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Universidad Atónoma De Nuevo León Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Subdirección De Estudios De Posgrado UNIVERSIDAD ATÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS SUBDIRECCIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO DIETA INVERNAL DE TECOLOTE LLANERO (Athene cunicularia) Y SU INTERACCION CON DOS ESPECIES SIMPÁTRICAS: BÚHO CUERNO CORTO (Asio flammeus) Y LECHUZA DE CAMPANARIO (Tyto alba), EN EL OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO. POR HÉCTOR ENRIQUE VALDEZ GÓMEZ Como requisito parcial para obtener el Grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS con Acentuación en Vida Silvestre y Desarrollo Sustentable. Diciembre de 2014 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Dr. Armando J. Contreras Balderas, por su valioso apoyo y optimismo para concretar este trabajo. Al Dr. Geoffrey L. Holroyd por la oportunidad de estudiar los tecolotes en México, por el financiamiento y apoyo incondicional durante mi estancia en Canadá. Al Dr. Sergio Guerrero Vázquez, por su disponibilidad y tiempo para resolver mis dudas de los análisis y resultados. A Helen E. Trefry, de quien aprendí valiosas lecciones de campo y de vida. El presente trabajo es resultado de la participación de muchas personas, equivalente a innumerables horas de trabajo compartido. Este tiempo no reembolsable, ha sido motivado por la gran simpatía que inspiran los tecolotes. Tengo la firme convicción que quienes recorrieron los predios de Peñuelas y Valencianita, en Irapuato; o la Base Aérea de Zapopan, quedaron cautivados por esta peculiar ave que difícilmente olvidarán. A todas ellas mi sincero agradecimiento. Así mismo a aquellas instituciones comprometidas, al depositar su voto de confianza: Subdirección de Estudios de Posgrado (UANL); Laboratorio de Ornitología (UANL); CONACYT (Beca No 214632); Fuerza Aérea Mexicana; Centro de Estudios en Zoología (U de G); Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas (U. de Gto.); Colección Nacional de Aves (UNAM); National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Environment Canada; World Wildlife Fund Canada. DEDICATORIA Para Tere, Yael y Estefanía Créditos de la imagen separadora de títulos: Grabado titulado ‘Burrowin Owl’ por Nicola Barsaleau [http://www.pinterest.com/pin/203858320604744602/]. TABLA DE CONTENIDO Sección Página ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… i RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………….. ii CAPÍTULO I DIETA DEL TECOLOTE LLANERO EN EL CENTRO Y EL OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………........................................ 1 DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN…………………………………. 3 OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………................................. 4 HIPOTESIS…………………………………………………………….…………………. 5 ANTECEDENTES Generalidades………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Estudios previos………………………………………………………………………... 8 Información para México………………………………………………………………. 10 MATERIAL Y MÉTODO………………………………………….…………………….. 12 Análisis……………………………………………………………................................ 14 Frecuencias y Biomasa……………………………………………………………….... 15 Análisis de Datos Categóricos……………………………………................................ 16 Análisis de Conglomerados………………………………………................................. 17 Diversidad de Presas…………………………………………………………………... 18 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO Irapuato………………………………………………………………………………… 21 Zapopan……………………………………………………………..……….................. 23 RESULTADOS Contexto general………………………………………………………………………. 26 FRECUENCIAS IRAPUATO Artrópodos……………………………………………………………………….. 28 Mamíferos………………………………………………………………………... 34 Aves……………………………………………………………………….……… 35 Reptiles………………………………………………………………………….... 37 Pruebas de Contingencia Frecuencias Irapuato……………………………..….. 38 FRECUENCIAS ZAPOPAN Artrópodos……………………………………………………………………….. 38 Mamíferos………………………………………………………………………... 40 Aves………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Reptiles……………………………………………………………………………. 42 Pruebas de Contingencia Frecuencias Zapopan………………………………… 43 BIOMASA IRAPUATO…………………………………………………………. 44 Pruebas de Contingencia Biomasa Irapuato…………………………………….. 48 BIOMASA ZAPOPAN…………………………………………………………... 49 Pruebas de Contingencia Biomasa Zapopan………………………….................. 51 Sección Página CONTRASTES ENTRE INVIERNOS Y LOCALIDADES Frecuencias Irapuato vs Zapopan……………………………………………….. 51 Biomasa Irapuato vs Zapopan…………………………………………………… 52 Análisis de similitud entre localidades…………………………………………... 53 DIVERSIDAD DE PRESAS…………………………………………………….. 55 DISCUSION Notas preliminares…………………………………………………………………….. 65 Frecuencias Artrópodos……………………………………………………………….. 66 Frecuencias Mamíferos………………………………………………………………… 67 Frecuencias Aves………………………………………………………………………. 68 Frecuencias Reptiles…………………………………………………………................ 68 Biomasa………………………………………………………………………………... 69 Análisis de similitud……………………………………………………………………. 70 Diversidad de presas…………………………………………………………………… 72 CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………………….