RESCUE: TWO CANADIANS ARE FREED Introduction For nearly four months, each day began occupying force. Suddenly, an Iraqi Focus the same way: the peaceful refuge of group calling itself the Swords of After 118 days in sleep replaced by the conscious reality Righteousness Brigade kidnapped the captivity, two of captivity. Chained together to pre- four men as a means to advance their Canadians and one vent escape, the prisoners awoke to political agenda and/or to extort a Briton were res- cued in a British-led wonder if this would be the day that the ransom from the Western powers. Their operation involving monotony of their imprisonment would motive was never clarified even after Canadian and U.S. be broken. Would their captors release the crisis came to a close. forces in Iraq. This them, kill them, or be overrun by coali- This story captured the attention of News in Review tion troops? Did anyone know they had people around the world. Four men who module looks at been taken hostage? Did anyone care? had dedicated their lives to non-vio- the hostage crisis One-hundred and eighteen days in lence were suddenly forced to endure that caught the captivity gave them plenty of time to the violence of captivity. Chained world’s attention in the fall of 2005 and ask questions. together in a small room in a non- came to a peaceful But this day was very different. A descript building somewhere near end in the spring of sudden surge of thunderous commotion , they had become pawns in 2006. enveloped the captives. They were someone else’s game. Kidnapping had aroused by the sound of British troops become a common tool in wartime Iraq. descending on the two-storey house on By the time Loney, Sooden, Kember, YV Sections the outskirts of Baghdad. They braced and Fox were taken in the fall of 2005, marked with this themselves for a dramatic and violent over 200 people had been kidnapped. symbol indicate entrance. And then it came . . . the door Some had been released but, tragically, content suitable for to their de facto prison cell burst open, almost one-third had been murdered by younger viewers. and several heavily armed soldiers their captors. However, the four men entered the room. One told them that had one thing going for them. Shortly they were safe while another shouted, after their capture, news leaked to the “Is Mr. Kember there?” It was the day outside world, and the media latched they were to be rescued. onto the story. Soon, influential people They were members of an organiza- from around the globe began calling for tion called the Christian Peacemaker their release. The Swords of Righteous- Teams (CPT). Canadians James Loney ness Brigade claimed that the CPT and were taken members were coalition spies; interna- hostage along with Briton Norman tional governments vigorously argued Kember and American in the contrary. In essence, Loney, November 2005. They had just finished Sooden, Kember, and Fox were good- meeting with the Muslim Scholars hearted men with a track record of Association in their efforts to build working with the oppressed. Both alliances with Iraqis struggling to cope Canadians had worked with Palestin- with life outside the heavily fortified ians in the West Bank to protest human coalition Green Zone in Baghdad. War rights abuses in the region. An under- had certainly taken its toll. The CPT standing began to emerge that sug- was convinced that the best way to gested that a grave injustice was taking serve the victims of war was to build place, and that the four men should be bridges of peace in the community and released quickly. The CPT pleaded for to demonstrate to the citizens of Iraq the liberation of the men as did each of that not all Westerners were part of an the captive’s families. Friends and

