Activités Biologiques De Champignons Endophytes Isolés Du Palmier Dattier (Phoenix Dactylifera L.)

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Activités Biologiques De Champignons Endophytes Isolés Du Palmier Dattier (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique وزارة التعليم العالي و البحث العلمي Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique d’El Harrach المدرست الىطنيت العليا للفﻻحت بالحراش Thèse Présentée par MOHAMED MAHMOUD FADHELA en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Docteur en Sciences Agronomiques Spécialité : Phytopathologie Activités biologiques de champignons endophytes isolés du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Devant le jury : Président M. Khelifi L. Professeur à l‟E.N.S.A. d‟El Harrach Directeur de thèse Mme Krimi Z. Professeur à l‟Université de Blida 1 Co-directeur M. Lopez Llorca L.V. Professeur à l‟Université d‟Alicante Espagne Examinateurs Mme Belkahla H. Professeur à l‟Université de Blida 1 Mme Lamari L. Professeur à l‟ENS Kouba M. Bouznad Z. Professeur à l‟E.N.S.A. d‟El Harrach Invité M. Maciá-Vicente J.G. Docteur à l‟Université de Frankfurt Allemagne Année universitaire : 2016-2017 Dédicaces A ma mère et à la mémoire de mon père, Vos encouragements et vos prières m’ont toujours soutenue et guidé. En ce jour, j’espère réaliser un de vos rêves et être digne de vous. Veuillez trouver, mes très chers parents, dans cette thèse le fruit de votre dévouement ainsi que l’expression de ma gratitude et de mon profond amour. Que Dieu vous garde ma mère et vous procure santé et longue vie. Ma profonde reconnaissance à mon époux Ahmed pour son soutien sans faille, sa grande indulgence, sa compréhension et surtout sa contribution dans le partage du stress de la recherche et sans qui, une grande part de ce travail n’aurait pas été accomplie. Je suis heureuse de partager cette thèse avec lui. Je dédie aussi ce travail à mes très chères filles : Intissar Khadidja et Issra Lyna. A mon frère Rachid et à mes sœurs Fatma, Saida et Fatiha ainsi que ma belle soeur Souaad pour leur soutien permanent et leurs encouragements continus. Ils ont vécu en même temps que moi toutes les étapes de cette thèse, avec ses joies et ses peines. A tous mes neveux et nièces. A ma belle famille plus particulièrement mes beaux-parents. A toute ma famille et mes amis surtout aux familles Ait Saadi et Berraf-Tebal. REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse est une œuvre collective et sa réalisation n‟aurait pas été possible sans la générosité, l‟hospitalité et le support de plusieurs personnes en Algérie et en Espagne. J‟ai eu la chance d‟avoir, non pas un, mais trois directeurs de thèse, qui se sont tous impliqués et m‟ont apporté des points de vue différents, des aides et connaissances complémentaires. Je tiens tout d'abord à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à ma directrice de thèse, Madame Zoulikha Krimi, Professeur à l‟Université Blida 1, sans qui ce travail n‟aurait pas vu le jour. Je lui suis reconnaissante pour le temps qu‟elle m‟a généreusement accordé, pour son soutien scientifique, ses nombreux conseils et encouragements tout au long de cette recherche. Elle a su me supporter et me conseiller aux moments opportuns. Je lui adresse toute ma gratitude et mon plus profond respect. Mes vifs remerciements vont également à mon co-directeur de thèse, Monsieur le Professeur Luis Vicenté Lopez Llorca, professeur à l‟Université d‟Alicante en Espagne, de m‟avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et a grandement contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse. Sa présence, son écoute et ses conseils avisés m‟ont énormément aidé à m‟affirmer et à évoluer en tant que chercheur. Je lui adresse ici toute ma reconnaissance et mon admiration. Je tiens aussi à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à Mr. José Gaspar Macia Vicenté, enseignant à l‟Université de Frankfurt Allemagne, pour m'avoir aider et orienter le long de la réalisation d‟une partie de mon travail au laboratoire de biologie appliquée à l‟Université d‟Alicante. Je suis très reconnaissante au Ministère de l‟Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Algérien de m‟avoir octroyé une bourse de 18 mois afin que je puisse réaliser une partie de ma thèse auprès du laboratoire de Monsieur le Professeur Luis V. Lopez Llorca. Mes remerciements et mon profond respect vont à Monsieur L. Khelifi, Professeur à l‟Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique d‟El Harrach à Alger, d‟avoir accepter la charge de présider le jury de cette thèse. Je tiens également à exprimer mes vifs remerciements et ma gratitude aux membres du jury pour la confiance qu‟ils m‟ont témoigné et l‟honneur qu‟ils m‟ont fait en acceptant de juger ce travail : Madame, L. Lamari, professeur à l‟ENS (Kouba), Madame H. Belkahla, Professeur à l‟Université de Blida 1 et Monsieur Z. Bouznad, Professeur à l‟Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique d‟El Harrach à Alger. Ce fut un privilège de travailler dans un cadre aussi chaleureux et propice au