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Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M SPONSORED BY The Federal Transit Administration TCRP Synthesis 27 Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism A Synthesis of Transit Practice Transportation Research Board National Research Council TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1997 SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN OFFICERS MICHAEL S. TOWNES Peninsula Transportation District Chair: DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Commission Vice Chair: SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, AC Transit Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board, National Research Council MEMBERS SHARON D. BANKS MEMBERS AC Transit LEE BARNES BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor, Bruton Center for Development Studies, Barwood, Inc University of Texas at Dallas GERALD L. BLAIR LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Department, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Indiana County Transit Authority (Past Chair, 1995) SHIRLEY A. DELIBERO DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy New Jersey Transit Corporation E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation ROD J. DIRIDON JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation International Institute for Surface JOHN W. FISHER, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University Transportation Policy Study DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority SANDRA DRAGGOO DAVID R. GOODE, Chairman, President, and CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation CATA DELON HAMPTON, Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, University of Virginia, Department of Civil Engineering SEPTA JAMES L. LAMMIE, President & CEO, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc DELON HAMPTON BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Delon Hampton & Associates ROBERT E. MARTINEZ, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Virginia KATHARINE HUNTER-ZAWORSKI JEFFREY J. McCAIG, President & CEO, Trimac Corporation Transportation Research Institute MARSHALL W. MOORE, Director, North Dakota Department of Transportation ALAN F. KIEPPER CRAIG E. PHILIP, President, Ingram Barge Company Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas ANDREA RINIKER, Deputy Executive Director, Port of Seattle PAUL LARROUSSE JOHN M. SAMUELS, Vice President-Operating Assets, Consolidated Rail Corporation Madison Metro Transit System WAYNE SHACKLEFORD, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation ROBERT G. LINGWOOD LESLIE STERMAN, Executive Director of East-West Gateway Coordinating Council BC Transit JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, JR East Professor and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT GORDON J. LINTON JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, Director, California Department of Transportation FTA MARTIN WACHS, Director, University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, California DON S. MONROE DAVID L. WINSTEAD, Secretary, Maryland Department of Transportation Pierce Transit PATRICIA "Tish" S. NETTLESHIP The Nettleship Group, Inc MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio) ROBERT E. PAASWELL ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex The City College of New York officio) JAMES P. REICHERT JOE N. BALLARD, Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) Reichert Management Services ANDREW H. CARD, JR., President & CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association (ex officio) LAWRENCE G. REUTER KELLEY S. COYNER, Acting Administrator, Research & Special Programs Administration, U.S. New York City Transit Authority Department ofTransportation (ex officio) PAUL TOLIVER MORTIMER L. DOWNEY, Chairman and President, National Railroad Passenger Corporation (ex King County Department of Transportation/Metro officio) THOMAS M. DOWNS, Chairman & President, National Railroad Passenger Corporation (ex officio) LINDA WATSON Corpus Christi RTA FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) EDWARD WYTKIND AFL-CIO DAVID GARDINER, Assistant Administrator, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (ex officio) JANE F. GARVEY, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) JOHN E. GRAYKOWSKI, Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Transportation (ex officio) WILLIAM W. MILLAR APTA GLORIA J. JEFF, Acting Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of RODNEY E. SLATER Transportation(ex officio) FHWA T. R. LAKSHMANAN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS (ex officio) AASHTO GREGORI LEBEDEV, Acting President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, Inc (ex officio) ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) TRB RICARDO MARTINEZ, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (ex officio) WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio) JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FRANK J. CIHAK APTA TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP SECRETARY ROBERT J. REILLY SHARON D. BANKS, AC Transit TRB DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Capital District Transportation Authoritty LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia GORDON J. LINTON, U.S. Department of Transportation T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Synthesis of Transit Practice 27 Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism ANNABELLE BOYD and JOHN P.SULLIVAN Boyd, Maier & Associates Barboursville, Virginia TOPIC PANEL PAUL J. LENNON, American Public Transit Association WILLIAM T. McARDLE, Port Authority of Allegheny County PHYLLIS MACDONALD, National Institute of Justice FRANCIS M. O'HARE, Transit Division, City of New York Police Department RICHARD PAIN, Transportation Research Boar SHARON K. PAPA, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Police Authority EDITH M. RODANO, Federal Transit Administration Transportation Research Board National Research Council Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 27 The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, Project J-7, Topic SF-05 and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. ISSN 1073-4880 Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, ISBN 0-309-06103-2 must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 97-69821 efficiency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve Ó 1997 Transportation Research Board operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit Price $21.00 industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 NOTICE and based on a study sponsored by the Federal lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit (FTA). A report by the American Public Transit Association Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, Research Board h the approval of the Governing Board of the problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with undertakes research and other technical activities in response to the respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research needs of transit service providers. The scope of vice configuration, Council. equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this policy, and administrative practices. project and to review this report were chosen for recognized TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of Research Board, the Transit Development Corporation, the National Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB), Research Council, or the Federal
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