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 29 family of the hostages held prayer vigils ironically, he was as opposed to as were asking for their deliverance from cap- his captors. With Fox dead, people tivity. And, adding tremendous credibil- suspected that the worst would befall ity to the call for a speedy release, Loney, Sooden, and Kember. Muslims from Britain dispatched an However, less than two weeks after influential cleric to Baghdad to attempt Fox’s murder, coalition troops appre- to secure the release of the hostages. hended a man who had information Some of the CPT’s Muslim allies in about the location of the hostages. Palestine also spoke on behalf of the Within hours of interrogating the pris- men. Even Muslim clerics in Baghdad oner, 200 troops descended on the called for their liberation. location of Loney, Sooden, and Regardless of the pleas for the release Kember. Coalition forces met no oppo- of the hostages, the Swords of Righ- sition as the hostages were freed and teousness Brigade stuck to their game transported to the U.S.-controlled Green plan. They demanded that all Iraqi Zone in Baghdad. They were soon prisoners held by coalition forces be reunited with members of the CPT who released or the men would die. This had held a near-constant vigil for them ultimatum was accompanied by video- since they disappeared four months tape evidence proving that they had the earlier. At this reunion they learned of four men and a clear message that they the murder of Tom Fox. were willing and able to kill them. Two The hostage crisis was embraced by deadlines came and went with no some as a miraculous and inspiring prisoners released and no indication as story. It was denounced by others as a to the fate of the hostages. Days turned case of misadventure involving fool- into weeks, and people began to expect hardy idealists seeking to take the news of a tragic end to the story. volatility out of one of the most danger- In early March, a ray of hope ous regions in the world through non- emerged, reminding the world of the violent protest. No matter which side of plight of the hostages, when a videotape the story one supported, one conclusion surfaced showing only three of the four could not be disputed: Loney, Sooden, men. Tom Fox, the lone American in and Kember were free, and no one had the group, was not in the video. Hope been killed or wounded during the turned to despair days later when Fox’s rescue effort. Perhaps divided by the dead body was found on a Baghdad murder of Tom Fox, the Swords of street with his hands tied behind his Righteousness Brigade simply disap- back and bullet wounds to his head and peared, and coalition forces were able chest. Fox had become an unwilling to liberate the men without having to martyr, targeted for political reasons, resort to violence—an ideal end to the murdered for a U.S.-led war effort that, story for three of the four idealists. Analysis 1. What was the Christian Peacemaker Teams trying to accomplish in Baghdad? 2. Why did the story of the kidnapping of the four CPT members capture the attention of people around the world? 3. What did the Swords of Righteousness Brigade want in return for the release of the hostages? What did they eventually do when their demands were not met? 4. Describe the series of events that led to the release of the hostages.

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 30 IRAQ RESCUE: TWO CANADIANS ARE FREED YV Video Review

1. Describe James Loney’s feelings of joy upon his arrival home in Canada. Respond to the questions as you view the video.

2. What concerns did Loney’s parents have regarding their son’s mission in Iraq?

3. Besides family and friends in Canada, who else called for the release of the hostages?

4. What role did the Christian Peacemaker Teams play in Hebron?

5. a) What role did the British Special Forces or SAS play in the rescue of the hostages?

b) What role did Canadians apparently play in the rescue?

6. Describe Harmeet Singh Sooden’s experience of life in captivity.

7. What role did worship play in the lives of the hostages?

8. How well did the captors treat the hostages? Use examples from the video.

9. What contradictions were the hostages forced to wrestle with as a result of the hostage crisis?

10. Do you think that the Christian Peacemaker Teams should continue to work in Iraq? Explain.

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 31 IRAQ RESCUE: TWO CANADIANS ARE FREED Christian Peacemaker Teams

Founded in 1984, Christian Peacemaker 2004 they exposed prisoner abuse by Further Research Teams (CPT) promotes non-violent U.S. troops at the now infamous Abu To learn more alternatives to war. CPT members Ghraib prison four months before the about the ongoing undergo training that is similar to that of work of the Chris- mainstream press ran with the story. tian Peacemaker a soldier. The goal is to produce disci- CPT loyalists use the Abu Ghraib story Teams, consider a plined advocates for peace who will as an example of how its members live visit to their official practise non-violence in the hopes of up to the organization’s mandate and Web site at demonstrating the peaceful message how lives are saved by the non-violent www.cpt.org. modelled by Jesus of Nazareth in the efforts of team members. Christian Gospels. The CPT’s motto is By the time James Loney, Harmeet “Getting in the Way”—a maxim that Singh Sooden, , and illustrates the organization’s very spe- Tom Fox were kidnapped by the cific call to peacefully intervene in Swords of Righteousness Brigade in conflict situations. CPT members are November 2005, CPT was an estab- trained to document human rights lished presence in Baghdad. CPT abuses, to observe and be present in members worked diligently to build potentially violent areas, and to intervene bridges of communication in the in order to prevent acts of violence. CPT community.They trained Muslim missions have included deployment in Peacekeeper Teams in order to expand Gaza, the West Bank, Haiti, Colombia, the net of the non-violent movement in and Iraq. In North America, CPT mem- bers have intervened on behalf of a arguably the world’s most volatile variety of Aboriginal groups. In all region. CPT members were well aware cases, CPT projects are designed to get of the risks involved in being in Iraq, in the way of violence so that the perpe- even the chance that they might be trators of violence can see the destructive kidnapped. Both Tom Fox and James nature of their actions and the construc- Loney, veterans of the CPT movement, tive nature of non-violent action. made requests prior to their service in CPT gained international prominence Iraq that no ransom be paid if they were in 2005 when four of their peacemakers ever kidnapped. were kidnapped in Baghdad. The orga- nization began their involvement in Iraq Controversy and CPT in 2002, six months prior to the U.S.- Christian Peacemaker Teams is a led war against Saddam Hussein’s controversial organization. It often goes regime. Once U.S. and British forces against the grain of popular thought and had effectively taken control of Iraq, positions itself in situations that are CPT made a conscious effort to work provocative. Shortly after the release of directly with Iraqi citizens outside the the hostages, CPT was subject to a heavily militarized coalition areas. They wave of criticism from some media were the only aid organization to posi- outlets. Initially, stories circulated that tion themselves beyond the protection CPT refused to express gratitude to of the coalition. CPT endeavoured to coalition troops for the rescue of the document and report human rights hostages. CPT was portrayed as being abuses by U.S. and British troops. In shamed into thanking the rescue troops

