Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 43(12), December 2014, pp. 2320-2326

Gastropod diversity in Mudasal Odai and Nagapattinam, southeast coast of India

Kollimalai Sakthivel* & S. Antony Fernando Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettei – 608 502, Tamil Nadu – India

*[E.mail: [email protected]]

Received 17 July 2012; revised 17 December 2012

Gastropods list prepared from Mudasal Odai (Lat.11°29'N; Long. 79°46' E) and Nagapattinam (Lat. 10° 46' N; Long. 79° 59' E) coast of Tamil Nadu, south east India. List consists 75 , 45 genera and 31 families in Mudasal Odai and 67 species, 42 genera and 29 families in Nagapattinam coast. Among the 31 families 21 are single genera, 7 are two genera and 3 are three genera and in 45 genera 28 of the have single representives, 2 of them are four species, and 1 of that is have six species in Mudasal Odai landing centre. Out of 29 families 20 of them are single genera, 4 of them are two genera, 2 of them are three genera and 1 of that is four genera and in 42 genera 28 of them have single species, 2 of them have four species and 1 of that is have 5 species in Nagapatinam landing centre. Among the families three are (Naticidae, and ) dominant in both landing centre. Among the 76 species 10 of them are dominant, 23 of them are abundant, 14 of them are co-abundant, 28 of them are present 1 of that absent in Mudasal Odai, among the species, 14 of them are dominant, 19 of them are abundant, 13 of them are co-abundant, 21 of them are present and 8 of them are absent in Nagapattinam coast.

[Keywords: Gastropods; Diversity; Coast; Muricidae; Nassariidae; Naticidae]

Introduction Materials and Methods Molluscs contribute the second largest The gastropods collection from Mudasal Odai invertebrate group on earth, next only to insects1. (Lat.11°29'N; Long. 79°46' E) and Nagapattinam, The estimated number of species of molluscs (Lat. 10° 46' N; Long. 79° 59' E) located in Tamil today varies from 80,000 species2 to 135,000 Nadu state, southeast coast of India. Mudasal species3. Of these 31,000-100,000 are marine, Odai lies between the mouth of Vellar estuary 14,000-35,000 terrestrial and about 5,000 and Killai back water. Five villages are involved freshwater species3,4. The first complete in fishing activities bring their catches to this inventory of the subtropical and tropical landing centre. As this landing centre is well malacological fauna of the western America is connected by road, the fishes are transported to the huge monograph of Keen5 which comprises the local markets immediately. Every day, approximately 3340 molluscs species, out of around 150 trawlers are operated in two shifts, which gastropods 2449 species. India has a total one during the night and the other during the day. heritage of 3271 species of molluscs belonging to First day of every Around 500 fishing trawlers 220 families and 591 genera, including about are operated both during night and day. They 1900 species of gastropods6. Babu Philip & operate the trawl nets at the depth of 9-37 meter Appukuttant7 have described the gastropods in Depth. This study area well connected with road the by-catch of shrimp trawlers from the Quilon and train. The fishes purchased by the people are area, with special reference to the whelk fishery. transported by minivan to their local market and About 484 species of molluscs were reported in by train to other states. The area was well Gulf of Mannar region, out of which 260 species surveyed in the couple of fishing harbors that are gastropods8,9. About 170 molluscan species served as a rich source of specimens for the haven identified from Christmas Island (Indian present study. Ocean)10. More than 350 species of shelled Gastropods were caught using trawl net molluscs were recorded from pulau seribu and operation by trawler from 7 – 37 meter depth at Jakarta Bay11. Limited works are available on both shift. Trash fish heaped up on the shore by Molluscs diversity especially gastropods in the trawl fisherman. Sampling was made Mudasal Odai and Nagapattinam, this work may randomly from 5 heaps in Mudasal odia and 10 be addition and recent information. heaps in Nagapattinam contributing 100kg. samples of each species were collected from 4 to SAKTHIVEL & FERNANDO: GASTGROPOD DIVERSITY IN SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA 2321

5 heaps from single trawl. About 100kg of heaps three species and one families have four in were randomly sampled every week and Nagapattinam landing centre. Most diverse consolidated as weekly total. Monthly on their families are Naticidae (7 species in Mudasal performance calculated and repeated. Results are Odai, 6 species in Nagapattinam), muricidae (7 given above 200 individuals are dominant species) and Nassariidae (6 species). Among the (++++), individual numbers between 100 – 200 76 species only one species (Haustellum are abundant (+++), the individual numbers hastellum) was absent in Mudasal Odai and eight between 50 – 100 are co-abundant, the individual species (Crepidula walshi, Xenophora corrugate, number are below 50 are present (+). Samples Natica lamarkii, Cymatium rhinoceros, Thais were brought to laboratory, cleaned with brush rugosa, Cymbium melo and Ancilla scaphella) and identified using appropriate reference12-14. were absent in Nagapattinam. Eight species (Turritella attenuate, tranquebaricus, Results Babylonia spirata, dorsatus, Nassarius Gastropods were registered from two study areas nivea, Nassarius stolatus, Marginella angustata 31 families, 46 genera and 76 species (Table 1 & and Hemifusus pugilinus) were dominant in both 2). The number of species per family varies study areas. Two species ( subintermedius, considerably (1 to 7 species). Twenty one Phalium bisulcatum) in Mudasal Odia and six families are represented by one single species; species (Strombus marginatus, Natica albula, seven families are having two species, three rana, Cancellaria lamberti, Murex families have three species in Mudasal Odai. virgineus, Turricula javana) in Nagapattinam Twenty one families have single species, six were dominant. families have two species, two families have

