DOCSLIB.ORG

Resource Use Efficiency of C4 Grasses with Different Evolutionary Origins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Resource Use Efficiency of C4 Grasses with Different Evolutionary Origins RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY OF C4 GRASSES WITH DIFFERENT EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS Harshini Sugandika Uswattha Liyanange Pinto A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Australia SEPTEMBER 2015 This thesis is dedicated to my parents and beloved husband for their endless support and encouragement. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with great pleasure that I wish to express my utmost gratitude to my principal supervisor, Dr. Oula Ghannoum for her continuous encouragement, advice, and guidance. She has been a source of generosity, insight and inspiration; guiding me in all my efforts throughout my candidature. I owe my research achievements to her enthusiastic supervision. I acknowledge with great gratitude my co-supervisors Prof. David Tissue, Prof. Jann Conroy and Dr. Robert Sharwood who provided me with the unflinching encouragement, support and feedback during the candidature. Successful completion of this thesis would not have been possible without your invaluable insights and comments on my work. I am also thankful to Dr. Jeff Powell, Dr. Barbara Drigo (HIE-UWS), Dr. Pascal- Antoine Christin and Dr. Rebecca Atkinson (Sheffield University, UK) for their generous support in statistical analysis. I would like to thank Ms. Liz Kabanoff and Dr. Anya Salih (UWS) for their kind help and support on microscopy. I am also thankful to Dr. Kristine Crous and Dr. Craig Barton (UWS) for their assistance with the tuneable diode laser and carbon isotope discrimination measurements. I gratefully acknowledge the University of Western Sydney and the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment for granting me the Australian Postgraduate Award. My gratitude also goes to staff at Hawkesbury Institute for the Environments, Dr. David Harland, Ms. Gillian Wilkins, Ms. Patricia Hellier, Mr. Gavin Mckenzie and Dr. Kaushal Tewari for their generous support on administrative and laboratory work. I wish to thank my colleagues Mr. Balasaheb Sonawane, Ms. Renee Smith, Ms. Josephine Ontedhu, Dr. Honglang Duan and Mr. Guomin Huang for their friendship and support throughout my candidature. As always, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents for their love and constant support throughout my life and for motivating me to pursue an academic career. Finally, my most sincere thanks go to my loving husband, Uthpala Pinto, who has been a shadow behind all my success throughout my life. STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution Author’s Signature TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... I STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION ......................................................................................................... I TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. I LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... IX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 5 1.1 C3 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY AND ITS INEFFICIENCIES ........................................................................... 6 1.2 EVOLUTION OF C4 PLANTS ................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF C4 BIOCHEMICAL SUBTYPES ................................................................... 12 1.3.1 NADP-ME subtype ................................................................................................................ 13 1.3.2 NAD-ME subtype .................................................................................................................. 14 1.3.3 PCK subtype .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE C3 AND C4 PATHWAYS ......................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Water use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination ...................................................... 19 1.4.2 Nitrogen use efficiency and Rubisco ..................................................................................... 22 1.5 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE C4 SUBTYPES ..................................................................................................... 24 1.5.1 Water use efficiency of the C4 subtypes ............................................................................... 24 1.5.2 Nitrogen use efficiency of the C4 subtypes ........................................................................... 25 1.6 GAPS IN THE LITERATURE ................................................................................................................. 27 1.7 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 29 1.8 FORMAT OF THE THESIS ................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 2 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHYSIOLOGY OF C4 GRASSES REFLECTS AT INTER-GLACIAL CO2 THE BIOCHEMICAL SUBTYPE AND EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN .........................................................................32 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. 33 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 34 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................. 38 2.2.1 Plant culture and water use measurements ......................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Gas exchange measurements ............................................................................................... 40 2.2.3 Rubisco, PEPC activity and soluble protein ........................................................................... 40 i 2.2.4 Growth and nitrogen analyses ............................................................................................. 41 2.2.5 WUE and NUE calculations ................................................................................................... 41 2.2.6 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................ 42 2.3 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 44 2.3.1 Summary of the linear mixed effect (lme) statistical analysis .............................................. 44 2.3.2 Leaf water use efficiency ...................................................................................................... 44 2.3.3 Leaf N use efficiency ............................................................................................................. 45 2.3.4 Plant water and nitrogen use efficiency ............................................................................... 45 2.3.5 Activity and content of photosynthetic enzymes .................................................................. 