travail en équipe que l‟a été le laboratoire de phytopathologie de département de Science Marine et Microbiologie appliquée de l‟institut multidisciplinaire des études environnemental (MIES) Ramon Margalef Université d‟Alicante. Je remercie chaleureusement José Gaspar, Javier Palma, Nuria Escuadero, Berinice, ………… leurs encouragements quotidiens, leurs patience et écoute. Merci de m‟avoir rendu les séjours agréables et aussi enrichissants sur le plan personnel que professionnel. Je tiens a remercier Mr. S. Bouddfeur pour son aide durant la réalisation des prélèvements des échantillons à Adrar. Je remercié également Mr. M. Brahim Errahmani pour son aide dans la réalisation des tests statistiques. Je n‟oublier pas Mr. A. Yekour pour son aide dans la rédaction de l‟un de mes articles. Un grand merci aux collègues et amis - enseignants de la faculté des Sciences de la nature et de la Vie de Blida plus spécialement de département de Biologie pour leur soutien pendant les années d‟études et pour tous les excellents souvenirs. RESUME Les palmeraies du Sud de l‟Algérie et celles d‟Alicante en Espagne sont sous l‟influence du stress biotique et abiotique. Le palmier dattier d‟Adrar (Tamentit, El Mansour et Bendraou) et des dunes d‟Alicante (San Juan, El Carabassi, et Guardamar) a été choisi pour isoler les champignons endophytes racinaires. L‟étude de la diversité de cette population endophyte isolée à partir de 11 échantillons de racines de palmiers dattiers, des trois dunes d‟Alicante et de 18 échantillons des trois palmeraies d‟Adrar, a permis une identification de plusieurs genres sur la base des caractères morphologiques. Trente-neuf isolats représentant les groupes les plus dominants provenant du palmier d‟Alicante ont été sélectionnés pour la caractérisation moléculaire. Un total de 485 champignons isolés à partir du palmier dattier d‟Alicante a été assigné à 17 OTU et 13 taxons, parallèlement, dans la région d‟Adrar, un total de 460 champignons endophytes ont été isolés et affiliés à dix taxons. L‟indice de Shannon H‟ et l‟indice d‟équitabilité J, ont montré une biodiversité et une équitabilité de l‟abondance des espèces dans les dunes et les palmeraies étudiés. La présence d‟espèces et de genres ubiquistes, comme le cas de Fusarium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Chaetomium sp., et Acremonium et d‟autres identifiés pour la première fois comme des endophytes de palmier dattier, tels que : Clonostachys sp., Beauveria bassiana, et des membres de Diaportales et de Botryosphaeriacae explique cette biodiversité. Un total de 70 souches d‟endophytes fongiques du palmier dattier dont la moitié provenant d‟Alicante et les autres d‟Adrar ont été confrontés, par l‟utilisation de la méthode de double culture pour le test d‟antagonisme in vitro, contre trois pathogènes telluriques Fusarium oxysporum f.sp albedinis (SL) et (G1), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (G2) et Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). Les endophytes fongiques exercent des effets antagonistes à des degrés divers allant de 39% à 88,61%. Cette variation dépend des espèces antagonistes utilisées et des isolats fongiques étudiés. Un total de 41 souches d‟endophytes inhibe la croissance mycélienne avec l‟apparition d‟une zone d‟inhibition très claire. Cette variation est liée aux mécanismes d‟action impliqués par les endophytes qui sont principalement, la compétition, l‟antibiose ainsi que le phénomène de mycoparasitisme. Quinze endophytes fongiques appartenant à Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sp., Botryosphaeriaceae, Pythium et morphospecies ont été utilisés pour le test de tolérance au sel . Tous les champignons testés ont montré une bonne croissance à une concentration de NaCl à 15 g/l et une croissance plus au moins moindre ou absente à 75 g/l. Les champignons endophytes du palmier dattier sont classés comme halotolérants et halophiles extrêmes. L‟évaluation in planta de l‟efficacité de huit champignons endophytes dans la promotion de la croissance de l‟orge (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Saïda) et du blé dur (Triticum durum Desf. var. Waha) a été étudiée, tout en mettant en évidence la capacité de production in vitro de métabolites secondaires impliqués dans cette biostimulation à savoir, la synthèse de l‟acide indole acétique (AIA), la solubilisation du phosphore (P) et la production de l‟acide cyanhydrique (HCN). Les souches d‟Aspergillus sp., l‟espèce apparentée aux Marasmiaceae, Chaetomium spp. et Aspergillus terreus affichaient une forte activité métabolique et ont synthétisé plus de métabolites que les autres. L‟essai in planta a montré une amélioration de la croissance végétale, qui était significative en présence de Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. sur l‟orge et en présence de Chaetomium sp et la souche de Botryosphaeriaceae sur le blé. L‟isolat de Marasmiaceae, Fusarium sp. et Aspergillus terreus provoquent une inhibition de la germination et de la croissance des semences.
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