Table 1. Gastropod distribution in Mudasal Odai and Nagapattinam coast of Tamil Nadu S. No. Species Name Mudasal Odai Nagapattinam Trochidae 1 Calliostoma tranquebarica (Roeding) + + 2 Euchelus asper (Gmelin, 1791) +++ +++ 3 Gibbula blanfordiana G & H. Nevill +++ +++ Turritellidae 4 Turritella acutangulla Linnaeus, 1758 +++ +++ 5 Turritella attenuate Reeve, 1849 ++++ ++++ Strombidae 6 Strombus marginatus Linnaeus, 1767 +++ ++++ Crepidulidae 7 Calyptrea extinctorium Blainville, 1825 + + 8 Crepidula walshi (Reeve, 1859) + - Xenophoridae 9 Xenophora corrugata (Reeve) + - 10 Xenophora solaris (Linnaeus, 1758) + + Cypraeidae 11 Cypraea ocellata Melvill, 1888 ++ ++ 12 Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, 1758 + + 13 Ficus ficoides (Lamarck, 1822) + ++ 14 (Linnaeus, 1758) +++ ++ 15 Ficus subintermedius (d’Orbigny, 18520 ++++ +++ Naticidae 16 Natica alapapilionis (Roeding, 1798) ++ + 17 Natica albula Recluz, 1851 +++ ++++ 18 Natica didyma (Roding, 1798) +++ +++ 19 Natica lamarkii (Chenu, 1843) + - 20 Natica lineate (Roeding, 1791) + +++ 21 Natica tigrina (Roeding) +++ +++ 22 Sinum planulatum (Recluz, 1843) + + Tonnidae 23 Tonna dolium (Linnaeus, 1758) +++ +++ 24 Tonna fasciata (Martini, 1777) + + Cassididae 25 Phalium areola Linnaeus, 1758 + + 26 Phalium bisulcatum (Shubert & Wanger, 1829) ++++ +++ 27 Phalium glaucum (Linnaeus, 1758) ++ ++

2322 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 43, NO. 12 DECEMBER 2014

Table 1. Continuation S. No. Species Name Mudasal Odai Nagapattinam Cymatiidae 28 Cymatium cingulatum (Lamarck, 1822) + + 29 Cymatium retusum Lamarck 1822 + + 30 Cymatium rhinoceros Roding 1798 + - 31 Bursa granularis (Roding, 1798) + + 32 Bursa rana (Linne, 1758) +++ ++++ 33 Bursa spinosa (Schumacher, 1817) ++ +++ Buccinidae 34 Cantharus tranquebaricus (Gmelin, 1791) ++++ ++++ 35 Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) ++++ ++++ 36 Babylonia zeylanica (Bruguiere,1789) ++ ++ Cancellariidae 37 Cancellaria lamberti (Souverbie, 1870) +++ ++++ Fasciolariidae 38 Fusinus longicauda (Lamarck, 1801) ++ +++ 39 Faciolaria filamentosa (Roding, 1798) + + Muricidae 40 Murex trapa (Roding, 1798) ++ ++ 41 Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758 +++ +++ 42 Murex virgineus var. ponderosa Gravely, 1942 +++ +++ 43 Murex virgineus Dilwyn, 1817 +++ ++++ 44 Haustellum hastellum (Linnaeus, 1758) - + 45 Rapana bulbosa (Solander,1817) +++ +++ 46 Thais bufo (Lamarck, 1822) ++ ++ 47 Thais rugosa (Born, 1778) + - Nassariidae 48 Nassarius dorsatus (Roding, 1798) ++++ ++++ 49 Nassarius nivea (A. Adams, 1852) ++++ ++++ 50 Nassarius stolatus (Gmelin, 1791) ++++ ++++ 51 Nassarius variegates (A. Adams, 1852) +++ +++ 52 Bullia belangeri (Kiener, 1843) ++ + 53 Bullia vittata (Linnaeus, 1758) +++ ++ Harpidae 54 Harpa conoidalis Lamarck, 1822 +++ ++ Marginellidae 55 Marginella angustata Sowerby, 1846 ++++ ++++ Mitridae 56 Mitra acuminate Swainson, 1824 + + Turbinellidae 57 Tudicula spinosa (H & A. Adams, 1864) ++ + 58 Xancus pyrum Linnaeus, 1758 + + Volutidae 59 Cymbium melo (Lightfoot, 1786) + - Olividae 60 Ancilla scaphella ( Sowerby, 1859) + - 61 Oliva oliva (Linnaeus, 1758) ++ ++ 62 Olivancillaria gibbosa (Born, 1778) +++ +++ Conidae 63 Conus amadis Gmelin, 1791 +++ +++ 64 Conus inscriptus Reeve 1843 + + 65 Conus loroisii Kiener, 1845 + ++ Terebridae 66 Terebra sublata (Linnaeus 1758) ++ - Turridae 67 Brachytoma crenularis (Lamarck) + + 68 Turricula javana (Linnaeus, 1767) +++ ++++ 69 Turris indica Roding, 1798 +++ +++ Hydatinidea 70 Hydatina velum Gmelin, 1791 + + Architectonicidae 71 Architectonica laevigata (Lamarck, 1822) ++ +++ 72 Architectonica perspective (Linnaeus, 1758) ++ ++