46 2.3.6 The RDA for inter-glacial CO2 and ambient CO2 ................................................................... 47 2.3.7 The phylogenetic effect on species under inter-glacial CO2 and ambient CO2 ..................... 47 2.4 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 60 2.4.1 Variations in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency among C4 grasses are associated with the biochemical subtype .................................................................................................................... 60 2.4.2 Variations in photosynthetic water use efficiency among C4 grasses are associated with the evolutionary origin ............................................................................................................................ 61 2.4.3 Response of photosynthesis to inter-glacial [CO2] ................................................................ 62 2.4.4 Response of stomatal conductance to inter-glacial [CO2] .................................................... 63 2.4.5 Response of plant DM and WUE to inter-glacial [CO2] ......................................................... 64 2.5 CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cravens Peak Scientific Study Report
    Geography Monograph Series No. 13 Cravens Peak Scientific Study Report The Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc. Brisbane, 2009 The Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc. is a non-profit organization that promotes the study of Geography within educational, scientific, professional, commercial and broader general communities. Since its establishment in 1885, the Society has taken the lead in geo- graphical education, exploration and research in Queensland. Published by: The Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc. 237 Milton Road, Milton QLD 4064, Australia Phone: (07) 3368 2066; Fax: (07) 33671011 Email: [email protected] Website: www.rgsq.org.au ISBN 978 0 949286 16 8 ISSN 1037 7158 © 2009 Desktop Publishing: Kevin Long, Page People Pty Ltd (www.pagepeople.com.au) Printing: Snap Printing Milton (www.milton.snapprinting.com.au) Cover: Pemberton Design (www.pembertondesign.com.au) Cover photo: Cravens Peak. Photographer: Nick Rains 2007 State map and Topographic Map provided by: Richard MacNeill, Spatial Information Coordinator, Bush Heritage Australia (www.bushheritage.org.au) Other Titles in the Geography Monograph Series: No 1. Technology Education and Geography in Australia Higher Education No 2. Geography in Society: a Case for Geography in Australian Society No 3. Cape York Peninsula Scientific Study Report No 4. Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report No 5. A Continent for a Nation; and, Dividing Societies No 6. Herald Cays Scientific Study Report No 7. Braving the Bull of Heaven; and, Societal Benefits from Seasonal Climate Forecasting No 8. Antarctica: a Conducted Tour from Ancient to Modern; and, Undara: the Longest Known Young Lava Flow No 9. White Mountains Scientific Study Report No 10.
    [Show full text]
  • CATALOGUE of the GRASSES of CUBA by A. S. Hitchcock
    CATALOGUE OF THE GRASSES OF CUBA By A. S. Hitchcock. INTRODUCTION. The following list of Cuban grasses is based primarily upon the collections at the Estaci6n Central Agron6mica de Cuba, situated at Santiago de las Vegas, a suburb of Habana. The herbarium includes the collections made by the members of the staff, particularly Mr. C. F. Baker, formerly head of the department of botany, and also the Sauvalle Herbarium deposited by the Habana Academy of Sciences, These specimens were examined by the writer during a short stay upon the island in the spring of 1906, and were later kindly loaned by the station authorities for a more critical study at Washington. The Sauvalle Herbarium contains a fairly complete set of the grasses col- lected by Charles Wright, the most important collection thus far obtained from Cuba. In addition to the collections at the Cuba Experiment Station, the National Herbarium furnished important material for study, including collections made by A. H. Curtiss, W. Palmer and J. H. Riley, A. Taylor (from the Isle of Pines), S. M. Tracy, Brother Leon (De la Salle College, Habana), and the writer. The earlier collections of Wright were sent to Grisebach for study. These were reported upon by Grisebach in his work entitled "Cata- logus Plant arum Cubensium," published in 1866, though preliminary reports appeared earlier in the two parts of Plantae Wrightianae. * During the spring of 1907 I had the opportunity of examining the grasses in the herbarium of Grisebach in Gottingen.6 In the present article I have, with few exceptions, accounted for the grasses listed by Grisebach in his catalogue of Cuban plants, and have appended a list of these with references to the pages in the body of this article upon which the species are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q a Records
    Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q A Records plants monocots Poaceae Paspalidium rarum C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida lazaridis C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Astrebla pectinata barley mitchell grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus setigerus Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass Y 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida polyclados C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus lemon grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon avenaceus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula delicate lovegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Urochloa praetervisa C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Heteropogon contortus black speargrass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Iseilema membranaceum small flinders grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Bothriochloa ewartiana desert bluegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Brachyachne convergens common native couch C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon lindleyanus C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon polyphyllus leafy nineawn C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus actinocladus katoora grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus pennisetiformis Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus australasicus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima var. divaricatissima C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne mucronata forma (Alpha C.E.Hubbard 7882) C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sehima nervosum C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eulalia aurea silky browntop C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass Y 1/1 CODES I - Y indicates that the taxon is introduced to Queensland and has naturalised.
