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University of Warwick Institutional Repository University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/66671 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Power and Identity in Roman Cyprus by Ersin Hussein A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics The University of Warwick, Department of Classics and Ancient History May 2014 Table of Contents List of Figures............................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................iii A note on the study and presentation of inscriptions................................................................iv Declaration................................................................................................................................v PhD Abstract............................................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations...............................................................................................................vii Chapter One: Cyprus the ‘hub’ of the Mediterranean...............................................................1 Chapter Two: The Roman Annexation and Administration of Cyprus...................................38 2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................38 2.2 The annexation of Roman Cyprus.........................................................................40 2.3 The administration of Roman Cyprus....................................................................49 2.4 Re-evaluation of the evidence................................................................................57 2.5 Conclusions............................................................................................................78 Chapter Three: Reacting to Rome: Roman Citizenship in Cyprus..........................................81 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................81 3.2 Being 'Roman' in Cyprus: the self-representation and perception of visitors from Italy......................................................................................................................88 3.3 Becoming 'Roman', Staying 'Cypriot'? The impact of Roman Citizenship in Cyprus........................................................................................................................114 3.4 Conclusions..........................................................................................................130 Chapter Four: Civic Identity in Roman Cyprus.....................................................................135 4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................135 4.2 Nea Paphos and Palaipaphos................................................................................154 4.3 Kourion.................................................................................................................199 4.4 Amathous.............................................................................................................220 4.5 Salamis.................................................................................................................240 Chapter Five: Island Identity Beyond Cyprus.......................................................................257 5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................257 5.2 Individual, Cypriot identity beyond Cyprus.........................................................260 5.3 Polis identity beyond Cyprus...............................................................................266 5.4 The koinon of Cyprus...........................................................................................268 5.5 Conclusions..........................................................................................................276 Chapter Six: Conclusions.......................................................................................................280 Figures....................................................................................................................................298 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................316 List of Figures Figure One: Map of Europe. Image from The Times Concise Atlas of the World (2006), tenth edition, 132-3. Figure Two: Map of the Roman Empire. Image from Hammond ed. (1981), Map 21. Figure Three: The poleis of Roman Cyprus. Image from Talbert (2000), 72. Labels and key added by the author. Figure Four: Coin of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV Caesarion depicted as Aphrodite and Eros on the obverse. Image from RPC Vol. I.II, no. 3901. Figure Five: Coin of Vespasian. Obverse: Laureate head of Vespasian. Reverse: Zeus Olympios standing, holding patera in right hand, left hand resting on a sceptre, with an eagle on his left arm. Image from RPC Vol. II.II, no. 1818. Figure Six: Coin of Vespasian. Obverse: Laureate head of Vespasian. Reverse: Temple of Aphrodite at Paphos with legend of the Koinon of Cyprus. Image from RPC Vol. II.II, no. 1819. Figure Seven: Map of Nea Paphos. Image from Maier and Karageorghis (1984), 227, figure 208. Figure Eight: Ground plan of the sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia, Palaipaphos. Image from: http://www.hist.uzh.ch/ag/paphos/project/aphrodite/index.html Last Accessed: 01/04/12. Figure Nine: The Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia at Palaipaphos. Photograph taken by the author. Figure Ten: The Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia at Palaipaphos. Arrangement of archaeological material. Photograph taken by the author. Figure Eleven: Plan of the Paphos Region. Image from Masson (1994), 262, figure 1. Figure Twelve: The acropolis of Kourion. Image from I.Kourion, plan 3. Figure Thirteen: Plan of Kourion's theatre. Image from I.Kourion, plan 5. Figure Fourteen: The theatre of Kourion. Photo taken by the author. Figure Fifteen: Mosaic from the House of Eustolios with I.Kourion, no. 202. Photo taken by the author. Figure Sixteen: Plan of the sanctuary of Apollo Hylates. Image from I.Kourion, plan 2. Figure Seventeen: The temple of Apollo Hylates. Photo taken by the author. i Figure Eighteen: A restored ground plan of the temple of Apollo Hylates. Image from Sinos (1990), 224, figure 248. Figure Nineteen: The temple of Apollo Hylates, first building phase. Image from Sinos (1990), 230, figure 253. Figure Twenty: The temple of Apollo Hylates, second building phase. Image from Sinos (1990), 231, figure 254. Figure Twenty-One: A perspective drawing of the temple of Apollo Hylates. Image from Sinos (1990), 236, figure 257. Figure Twenty-Two: General ground plan of Amathous. Image from Fourrier and Hermary (2006), figure 2. Figure Twenty-Three: The remains of Amathous as seen from the acropolis. Photo taken by the author. Figure Twenty-Four: The acropolis of Amathous, showing the sanctuary of Aphrodite. Image from Fourrier and Hermary (2006), figure 3. Figure Twenty-Five: The acropolis and sanctuary of Aphrodite at Amathous. Photo taken by the author. Figure Twenty-Six: Reconstruction of the temple of Aphrodite of Amathous. Image from Aupert (2009), 40, figure 12. Figure Twenty-Seven: Area plan of Salamis. Image from I.Salamis, xvi. Figure Twenty-Eight: Ground plan of Salamis' gymnasium and baths. Image from I.Salamis, 4. Figure Twenty-Nine: The gymnasium of Salamis. Photo taken by the author. Figure Thirty: The unexcavated amphitheatre of Salamis. Photo taken by the author. Figure Thirty-One: The theatre of Salamis. Photo taken by the author. ii Acknowledgements This PhD thesis represents the collaboration of many individuals. Without their support and advice the completion of this study would not have been possible. Firstly, I wish to acknowledge the AHRC. I was awarded a Block Grant Partnership in 2010 and without this grant I would not have been able to undertake my PhD studies. I am also grateful for the guidance and advice given to me, at various points in my studies, by members of staff within the Department of Classics and Ancient History at Warwick. My greatest debt, however, is owed to my ever-patient and encouraging supervisor Dr Alison Cooley. I have been fortunate to have been supervised by someone who has shown me what it means to deliver academic excellence in both research and teaching. The 'Cooley standard' of conducting research, organising and preparing conference presentations, and teaching shall be an approach that I will endeavour to maintain from here on. A special mention must also go to the staff at the library and the modern records centre. Throughout the course of these past three years they have answered my incessant questions and have made it possible for me to access, and work with, material that had restrictions placed on them. I would like to offer my special thanks to several individuals based at other
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