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 32 only after the media pointed out that strated the liberation of three of the four their first public statement did not peacemakers by soldiers willing to die adequately thank the military. CPT to save the lives of members of an vehemently denied the allegation, organization that opposed their very saying that their first public statement presence in Iraq. Perhaps this is why was a celebration of the release of the expressions of gratitude by CPT, and men. Their follow-up statement, re- Norman Kember and Harmeet Singh leased later the same day, was a reflec- Sooden in particular, seemed calculated tion of the gratitude felt for those who and insincere. Critics took CPT state- put themselves in harm’s way to save ments after the crisis and held them up the men. alongside earlier CPT reports that The “thank you” story eventually blamed the U.S. for the kidnapping of gave way to even harsher criticism. their members. Kember thanked the Some felt that, since CPT members British military on the one hand and chose to put themselves in harm’s way, criticized the presence of British troops they should not have expected the U.S. in Iraq on the other. Sooden held a news and British armies to come to the conference in Auckland, New Zealand, rescue. CPT responded by stating that it thanking his rescuers but accused the was not their expectation that a rescue coalition of paying a ransom (an accu- would take place. While they were sation that has never been substantiated) grateful for the efforts of the soldiers for the release of the hostages. The who saved the lives of the hostages, media interpreted their remarks as a they were still passionately opposed to “thank you, but . . .” Only James Loney the violent ends that the coalition was able to effectively and eloquently military powers were using in Iraq. express his gratitude to his rescuers Nonetheless, the rescue did put CPT while maintaining his unyielding oppo- members around the world in an inter- sition to the violence of war (see esting position. The kidnapping of the Loney’s “Easter Reflection” on page men demonstrated the futility and 34). madness of violence—a clear expres- In essence, CPT and the military were sion of evil as four advocates for peace forced to come to terms with each other were stripped of their right to liberty through the hostage crisis. The objec- and security. Eventually one of the tive of both groups continues to be hostages, Tom Fox, had his right to life peace and security. Where they differ is taken from him. The rescue demon- the means to which this end is achieved.

Analysis 1. Explain the meaning of CPT’s motto: Getting in the Way. 2. Provide three examples of how CPT practises what it preaches. 3. Why was CPT in Iraq? What successes did CPT experience in Iraq? 4. Why is CPT seen as a controversial presence in Iraq? 5. Why did expressions of gratitude by CPT members seem calculated and insincere? 6. Do you believe that CPT and the coalition are trying to achieve the same goal in Iraq? 7. What is your personal view of the work of CPT in Iraq? Explain clearly.

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 33 IRAQ RESCUE: TWO CANADIANS ARE FREED Document Study

