DOCSLIB.ORG

$Ectton of Tbe Ibttorv of Fiebicilne President-Sir STCLAIR THOMSON, M.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
$Ectton of Tbe Ibttorv of Fiebicilne President-Sir STCLAIR THOMSON, M.D $ectton of tbe Ibttorv of fIebicilne President-Sir STCLAIR THOMSON, M.D. [Februar?y 7, 1934] William Harvey's Knowledge of Literature-Classical, Mediaval, Renaissance and Contemporary By D. F. FRASER-HARRIS, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E. UNLESS we happen to have considered the subject, we can have no adequate notion of the extent of Harvey's acquaintance with Classical, Renaissance and Contemporary Literature. We are, perhaps, too apt to think of William Harvey as the author of that libellus aureus, the De Motu, and forget that he also wrote the De Generatione, on " Parturition," on the" Uterine Membranes and Humours," and on " Conception," throughout all of which he displayed the most intimate knowledge of the works of many authors who had views on topics of biological interest germane to the matters under discussion,L nor should we forget the lost writings of Harvey *on Medicine, Pathology, Respiration and Insects. Besides the works just mentioned, Harvey composed two "Disquisitions " to -Riolanus, full of references to Galen, and nine letters to contemporaries which have come down to us-one to Caspar Hofmann, of Nuremberg; one to Paul M. Slegel, of Hamburg; three to John Nardi, of Florence; one to R. Morison, of Paris; one to -J. D. Horst, of Hesse-Darmstadt and one to John Vlackveld, of Haarlem. It is in -the letter to Morison that Harvey has so much to say of Pecquet of Dieppe, the discoverer of the Receptaculum Chyli. There seems no room for doubt that Harvey could read in the original the Greek -and Latin authors to whom he refers. Of Greek writers he mentions no fewer than twenty-five ranging from Thales of the seventh century B.C. to Suidas, the reputed author of a Greek lexicon, who iourished about A.D. 975. These authors are-of the seventh century B.C.: Thales; of the sixth: Pythagoras, Alcmaeon of Crotona, Anaxagoras, Heraclitus, Epicharmus of Syracuse, and Diogenes of Apollonia; of the fifth century: Empedocles, Hippo- -crates, Socrates, Polus, Critias, Plato, Democritus of Abdera, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Euclid of Megara and Erasistratus; of the fourth century: Aristotle, Epicharmus and Menander. The following who wrote in Greek belong to the Christian era: Palladius, Galen, Plutarch and Suidas. Fourteen Latin authors are quoted or referred to by Harvey, namely: Virgil; Varro; Seneca; Terence; M. A. Apicius; the elder Pliny; Lucius Papyrius; Celsus; L. J. M. Columella; Domitius Ulpianus; Quintus Serenus; Florentius; Pipinus and Migaldus. Three names belong to the Middle Ages, two Arabic writers, Avicenna and Averroes and the schoolman, Albertus Magnus. When we come to Renaissance and Contemporary writers, the list is even more imposing. It comprises thirty-two names. Of writers born in the fifteenth century 1 The edition used in this research is, The Works of William Harvey, translated by R. Willis, M.D., London, The Sydenham Society, 1857. JUNEI-IST. OF MED. 1 1096 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 22 we have: Jacobus Sylvius2; Fracastorius; J. C. Scaliger and Andreas Laurentius. Of authors in the sixteenth century there are: Fernelius; Vesalius, Eustachius; Fabricius; Realdus Columbus; J. C. Arantius; Leonardus Botallus; Franciscus Valesius; Caspar Bauhin; Volcherus Coiter; Ulysses Aldrovandus; Descartes; Hollerius; Caesar Cremoninus; Gasparo Aselli; Fortunius Licetus; Spighelius; Thuanus (J. A. de Thou); Gregorius Nymannus; Josephus Aromatorius and Daniel Sennert. Of writers born in the seventeenth century we have: Pecquet of Dieppe; Walaeus. of Leyden: Thomas Bartholinus and Johannes Riolanus; and two authors whose birth dates have not been ascertained, Du Val of Rouen and Aemilius Parisanus of Venice. In the manuscript notes to his Lectures, Harvey refers to eight writers whom he mentions nowhere else: Plautus, Horace, Julius Ccesar, Cicero, Vitruvius, Nicholaus. Massa and Archangelo Piccolhomini. We may summarize the numbers of the authors quoted in Harvey's published and unpublished works thus:- Of Greek authors ... ... ... ... 25 Of Latin authors ... 14 Of Medieval authors ... ... 3 Renaissance and Contemporary ... ... 32 In MSS. of Lectures ... ... ... 