… 75 LITERATURA CITADA……………………………………………………….................. 76 CAPÍTULO II TRASLAPE DE DIETAS DE TECOLOTE LLANERO, BÚHO CUERNO CORTO Y LECHUZA DE CAMPANARIO, DURANTE EL INVIERNO 2002-2003 EN EL MUNICIPIO DE ZAPOPAN, JALISCO. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 83 DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN………………………..…………. 84 OJETIVOS………… …………………………………………………………………….. 85 HIPÓTESIS……………………………………………………………………………….. 85 ANTECEDENTES………………………………………………………………………… 86 MATERIAL Y MÉTODO Análisis…………………………………………………………………………………. 87 RESULTADOS…..………………………………………………………………….…….. 89 PORCENTAJE DE FRECUENCIA Artrópodos……………………………………………………………………….. 90 Mamíferos………………………………………………………………………… 90 Aves……………………………….………………………………………..…….. 92 Reptiles…………………………………….…………………………………….. 93 PORCENTAJE DE BIOMASA…….………………………………..………….. 93 AMPLITUD DE NICHO TRÓFICO………………………………….………… 95 DIVERSIDAD DE PRESAS……………….………………..………..….……… 96 Sección Página DISCUSIÓN…………………………………………………………………….…………. 98 CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………… 102 LITERATURA CITADA………………………………………………………................. 103 CAPÍTULO III USO Y ESTRUCTURA DEL HÁBITAT POR TECOLOTE LLANERO EN IRAPUATO Y ZAPOPAN, INCLUYENDO BÚHO CUERNO CORTO Y LECHUZA DE CAMPANARIO PARA ESTA ÚLTIMA LOCALIDAD. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………… 105 DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA Y JUSTIFICACIÓN………………………..………..… 106 OJETIVOS………….…………………………………………………………………….. 106 HIPÓTESIS……………………………………………………………………………….. 107 ANTECEDENTES………………………………………………………………………… 107 MATERIAL Y MÉTODO………………………………………………………………..... 108 Tipos de hábitat………………………………………………………………............... 109 Estructura de la vegetación……………………………………………………………. 110 Descripción de madrigueras de tecolote llanero…………………………………….... 110 Análisis……………………………………………………………………..…………… 112 RESULTADOS Tecolote llanero Irapuato……………………………………………………………… 113 Tecolote llanero Zapopan……………………………………………………………… 118 Búho cuerno corto Zapopan…………………………………………………………… 124 Lechuza de campanario Zapopan...............................................................................… 127 DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………………. 128 Limitantes del estudio……………………………………………………..………….... 128 Uso del hábitat y estructura de la vegetación………………………………………… 129 Sobrevivencia invernal………………………………………………………………… 131 Madrigueras invernales………………………………………………………............... 132 Búho cuerno corto……………………………………………………………………… 134 Lechuza de campanario………………………………………………………............... 135 CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………… 137 LITERATURA CITADA………………………………………………………................. 139 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura Página CAPÍTULO I 1.1 Distribución actual del Tecolote llanero………………………………………… 7 1.2 Rango de distribución histórica de Tecolote llanero occidental………………… 8 1.3 Tendencias de temperatura invernal en el municipio de Irapuato Gto………....... 21 1.4 Área de estudio en el municipio de Irapuato, Guanajuato………………………. 22 1.5 Área de estudio en el municipio de Zapopan, Jalisco…………………………… 24 1.6 Tendencias de temperatura invernal en el municipio de Zapopan Jal…………… 25 1.7 Frecuencia global por grupos e inviernos, Irapuato y Zapopan…………………. 27 1.8 Frecuencia de consumo mensual global de artrópodos. Irapuato (99-00)……...... 28 1.9 Frecuencia de consumo mensual excluyendo Ortópteros. Irapuato (99-00)…...... 29 1.10 Frecuencia de consumo mensual global de artrópodos. Irapuato (00-01)……….. 30 1.11 Frecuencia de consumo mensual excluyendo Ortópteros. Irapuato (00-01)…….. 31 1.12 Frecuencia de consumo mensual global de artrópodos. Irapuato (01-02)……….. 31 1.13 Frecuencia de consumo mensual excluyendo Ortópteros. Irapuato (01-02)…….. 32 1.14 Frecuencia de consumo mensual global de artrópodos. Irapuato (02-03)……….. 33 1.15 Frecuencia de consumo mensual excluyendo Ortópteros. Irapuato (02-03)…….. 33 1.16 Frecuencia de consumo mensual de mamíferos. Cuatro inviernos Irapuato…….. 35 1.17 Aves en la dieta de tecolote llanero durante cuatro inviernos. Irapuato…………. 36 1.18 Reptiles en la dieta de tecolote llanero durante cuatro inviernos. Irapuato…........ 37 1.19 Frecuencia de consumo mensual de artrópodos. Zapopan (01-02)……………… 39 1.20 Frecuencia de consumo mensual de artrópodos. Zapopan (02-03)…………....... 40 1.21 Frecuencia de consumo mensual de mamíferos. Inviernos Zapopan.. ………… 41 1.22 Aves en la dieta de tecolote llanero durante dos inviernos. Zapopan……………. 42 1.23 Reptiles en la dieta de tecolote llanero durante dos inviernos. Zapopan………… 43 1.24 Porcentaje de biomasa por grupos e inviernos. Irapuato y Zapopan…………….. 45 1.25 Biomasa mensual estandarizada. Irapuato (99-00)………………………………. 46 1.26 Biomasa mensual estandarizada. Irapuato (00-01)………………………………. 47 1.27 Biomasa mensual estandarizada. Irapuato (01-02)………………………………. 47 1.28 Biomasa mensual estandarizada. Irapuato (02-03)………………………………. 48 1.29 Biomasa mensual estandarizada. Zapopan (01-02)……………………………… 50 1.30 Biomasa mensual estandarizada. Zapopan (02-03)………………………………. 50 1.31 Valores de biomasa estandarizada entre inviernos pareados
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