“From the Tomb,” an Easter there seemed to be no way out unless Quote reflection by James Loney, April a price was paid. “Very early, on the 2006 (reprinted with permission first day of the The captors wanted money to fund week, just after of the author) their war against the occupation of sunrise they were Iraq. If ransom was negotiated, it on their way to the For 118 days we lay in a tomb— would be young American soldiers tomb and they Norman Kember, Harmeet Sooden, who paid. If ransom was denied—the asked each other, and me. Tom Fox too, for 104 days, policy of both the Canadian govern- ‘Who will roll the until he was murdered in the early ment and Christian Peacemaker stone away from morning hours of March 9. Teams, the organization I work for—it the entrance to the would be one or all of us hostages tomb?’” — Mark Our tomb was a 10-ft-by-10-ft [3-m- who paid. If an attempt was made to 16:2-3 by-3-m] room. How I came to hate rescue us by force, it would be a every single detail of it: the paint- soldier or a captor or one of us that peeling walls; the dim light filtered paid. through stained bedsheet “curtains”; the pebble-speckle pattern of the Even if our captors decided to just let floor tiles; the never-ending hours and us go, clearly the best possible sce- days of sitting, sleeping, three-times- nario, there was still the cost of losing a-day eating, handcuffed and chained face, something I sensed they were except when let free to go to the not prepared to do. In the end, it was bathroom. Tom who paid.

We were sealed into this tomb on Bleak as they were, I did have options. November 26, 2005. It happened in a I could have risked everything in an finger-snap, just as we were leaving attempt to escape. I could have the headquarters of the Muslim stripped off my clothes, refused to Scholars Association, where we had eat, told them “release me or kill been meeting with their human-rights me”—either way I will not co-operate officer. A white, economy-size car with your captivity or your plans for pulled in front of us and forced us to ransom. But the truth was, my desire stop. Four men with guns stormed our to live, to be free, was stronger than van with military precision. my principles. I did not want to pay. So I smiled for them, ate their food, They went first for our driver and held out my hands for handcuffing, translator, pulled them from the front accommodated them in a thousand seats. One of the men jumped into and one ways. the driver’s seat while the others opened the passenger door and, with While the prospect of ransom re- guns pointed at our heads, took pulsed me, and I resolved never to ask control of the vehicle—and our lives. for it (my greatest fear was that I would be tortured into pleading for They didn’t say a word. They didn’t it), I co-operated in the secret hope have to. We knew what the score was: that it might be the key that opened co-operate or die. the door.

With that act of violence, we all fell I was a prisoner of my own moral into a pit—captor and captive, and cowardice. “Dear God,” I prayed, “Let rescuer. A trap had been sprung, and this bitter cup pass me by. Let our

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 34 freedom be restored with the least ling Iraqi government and the occupy- amount of suffering possible.” Days ing forces of Britain and the United piled into weeks, and weeks piled into States. months. Yes, we went from one tomb to On March 23, at about 7:30 in the another. morning, our tombstone was rolled a way: not by angels garbed in heavenly I am learning many things from my robes, but by a unit of British Special captivity, and have a universe of Forces in full battle gear. There were things to be grateful for. Among the sounds of boots on concrete, the them is a new and deep appreciation door being smashed open, gunfire, for the women and men who wear voices in English shouting, “Get the uniform of . I likely down! Stay away from the door!” would not be writing this today if it Then a roomful of commotion, sol- were not for them. Thus, I am con- diers telling us “You’re free, it’s okay, fronted with a great paradox. I, the it’s over.” And hands, shaking with Christian pacifist peacemaker, am excitement, cutting us free with a alive, am free because of the very bolt-cutter. institutions I believe are contrary to Christian teaching. They led us past the smashed-glass threshold of our tomb and out. Out Christ teaches us to love our enemies, into blue! Beautiful all sky blue! Fresh do good to those who harm us, pray flowing air and a palm tree and good for those who persecute us. He calls us morning sunlight! They led us to accept suffering before we inflict through a smiling gauntlet of soldiers injury. He calls us to pick up the cross and, with a big step up and a big and to lay down the sword. hatch down, we were entombed again. We will most certainly fail in this call. I did. And I’ll fail again. This does not This tomb was a bland desert-camou- change Christ’s teaching that violence flage colour. It was squat, constructed itself is the tomb, violence is the dead- of impregnable steel, moved on a end. Peace won through the barrel of rolling tread of metal plates. The a gun might be a victory but it is not passenger section was dark and peace. Our captors had guns and they cramped and crammed with carefully ruled over us. Our rescuers had bigger tooled metal shapes (each with an guns and ruled over the captors. We exact purpose) and little signs that were freed, but the rule of the gun told you things like what to do in the stayed. The stone across the tomb of event of a rollover. A young soldier violence has not been rolled away. named Rob kept watch through a tiny slit of super thick plate glass. Through I’m learning that there are many kinds it, you could see a small, distorted of prisons and many kinds of tombs. rectangle of the world outside. Prisons of the mind, the heart, the body. Tombs of despair, fear, confu- The armoured personnel carrier in sion. Tombs within tombs and prisons motion was excruciatingly loud. The within prisons. roar and staccato-grind of it pounded in my bones. It brought us to a heli- There are no easy answers. We must copter armed with a fixed, heavy- all find our way through a broken calibre machine gun, and the helicop- world, struggling with the paradox of ter brought us to the Green Zone— call and failure. My captivity and the sprawling, blast-wall lock-down rescue have helped me to catch a that houses the offices of the fledg- glimpse of how powerful the force of