    [Show full text]
  • By H.D.V. PRENDERGAST a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University. January 1
    STRUCTURAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN AUSTRALIAN c4 GRASSES (POACEAE) • by H.D.V. PRENDERGAST A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University. January 1987. Canberra, Australia. i STATEMENT This thesis describes my own work which included collaboration with Dr N .. E. Stone (Taxonomy Unit, R .. S .. B.S .. ), whose expertise in enzyme assays enabled me to obtain comparative information on enzyme activities reported in Chapters 3, 5 and 7; and with Mr M.. Lazarides (Australian National Herbarium, c .. s .. r .. R .. O .. ), whose as yet unpublished taxonomic views on Eragrostis form the basis of some of the discussion in Chapter 3. ii This thesis describes the results of research work carried out in the Taxonomy Unit, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University during the tenure of an A.N.U. Postgraduate Scholarship. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My time in the Taxonomy Unit has been a happy one: I could not have asked for better supervision for my project or for a more congenial atmosphere in which to work. To Dr. Paul Hattersley, for his help, advice, encouragement and friendship, I owe a lot more than can be said in just a few words: but, Paul, thanks very much! To Mr. Les Watson I owe as much for his own support and guidance, and for many discussions on things often psittacaceous as well as graminaceous! Dr. Nancy Stone was a kind teacher in many days of enzyme assays and Chris Frylink a great help and friend both in and out of the lab •• Further thanks go to Mike Lazarides (Australian National Herbarium, c.s.I.R.O.) for identifying many grass specimens and for unpublished data on infrageneric groups in Eragrostis; Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names 7Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names 7th Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in Richtiarkade 18, CH- 8304 Wallisellen, Switzerland any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2021 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 Valid from: 16.06.2021 ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 7th Edition 2 ISTA List of Stabilised Plant Names Table of Contents A .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 B ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 C ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Panicum Coloratum Scientific Name  Panicum Coloratum L
    Tropical Forages Panicum coloratum Scientific name Panicum coloratum L. Subordinate taxa: cv. Bambatsi post-flowering, Eritrea var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi, pre- Panicum coloratum L. var. makarikariense Gooss. flowering Panicum coloratum L. var. coloratum Synonyms var. makarikariense: Panicum makarikariense (Gooss.) Rensb. var. coloratum: Panicum swynnertonii Rendle Family/tribe var. coloratum (Klein grass) reselection from RSA (APG 55524) Family: Poaceae (alt. Gramineae) subfamily: tribe: subtribe: Panicoideae Paniceae Panicinae. var. coloratum, large, robust, Kabulabula type (APG 54512) Morphological description A highly variable species, in the P. coloratum - P. stapfianum complex, with types varying in appearance from small and fine to large and robust. A shortly rhizomatous, tufted (erect, geniculate or decumbent) perennial, sometimes with long spreading stolons; stems 2‒4 mm in diameter, and culms 0.3‒1.5 m tall at maturity; culm-nodes glabrous, rarely pubescent. Foliage mostly 20‒70 cm tall; ligule a ciliate membrane sometimes cv. Bushman Mine, strongly Stoloniferous form of var. coloratum reduced to a ring of short hairs; leaf-blade base simple, stoloniferous, drought-hardy perennial, (CPI 59876) with characteristics intermediate broadly rounded, cordate or auriculate; leaf blades between var. coloratum and var. makarikariense. glabrous to pilose, 5‒40 cm long and 4‒14 mm wide, varying in colour from green to glaucous blue-green; apex acute, or acuminate. Panicle open, erect or nodding, 6‒30 (‒40) cm long, the lower branches mostly single, occasionally paired, rarely whorled, appressed, ascending, or spreading; spikelets green and purple, 2‒3 mm long, obtuse or subacute. 0.8‒1.4 million seeds per kg. Inflorescence an erect or nodding, open var.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Grasses Make New Products – a Review of Current and Past Uses and Assessment of Potential
    Native grasses make new products – a review of current and past uses and assessment of potential JUNE 2015 RIRDC Publication No. 15/056 Native grasses make new products A review of current and past uses and assessment of potential by Ian Chivers, Richard Warrick, Janet Bornman and Chris Evans June 2015 RIRDC Publication No 15/056 RIRDC Project No PRJ-009569 © 2015 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-802-9 ISSN 1440-6845 Native grasses make new products: a review of current and past uses and assessment of potential Publication No. 15/056 Project No. PRJ-009569 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors.