SAKTHIVEL & FERNANDO: GASTGROPOD DIVERSITY IN SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA 2323

Table 1. Continuation S. No. Species Name Mudasal Odai Nagapattinam Bullidae 73 ampulla Linnaeus, 1758 + ++ 74 Bulla orientalis Habe, 1950 + - Melongenidae 75 Hemifusus pugilinus (Born, 1778) ++++ ++++ Columbellidae 76 Phyrene versicolar (Sowerby, 1832) + + ++++: Dominant; +++: Abundant; ++ Co abundant: +: Present; -: Not recorded

Among 45 genera, twenty eight of them virgineus var. ponderosa, Rapana bulbosa, are single species, nine of them are two species, Nassarius variegates, Olivancillaria gibbosa, five of them are three species, two of them are Conus amadis, Turris indica) abundant in both four species and one of that is six species in landing center. In Mudasal Odai seven species Mudasal Odai. Among 42 genera, twenty eight (Strombus marginatus, Natica albula, Bursa of them were single species, seven of them were rana, Cancellaria lamberti, Murex virgineus, two species, four of them were three species, two Bullia vittata, Harpa conoidalis) were abundant. of them were four species and one of that is five Six species (Ficus subintermedius, Natica species in Nagapattinam. There were thirteen lineate, Phalium bisulcatum, Bursa spinosa, species (Euchelus asper, Gibbula blanfordiana, Fusinus longicauda, Architectonica laevigata) Turritella acutangulla, Natica didyma, Natica were abundant in Nagapattinam (Table 1). tigrina, Tonna dolium, Murex tribulus, Murex

Table 2. Number of genera and species of gastropods distributed in each family at Mudasal Odai and Nagapattinam coast of Tamil Nadu. Mudasal Odai Nagapattinam Family Genera Species Percentage Genera Species Percentage Trochidae 3 3 4.00 3 3 4.48 Turritellidae 1 2 2.67 1 2 2.99 Strombidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Crepidulidae 2 2 2.67 1 1 1.49 Xenophoridae 1 2 2.67 1 1 1.49 Cypraeidae 1 2 2.67 1 2 2.99 Ficidae 1 3 4.00 1 3 4.48 Naticidae 2 7 9.33 2 6 8.96 Tonnidae 1 2 2.67 1 2 2.99 Cassididae 1 3 4.00 1 3 4.48 Cymatiidae 1 3 4.00 1 2 2.99 Bursidae 1 3 4.00 1 3 4.48 Buccinidae 2 3 4.00 2 3 4.48 Cancellariidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Fasciolariidae 2 2 2.67 2 2 2.99 Muricidae 3 7 9.33 4 7 10.45 Nassariidae 2 6 8.00 2 6 8.96 Harpidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Marginellidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Mitridae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Turbinellidae 2 2 2.67 2 2 2.99 Volutidae 1 1 1.33 0 0 000 Olividae 3 3 4.00 2 2 2.99 Conidae 1 3 4.00 1 3 4.48

2324 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 43, NO. 12 DECEMBER 2014

Table 2. Continuation Mudasal Odai Nagapattinam Family Genera Species Percentage Genera Species Percentage Terebridae 1 1 1.33 0 0 000 Turridae 3 3 4.00 3 3 4.48 Hydatinidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Architectonicidae 1 2 2.67 1 2 2.99 Bullidae 1 2 2.67 1 1 1.49 Melongenidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Columbellidae 1 1 1.33 1 1 1.49 Total 45 75 100 42 67 100