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 35 resurrection is. Christ, that tomb- May we reach for each other with busting suffering servant Son of God, that same persistence. The tomb is not seeks us wherever we are, reaches for the final word. us in whatever darkness we inhabit.

Activity Materials needed: Two different coloured highlight markers or pens or pencils

Highlight each reference to “tomb” made by James Loney in his Easter Reflec- tion.

With a different colour, highlight the context in which Loney uses the “tomb” reference (e.g., “For 118 days we lay in a tomb”).

Pick three tomb references, one from the beginning, one from the middle and one from the end of the reflection, and answer the following question.

What does Loney mean when he says the tomb is not the final word?

Answer this question in a class discussion or in a reflection of your own (200-400 words).

Notes

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 36 IRAQ RESCUE: TWO CANADIANS ARE FREED Commentary

Tony Burman, the Editor in Chief of have been an even more gratifying CBC News, was struck by the hostility moment if it had been coloured by a some critics felt toward the Christian more ready acknowledgement of Peacemakers upon their rescue. Read the rescuers, and an equal willing- ness . . . to name the real villains of the following commentary (from this sad episode.” www.cbc.ca/news/about/burman/ Welcome home, James. I hope at least 20060327.html) and complete the they didn’t charge you for the wine. questions that follow. I find these outbursts of media hostil- ity toward the Christian Peacemakers Thanks, Mr. Loney. Just don’t somewhat perplexing. Informed read the news criticism is legitimate, of course. But By Tony Burman before any of these men have had the March 27, 2006 opportunity to utter a word, where does this come from? I wish I had been an invisible presence on that emotional Air Canada flight There had been some of this criticism on Sunday that brought former Cana- in British newspapers, but that isn’t dian hostage James Loney back home. surprising. The head of the British army had made a big point about I would have quietly snatched those how “saddened” he was that the copies of The Globe and Mail and the peacekeepers’ organization failed to National Post that the smiling flight express immediate “gratitude” to attendant would have wanted to them for the rescue. This also hap- hand to an eager Mr. Loney hungry pened with some in the U.S. media for Canadian news. who were prodded on by their mili- “Not a good idea,” I would have tary. whispered. “At least not yet.” But here in Canada, who really has My heroic action would have spared, the time for hand-wringing about or at least delayed, this returning people supposedly “being naive” or Canadian from experiencing the triple “unprepared” or not fast enough in whammy that these Saturday newspa- “thanking” the military rescuers? Can pers had in store for him. any of us forget what is currently at stake in Iraq and throughout the • From the National Post: In an edito- region? rial, it criticized Mr. Loney’s Christian Peacemaker Teams for being “either I suspect most Canadians have little callous or woefully naive in their patience for this. Most of us not only willingness to risk the lives of aid felt genuine relief and happiness workers.” about the rescue but, more pro- • From columnist Margaret Wente in foundly, saw in these “peacemakers” the Globe: “Just as Lenin and Stalin something that was quite admirable, had their useful idiots—Westerners courageous—and classically Canadian. who strenuously defended Russia A desire to get involved. To help out. and denounced the West—so did To make a difference even if it in- Saddam, and so does Hamas.” volves real personal risk. That’s what • From columnist Rex Murphy (a CBC Canadians do, in very real terms. colleague and friend): “It would

