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Gabriel Gruber Gabriel Stanislav Južnič Južnič Stanislav SStanislavtanislav JJužničužnič GGabrielabriel GGruberruber OOdd ljubljanskegaljubljanskega od ljubljanskega prekopa do jezuitskega generala do jezuitskega prekopa od ljubljanskega pprekoparekopa ddoo jjezuitskegaezuitskega ggeneralaenerala Gabriel Gruber Stanislav Južnič Južnič Stanislav 7.200 SIT Gabrijel Gruber Od ljubljanskega prekopa do jezuitskega generala Družina Ljubljana, 2006 Stanislav Južnič GABRIJEL GRUBER Od ljubljanskega prekopa do jezuitskega generala Spremna beseda: dr. Matevž Košir Lektorirala: Vida Frelih Fotografije: Stanislav Južnič in fotoarhiv RS Oblikoval in opremil: Sine Kovič Grafična priprava: Družina d.o.o. Izdala in založila: Družina d.o.o. Za založbo: dr. Janez Gril Tisk: Schwarz d.o.o. Ljubljana, 2006 Informacije o knjigah založbe Družina dobite na spletni strani www.druzina.si CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 929 Gruber G. 001.891:929 Gruber G. JUŽNIČ, Stanislav Gabrijel Gruber : od ljubljanskega prekopa do jezuitskega generala / Stanislav Južnič ; [spremna beseda Matevž Košir ; fotografije Stanislav Južnič in fotoarhiv RS]. - Ljubljana : Družina, 2006 ISBN 961-222-607-5 225722624 OD LJUBLJANSKEGA PREKOPA DO JEZUITSKEGA GENERALA Predgovor Mineva dvesto let od smrti patra Gabrijela Gruberja, ki ga večina Slovencev poz- na predvsem po prekopu, ki opravlja svojo vlogo še danes. Čeprav znamo povez- ati prekop z njegovim avtorjem, vemo o Gruberju, njegovem delu in življenju razmeroma malo. Zato je naše zanimanje ob izidu pričujoče knjige toliko večje. Delo nam odkriva v marsičem manj znanega Gruberja. Znameniti fizik Gabrijel Gruber je bil namreč vsestranski. Obvladal je tehnične vede, matematiko, jezike in ne nazadnje je bil tudi umetnik. To se ne kaže le v njegovi palači in stikih z ljudmi, kot je bil zadnji veliki slikar avstrijskega baroka v Sloveniji J. M. Kremser- Schmidt, ampak tudi v slikah, ki jih je naslikal sam. Ohranjene so le iz njegovega ruskega obdobja. Knjiga, ki je pred nami, nas seznanja z vsestranskostjo Gruber- jevega dela, ki ga je zaznamovala njegova nadarjenost, pa tudi njegove značajske poteze. Sodobniki so ga opisovali kot človeka z izjemno ostrino uma ter veliko voljo in vztrajnostjo pri uresničevanju idej. Lahko bi rekli, da je Gruber v Ljubljani, kamor verjetno ni prišel po naključju, preživel nekaj svojih najlepših let. Vsaj za del njegovega ljubljanskega obdobja to gotovo drži. Prišel je osemindvajsetleten in ostal dobrih šestnajst let. Izjem- no ambiciozno in vneto se je lotil ne le pedagoškega dela, ampak tudi reševanja že stoletja starih problemov mesta, kot so bili poplave in osuševanje Ljubljan- skega barja. Njegova prizadevanja so kmalu dala oprijemljive rezultate, graditev palače za šolo in graditev prekopa. Le slutimo pa lahko vpliv njegovega znanja na poznejšo »tehnično inteligenco«, ki je v Ljubljani in svetu imela opazno vlogo. Ta vpliv nikoli ne bo natančno izmerjen. Naj med njegovimi učenci omenim le Jurija Vego in Žigo Zoisa. Gruber bi v Ljubljani lahko ustvaril še mnogo več. Toda odšel je povsem nepričakovano, predvsem zaradi strahu pred posledicami finančnih obtožb na njegov račun. Res so stroški del na prekopu presegli načrte, toda drugi sumi so bili večinoma neutemeljeni. Zdi se, da je zaradi neutemeljenih obtožb ostal spomin nanj v Ljubljani, ki jo je tako močno zaznamoval s svojim delom, vsaj še v 19. stoletju rahlo protisloven. Ne smemo pa pozabiti, da se Gruber pri svojem delu ni omejeval le na Ljubljano. Opozorimo naj na Gruberjev hidravlični stroj in vodovod v Kranju ter na njegovo vsestransko posvečanje vodam na Kran- jskem. Gruber je ostal dejaven in ustvarjalen do zadnjih dni svojega življenja in v 5 OD LJUBLJANSKEGA PREKOPA DO JEZUITSKEGA GENERALA tem rusko obdobje, ki je bilo nekoliko daljše kot ljubljansko, ni zaostajalo. Poleg pedagoškega, znanstvenega in umetniškega dela je posebno v ruskem obdobju imel tudi eno od osrednjih vlog v redovni skupnosti Družbe Jezusove. Kot jezuits- ki general je v burnih časih na prelomu iz 18. v 19. stoletje odigral svojo vlogo tudi v politiki. Obletnica Gruberjeve smrti je prava priložnost, da oživimo spomin nanj. Skupaj z Zavodom za kiparstvo je bilo na datum dvestote obletnice Gruberjeve smrti (7. 4. 