    [Show full text]
  • South West Queensland QLD Page 1 of 89 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region South West Queensland, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cunninghamia : a Journal of Plant Ecology for Eastern Australia
    Westbrooke et al., Vegetation of Peery Lake area, western NSW 111 The vegetation of Peery Lake area, Paroo-Darling National Park, western New South Wales M. Westbrooke, J. Leversha, M. Gibson, M. O’Keefe, R. Milne, S. Gowans, C. Harding and K. Callister Centre for Environmental Management, University of Ballarat, PO Box 663 Ballarat, Victoria 3353, AUSTRALIA Abstract: The vegetation of Peery Lake area, Paroo-Darling National Park (32°18’–32°40’S, 142°10’–142°25’E) in north western New South Wales was assessed using intensive quadrat sampling and mapped using extensive ground truthing and interpretation of aerial photograph and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. 378 species of vascular plants were recorded from this survey from 66 families. Species recorded from previous studies but not noted in the present study have been added to give a total of 424 vascular plant species for the Park including 55 (13%) exotic species. Twenty vegetation communities were identified and mapped, the most widespread being Acacia aneura tall shrubland/tall open-shrubland, Eremophila/Dodonaea/Acacia open shrubland and Maireana pyramidata low open shrubland. One hundred and fifty years of pastoral use has impacted on many of these communities. Cunninghamia (2003) 8(1): 111–128 Introduction Elder and Waite held the Momba pastoral lease from early 1870 (Heathcote 1965). In 1889 it was reported that Momba Peery Lake area of Paroo–Darling National Park (32°18’– was overrun by kangaroos (Heathcote 1965). About this time 32°40’S, 142°10’–142°25’E) is located in north western New a party of shooters found opal in the sandstone hills and by South Wales (NSW) 110 km north east of Broken Hill the 1890s White Cliffs township was established (Hardy (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Nuytsia the Journal of the Western Australian Herbarium 22(6): 341–349 Published Online 18 December 2012
    R. Butcher & P.J.H Hurter, Tephrosia oxalidea (Fabaceae), a new species from the Pilbara 341 Nuytsia The journal of the Western Australian Herbarium 22(6): 341–349 Published online 18 December 2012 Tephrosia oxalidea (Fabaceae: Millettieae), a new species from the Pilbara and Gascoyne bioregions of Western Australia Ryonen Butcher1,3 and P. Johan H. Hurter2 1Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 2GHD, 239 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, Western Australia 6004 3Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract Butcher, R. & Hurter, P.J.H. Tephrosia oxalidea (Fabaceae: Millettieae), a new species from the Pilbara and Gascoyne bioregions of Western Australia. Nuytsia 22(6): 341–349 (2012). The Australian species of Tephrosia Pers. (Fabaceae: Millettieae) have not been revised in full since Bentham’s Flora Australiensis, although considerable work towards this goal has been performed at the herbaria of the Northern Territory (DNA) and Queensland (BRI) to date. Taxonomic work is now underway on the Tephrosia of Western Australia, with Western Australia’s plant census currently recording 23 informally named taxa in this State. One of these, Tephrosia sp. Cathedral Gorge (F.H. Mollemans 2420), is a distinctive species and is described herein as T. oxalidea R.Butcher & P.J.H.Hurter. Images and a distribution map for this species are included, as is a discussion of its affinities. Introduction Tephrosia Pers. is a pantropically distributed genus of pea-flowered legumes comprising c. 350 to over 400 species worldwide (Cowie 2004; Lewis et al. 2005). Centres of species diversity include Africa–Madagascar (c.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Mitochondrial-Derived Plastome Sequences in the Paspalum Lineage (Panicoideae; Poaceae) Sean V
    Burke et al. BMC Plant Biology (2018) 18:152 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1379-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Investigation of mitochondrial-derived plastome sequences in the Paspalum lineage (Panicoideae; Poaceae) Sean V. Burke1* , Mark C. Ungerer2 and Melvin R. Duvall1 Abstract Background: The grass family (Poaceae), ca. 12,075 species, is a focal point of many recent studies that aim to use complete plastomes to reveal and strengthen relationships within the family. The use of Next Generation Sequencing technology has revealed intricate details in many Poaceae plastomes; specifically the trnI - trnL intergenic spacer region. This study investigates this region and the putative mitochondrial inserts within it in complete plastomes of Paspalum and other Poaceae. Results: Nine newly sequenced plastomes, seven of which contain an insert within the trnI - trnL intergenic spacer, were combined into plastome phylogenomic and divergence date analyses with 52 other species. A robust Paspalum topology was recovered, originating at 10.6 Ma, with the insert arising at 8.7 Ma. The alignment of the insert across Paspalum reveals 21 subregions with pairwise homology in 19. In an analysis of emergent self- organizing maps of tetranucleotide frequencies, the Paspalum insert grouped with mitochondrial DNA. Conclusions: A hypothetical ancestral insert, 17,685 bp in size, was found in the trnI - trnL intergenic spacer for the Paspalum lineage. A different insert, 2808 bp, was found in the same region for Paraneurachne muelleri. Seven different intrastrand deletion events were found within the Paspalum lineage, suggesting selective pressures to remove large portions of noncoding DNA. Finally, a tetranucleotide frequency analysis was used to determine that the origin of the insert in the Paspalum lineage is mitochondrial DNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Literaturverzeichnis
    Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.
    [Show full text]