Contents
Preface 5 4.2 Imagination and Practice: the Horizontal Mill in the Machine 1 Introduction 7 Books 26 1.1 Some General Aspects of an 4.3 Extended Applications 30 Important Contrivance 7 4.4 Horizontal Waterwheels and the 1.2 The Horizontal Watermill in Turbine 30 Molinology 8 4.5 Decline of the Horizontal Watermill 32 1.3 Aims and Topics of the Present Study 9 5 Appearance and Technique of the 2 Terminology and Classification 10 Horizontal Watermill 33 2.1 Some Current Designations of the 5.1 Mill Site and General Arrangement 33 Mill Type 10 5.2 Water Power Potential 3 3 2.2 Classification: To What Extent? 10 5.3 Hydraulic Structures 35 5.4 Mill Buildings 36 3 Origin and Spread of the Horizontal 5.4.1 Underhouse and Upperhouse 36 Watermill 14 5.4.2 Vernacular Architecture 39 3.1 Early References to the Watermill 14 5.5 Water Conduit and Flow Control 39 3.2 Hypotheses on Origin and 5.5.1 Open Chute 40 Genealogy: An Intriguing Puzzle 15 5.5.2 Pressure Pipe and Tube 3.3 Diffusion Pattern of the Horizontal (Trumpet) 40 Watermill 17 5.5.3 Pressure Pit (Drop Tower, 3.3.1 Early Spread and the Relation Arubah Penstock) 40 with Ancient Trade Routes 17 5.5.4 Vortex Chamber 43 3.3.2 Diffusion to the North - 5.5.5 Mixed Conduits 43 Clockwise or Anti-Clockwise? 18 5.6 Water Operation and Energy 3.4 The Horizontal Watermill in Conversion in the Horizontal Medieval Europe 20 Waterwheel 43 3.4.1 Predominance of the Vertical 5.6.1 Impact on Flat Blades 43 Mill and Continued Use of 5.6.2 Action on Curved Blades 44 Querns 20 5.6.3 Reaction 45 3.4.2 Southern European 5.6.4 Efficiency and Power Demand 45 Distribution Areas and Arab 5.7 Wheel Construction and Wheel Types 45 Influences 20 5.7.1 Essential Wheel Parameters 45 3.5 Spread to the New World and South 5.7.2 Blade Forms 48 Africa 21 5.7.3 Assemblage of Blades and Shaft 49 4 Technical Development of the Horizontal 5.7.4 Footstep (Pivot) Bearing 53 Watermill 22 5.8 Grinding Apparatus 53 4.1 Improvements of Water Feed and 5.8.1 Millstones and Tentering Blading 22 Devices 53 4.1.1 Economy in Water Feed: From 5.8.2 Grain Feed 55 Chute Mill to Arubah Mill 22 5.8.3 Grinding Rate 56 4.1.2 Hydraulic Efficiency: From 5.9 Ancillary Machinery 56 Flat to Shaped Blades 22 5.10 Applications Other Than Grinding 57 4.1.3 The Regolfo Mill: From Spout to Whirl 23 6 Socioeconomic Aspects 59 7.5.1 Portugal 74 6.1 Relief from the Burden of Milling 59 7.5.2 Spain 76 6.2 Suitability of Technology and 7.5.3 France 77 Contrast to Manorial Mills 59 7.5.4 Italy 79 6.3 Mill Tenants and Mill Users 60 7.5.5 Yugoslavia 79 6.4 Appropriate Technology in the Third 7.5.6 Roumania 79 World 61 7.5.7 Bulgaria 79 7.5.8 Greece, Crete and Cyprus 79 7 Geographical Distribution 63 7.5.9 Turkey 81 7.1 The Horizontal Watermill: Not Only 7.5.10 Israel 83 on Fast-Flowing Streams 63 7.5.11 Maghreb 83 7.2 The British Isles: Holy Wells, Black 7.6 Asia: Sassanian Channels and New Houses and Tirls 65 Himalayan Waterwheels 83 7.2.1 Ireland 65 7.6.1 Iran 84 7.2.2 Scotland 65 7.6.2 Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal 7.2.3 Isle of Man 69 and Tibet 84 7.2.4 England and Wales 69 7.6.3 China 85 7.3 Scandinavia: Abundance of Water 7.7 America and South Africa: Mills of and Wood 69 * Settlers 85 7.3.1 Faeroes 70 7.7.1 North America 85 7.3.2 Norway 71 7.7.2 South America 87 7.3.3 Sweden 71 7.7.3 South Africa 87 7.3.4 Finland 71 7.4 The Alpine Region: Multiplicity in a Zusammenfassung 88 Narrow Area 71 7.4.1 Switzerland 72 R6sum6 90 7.4.2 Austria 73 7.5 Around the Mediterranean Sea: References 92 Archaeology and the 'Living Past' 74
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