There were seven (Cypraea ocellata, Hainan Island, South China Sea20, 1380 species Phalium glaucum, Babylonia zeylanica, Murex from Guam16,21,22 and 1,031 species from the trapa, Thais bufo, Oliva olive and Architectonica Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands23-25, 91 species from perspective) co-abundant in both study areas. Anambas and Natuna Islands in the South China Seven species (Natica alapapilionis, Bursa Sea26 has been recorded by different workers at spinosa, Fusinus longicauda, Bullia belangeri, the world level distribution of gastropods. Tudicula spinosa, Terebra sublata and In Tamil Nadu coast, 15 species of Architectonica laevigata) co-abundant in gastropods from 11 genera and 8 families were Mudasal Odai. Six species (Ficus ficoides, Ficus recorded in Portono (Parangipettai)27. ficus, Bullia vittata, Harpa conoidalis, Conus Mohanasundaram28 recorded 40 species of loroisii and Bulla ampulla) were co-abundant in gastropods, 32 species of gastropods recorded in Nagapattinam. Seventeen species (Calliostoma Pazhayar and Cuddalore29. Mansingh30 recorded tranquebarica, Calyptrea extinctorium, 36 species of gastropods in Cuddalore and Xenophora solaris, Cypraea tigris, Sinum Kottaipattinam and Murugan31 recorded 30 planulatum, Tonna fasciata, Phalium areola, species of gastropods in Cuddalore. There were Cymatium cingulatum, Cymatium retusum, Bursa 59 species of gastropods from 35 genera and 25 granularis, Faciolaria filamentosa, Mitra families in Mudasal Odai and 57 species from acuminate, Xancus pyrum, Conus inscriptus, 35 genera and 25 families have been recorded Brachytoma crenularis, Hydatina velum and from Cuddalore32. In the present study 75 Phyrene versicolar) were present in both study species from 45 genera and 31 families recorded areas. Eleven species (Crepidula walshi, in Mudasal Odai landing centre, whereas 67 Xenophora corrugate, Natica lamarkii, Natica species from 42 genera and 29 families were lineate, Cymatium rhinoceros, Thais rugosa, recorded in Nagapattinam (Table 1&2; Fig.1). Cymbium melo, Ancilla scaphella, Conus loroisii, Conus species are carnivorous Bulla ampulla and Bulla orientalis) were present that become active during the night preying on in Mudasal Odai. Four species (Natica other molluscs, worms and fish. They constitute alapapilionis, Haustellum hastellum, Bullia a highly specialized group in the use of venoms, belangeri and Tudicula spinosa) were present in called conotoxins, for catching their prey5. In Nagapattinam. the world there are about 500 conus species have been reported5,33. Eight conus species Discussion recorded in Anambas and Natuna Islands, South Gastropod of American Samoa is comprised of China Sea26. Five conus species recorded in the 385 species belongs to 90 genera and 16 Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico18. In the present families15. There were 895 species of gastropods study three species were recorded, with reported from Guam16 and the 1000 species in abundant especially Conus amadis in both study New Caledonia17. There were 82 species areas. Species of the muricidae families can be gastropods listed out in Gulf of Tehuantepec18 distinguished by the presence of spines34,35. and 29 species were not recorded previous Muricidae is the second largest family in the studies for a total count 111 species gastropods in with 500-600 species2,36. In gulf of Tehuantepec. Darvel Bay off southeast Muricidae family 180 species from 54 genera in Sabah, Borneo 125 species19, 309 species from SAKTHIVEL & FERNANDO: GASTGROPOD DIVERSITY IN SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA 2325

Figure 1. Number of gastropod species distributed in each family of Mudasal Odai and Nagapattinam coast of Tamil Nadu. 8 7 Mudasal Odai

6 Nagapattinam 5 4 3

No. of species of No. 2 1 0

Ficidae Conidae Bullidae Olividae Mitridae Bursidae Turridae Tonnidae Naticidae Harpidae Volutidae Trochidae Muricidae Cassididae Buccinidae Terebridae Cypraeidae Cymatiidae Strombidae Nassariidae Hydatinidae Turritellidae Crepidulidae Turbinellidae Fasciolariidae Marginellidae Melongenidae Xenophoridae Cancellariidae Columbellidae Architectonicidae Famillies

Australia37, 120 species from 32 genera in 120 Gulf of Mannar 4 species belong to 3 genera species from 32 genera in Japan38, 111 species39, from muricidae family recorded44. Tan & 127 species40, from 26 genera in Philippines, 130 Kastoro26 recorded 12 species from 7 genera in species from 25 genera in South China Sea41, 40 Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea. species from 19 genera at South Africa42 and 109 In the present study 7 species from 3 genera in species from 35 genera in Central America43 have Mudasal Odai and 7 species from 4 genera in been reported in this world. In Tuticorin coast of Nagapattinam were reported (Table 1).

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