............... 242 CHAPTER V. CULTURING HYBRIDITY IN THE DWELLING ……………………. 245 “Are We Americans Yet?” ………………………………………………………… 245 Becoming an Interface, A Point of Articulation ………………………………….. 247 Culturing Identities ……………………………………………………………….. 251 Developing Religious Identities while Gaining Cultural Knowledge: “One Ought to Start with Church.” …………………………………………………. 252 Church as A Site for Acquiring Language Skills ……………………... 256 Church as A Site for Acquiring Knowledge on Holiday Celebrations .. 264 Diasporic Chinese Christian: “Chinese in This Strange Land Are Like Israelis.” ………………………………………………………….. 266 Chinese Female Christian: “When God was Making People, He gave Men the Right.” ………………………………………………………. 274 “I Wish I Had A Husband
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