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 37 I think many of us saw in the actions horrible famine camps in the country’s of this group—at least with the two northern highlands were doctors with Canadians—something that was part Save The Children—U.K. and Médecins of a history of peaceful Canadian Sans Frontières—France. Both were involvement in the world. Canadian. Not military conflict or conquests, but On this list, I would also include the peacemaking and peacekeeping. Canadian military contingent serving Perfect? Of course not. But construc- in Afghanistan right now. In the tive and honourable? Yes. interviews we did with them during our recent broadcasts out of The extensive involvement of Canadi- Kandahar, it was clear that many of ans in all kinds of crucial but risky them see their role in that country circumstances is a bit of a state secret with the same public spirit as the in Canada. Many of us are unaware of others I have mentioned. it, and those who are often forget it. There is another reason I think the In the mid-1970s, I spent a year travel- story of the two Canadians, James ling throughout South America by Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden, bus, marvelling at a continent that and their colleagues resonated so was as compelling as it was troubled. strikingly with Canadians. Virtually every country at the time was in the grips of a tough, right- It coincided with some of the main wing military dictatorship. conclusions of a major study the CBC has conducted about what Canadians I knew that before I started, but what “want” and “need” from their news I didn’t know was that hundreds of media. Canadian priests, nuns, nurses, doc- tors, social workers, and activists were According to this study, more Canadi- quietly at work in many of the most ans than ever feel that news shouldn’t dangerous locations. be a passive process. It should stimu- late action and engagement, and help In Pinochet’s Chile, when I visited the connect Canadians with the major impoverished barrios outside of challenges of our times. Santiago, most of the local leadership had been jailed or killed. But the The study also indicated the majority community’s organization was being of Canadians feel that Canada should led by Canadians. It was the same in be taking a more outwardly active the slums around Lima and Buenos approach to world affairs. They think Aires, and in the teeming favelas of that Canada should be far more of an Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in Brazil. international player than in the past. Often working anonymously and Both themes were reflected in this below the radar, Canadians were story as it evolved. everywhere. And usually working at As for James Loney, I do wish I had considerable risk. Were they “naive” been on that plane Sunday. or “foolish” or “meddlesome”? Apart from slipping him the sports Many were criticized as such, but I and the arts sections, and taking away don’t think so. the rest, I would have shaken his hand. In the 1980s, while covering the long “Thank you, Mr. Loney,” I would have Lebanese civil war, we saw many said. “Thank you for being part of the Canadians of all backgrounds trying Canadian idea that this world will to ease the tensions among the war- become a better place only if each of ring groups. And during the Ethiopian us does our bit in the best way we famine in 1985, the first-aid workers can. And you certainly did that. Wel- Brian Stewart and I came across in the come home.”

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 38 To Consider 1. Why did Tony Burman want to snatch the newspapers before James Loney had a chance to read them on his return flight to Canada? Specifically refer to the article in your answer.

2. What was “classically Canadian” about the actions of the peacemakers?

3. Provide three examples of where Burman has seen Canadians working in peacemaking and peacekeeping.

4. Why did the story of the Christian Peacemaker Teams resonate so strongly with Canadians?

5. Do you think James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden should be thanked for their efforts in Iraq or should they be criticized for pursuing what some people call an idealistic, naive, and dangerous enterprise? Be spe- cific.

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 39 IRAQ RESCUE: TWO CANADIANS ARE FREED Activity

The following hypothetical scenario is the context for the activity to follow.

The Security Council has assembled to determine a course of action for operations in Iraq. The story of the Christian Peacemaker Teams has received enough attention to warrant the promotion of non-violence as an option for resolving the crisis in Iraq. The Security Council has convened a special hearing on the situation in Iraq and has asked that advocates for both non-violent and military action present their positions to the council. Your Task Your teacher will assign you to one of the following teams:

The United Nations Security Council — a representative from each of the per- manent members of the council will listen to the proceedings and recommend a course of action at the end of the presentations. The permanent members are Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States.

Advocates for Non-Violence — Five representatives of the Christian Peacemaker Teams will speak on behalf of non-violent alternatives to war in an effort to bring stability to Iraq.

Advocates for Military Action — Five representatives of the coalition forces will speak in favour of a continued military presence. Coalition members include the United States, Britain, Australia, Italy, and Poland.

Students not involved in the groups indicated will be members of the media. These students will report on the proceedings either in a three-minute video or audio report, or a 200-400 word newspaper article.

Format of proceedings: Introduction, call to order by the Security Council – 1-2 minutes Non-violence presentation – 8-10 minutes Military presentation – 8-10 minutes Deliberations by the Security Council – 30 minutes Recommendations by the Security Council – 8-10 minutes

Notes

CBC News in Review • May 2006 • Page 40