2005) v Gruberjevi palači/Arhivu Republike Slovenije organizirano spominsko predavanje. Ob obletnici je izšlo več razprav, večina izpod peresa dr. Stanislava Južniča. V večjem obsegu je obletnico zaznamoval Arhiv Republike Slovenije, ki domuje v Gruberjevi palači in hrani veliko dokumentov o delu Gabrijela Gruber- ja, posebno iz njegovega ljubljanskega obdobja. Jeseni 2005 je bila v Arhivu odpr- ta razstava in na pročelju odkrit spomenik, ki ga je izdelal akademski kipar Janez Pirnat. Zelo povedna upodobitev slavnega patra bo okrepila zavest o pomenu nje- govega dela za Ljubljano, obenem pa pomeni poklon Gruberju, ki si zasluži dosto- jno znamenje v mestu. Razstava in postavitev spomenika sta pozitivno odmevali tako v časopisih kot na televiziji in doživeli odobravanje obiskovalcev. Posebna televizijska oddaja na nacionalni televiziji je bila posvečena le Gruberjevi palači. Arhivska razstava je doživela zelo številčen obisk. O praznovanju obletnice so nas dosegli glasovi tudi iz Rusije, kjer so prevedli knjigo Mareka Inglota o jezuitih v Rusiji v obdobju, ko je tam deloval Gabrijel Gruber. V sklop okrogle obletnice sodi tudi knjiga, ki je pred nami in pomeni nekakšen sklep jubilejnega leta. Avtor knjige dr. Stanislav Južnič nam približa patra Gabrije- la Gruberja, ki ga doslej morda še vedno nismo doživljali kot povsem »našega«, s smelostjo, ki se nam na prvi pogled lahko zazdi tudi nekoliko drzna, vsekakor pa ima avtor zanjo dovolj tehtnih utemeljitev. Odkriva nam nova spoznanja o njem in njegovem delu, obenem pa ga postavlja v širši kontekst znanstvenih, kulturnih in političnih dogajanj v takratnem svetu. Avtor nam spregovori o Gruberju in nje- govem času, prinaša številne odgovore in postavlja pred nas nova vprašanja. dr. Matevž Košir 6 OD LJUBLJANSKEGA PREKOPA DO JEZUITSKEGA GENERALA Gabrijel Gruber na sliki, ki jo hranijo v Arhivu Republike Gabrijel Gruber v profilu (Crétineau-Joly, Slovenije (Orlov, 2002, 332; Orlov, 1995, 371) 1845, 5: 462) Jezuitska cerkev na Dunaju 21 Kopernikova (1566) knjiga z lastniškim vpisom ljubljanskih jezuitov (1754), ki jo je Gruber uporabljal pri svojem pouku astronomije v Ljubljani OD LJUBLJANSKEGA PREKOPA DO JEZUITSKEGA GENERALA Seznam preglednic 1. Nekatere Gruberjeve knjige na ljubljanski jezuitski katedri z ekslibrisom “Zur Mechanik” ....................................................................... 32 2. Voditelji plovbe po Savi ..................................................................................34 3. Dohodki Gruberjevih ladijskih mojstrov v času Vegovega študija leta 1774 .................................................................. 40 4. Kovine v ljubljanskem kabinetu leta 1811, odkrite manj kot 60 let pred Kersnikovim popisom .....................................63 5. Citati v Gruberjevih kranjskih pismih in sorodnih delih ........................64-65 6. Gruberjevi optični prividi v navedbah drugih raziskovalcev ......................108 7. Gruberjeve reference pri raziskovanju toplotnih pojavov v podtlaku ........ 109 8. Pomembnejše zgodnje meritve specifičnih toplot v kcal/(kg K) ..................117 9. Kolegiji, rezidence in noviciati v Belorusiji ................................................ 137 10. Profesorji matematičnih ved v Polocku leta 1776/77 .................................143 11. Učni načrt v Polocku leta 1776/77.............................................................. 143 11. Gruberjevi sodelavci in dijaki v Polocku leta 1784/85 ........................144-146 12. Profesorji matematičnih ved v Polocku leta 1802 ...................................... 146 13. Profesorji matematičnih ved v Polocku leta 1803 ...................................... 146 14. Rektorji v Polocku ....................................................................................... 146 15. Gruberjeve dejavnosti v časovnem zaporedju.............................................. 183 200 OD LJUBLJANSKEGA PREKOPA DO JEZUITSKEGA GENERALA Kazalo slik Jezuit Leopold Gotlib Biwald (1731–1805) ..........................................................17 Kapelica Gruberjeve palače ..................................................................................19 Gabrijel Gruber na sliki, ki visi v Gruberjevi palači ...........................................21 Gabrijel Gruber v profilu .....................................................................................21 Jezuitska cerkev na Dunaju .................................................................................21 Notranjost dunajske univerzitetne cerkve v Gruberjevem času ..........................22 Notranjost dunajske univerzitetne cerkve danes .................................................22 Noviciat sv. Ane na Dunaju, kjer je bil Gruber dve leti .......................................22 Akademski kolegij na Dunaju ..............................................................................23 Akademski kolegij in cerkev na Dunaju ..............................................................23 Knjižnica nekdanje jezuitske univerze na Dunaju, posneta leta 1877 ...............24 Sodobna fasada dunajske hiše jezuitov z zadnjimi zaobljubami na Dunaju ......24 Hiša jezuitov z zadnjimi zaobljubami na Dunaju ................................................24 Notranjost dunajske hiše jezuitov z zadnjimi zaobljubami .................................25
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