8 Total 82 authors. While the great majority of the references in Harvey's writings are to subjects of biological importance, this is not exclusively the case. As early as at the end of the first chapter of the De Motu we have seven lines introduced by, " as the old man in the comedy says." The lines are:- " For never yet hath any one attainea To such perfection, but that time and place And use have brought addition to his knowledge, Or made correction or admonished him, That he was ignorant of much which he Had thought he knew; or led him to reject What he had once esteemed of highest price." These lines are the translation of a speech by a character " Demea " in Act V,. Scene 4 of Terence's play, The Adelphi.3 Demea is an old married man who is contrasting his bachelor brother's care-free existence with his own life of worries. Harvey is known to have been very fond of Virgil; his expression, " Everything if full of Jove" is a reference to " Jovis omnia plena " in Virgil's third Eclogue.. Harvey quotes from Virgil four times in the De Generatione and once in the essay on " Parturition," but in no case is the precise poem cited, although Virgil is named~ on three occasions. Two of the references are to the second book of the Georgics, the first of which (De Generatione, p. 187) is a quotation of eight lines of some translation, and is. prefaced by, " Whence the poet sings" "Earth teems in Spring and craves the genial seed. The almighty father, aether, then descends In fertilizing showers into the lap Of his rejoicing spouse, and mingling there In wide embrace sustains the progeny Innumerable that springs. The pathless woods Then ring with the wild bird's song, and flocks and herds Disport and spend the livelong day in love." 2 In almost every case Harvey uses the Latin, rather than the native, form of thc names o£' Renaissance writers. 3 'This passage was found for me through the kindness of Professor Singer. 23 Section of the History of Medicine 1097 The second quotation from the second Georgic is in the essay on ." Parturition " (p. 543), and here Virgil is named thus-" to use Virgil's expression with reference to the fields:- 'Superat tener omnibus humor Et genitalia semina poscunt.'" These words (which are not translated) occur in lines 331 and 324 of the second book of the Georgics. The third allusion to Virgil is to a passage in the second book of the AEneid (lines 330 and 331) which relates to the west wind (De Generatione, p. 219)-" Varro declares that the mares in Lusitania conceive by the wind. For Zephyrus was held to be a fertilizing wind, whence its name as if it were 'ooq7epoq, or life-bringing. So that Virgil says "And Zephyrus with warming breath resolves The bosom of the ground, and melting rains Are poured o'er all, and every field brings forth." The fourth quotation from Virgil and the third in the De Generatione (p. 282) is in reference to the universality of a vital principle or soul in all living things. In this case Virgil is not named; Harvey remarking, "We exclaim with the poet- "'Tis inmost soul sustains, and mind infused Through every part that actuates the mass." This is from a passage in the sixth book of the AEneid. Harvey's fifth reference to Virgil and the fourth in the De Generatione (p. 507) is the only one in which both the Latin original and a translation are given-(tenth book of the A3neid, line 847)-- " The blood is the living principle of man," says Suidas; and the same thing is true of all animals; an opinion which Virgil seems to have wished to express when he says: " Una eademque via sanguisque animusque sequuntur"; "And by one path the blood and life flowed out." As we might expect in treatises of biological import, Aristotle is the author most often referred to; in fact 269 times in all, 230 times in the De Generatione and 21 times in the De Motu. In thus quoting so much from Aristotle, Harvey was but acting on his own advice, for in a notable conversation with Aubrey he had said: " Go to the fountain head and read Aristotle, Cicero and Avicenna " (a Greek, a Roman and an Arabian). A great deal of the De Generatione is taken up with discussions about the soul and its relation to the blood. On this subject Thales, Diogenes, Heraclitus, Alemaeon and Suidas are all quoted. Anaxagoras and Hippocrates are referred to as believing that the chick arose from the yolk or vitellus but was nourished by the albumin called by Anaxagoras " bird's milk " (Opvt9Oo yaAaX). The following passage from the De Generatione (p. 212) is typical of the kind of aspect under which the ancients viewed this and similar topics: "The vitellus," says Fabricius, " is so called from the word vita because the chick lives upon it; from its colour it is also spoken of as the "yellow" of the egg, having been called by the Greeks generally, XpvUOv; by Hippocrates, XXA)pov; and by Aristotle @Xp°w, and XEKv0ov; the ancients such as Suidas in Menander called it VEOTTOV, i.e. the chick, because they believed the chick to be engendered from this part." This passage is a careless translation of Harvey's Latin so far as the reference to Suidas is concerned-" quod Suidas ex Menandro scribit." Suidas in his Lexicon quoted from the A ndria of Menander a passage whose translation is: " and after this give her the yolk of four eggs." The word yolk, so veorTrov, is the same as the Greeks used for a young bird or nestling.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meditations the Philosophy Classic
    MEDITATIONS THE PHILOSOPHY CLASSIC MEDITATIONS THE PHILOSOPHY CLASSIC THE INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER MARCUS AURELIUS WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY DONALD ROBERTSON MEDITATIONS Also available in the same series: Beyond Good and Evil: The Philosophy Classic by Friedrich Nietzsche (ISBN: 978-0-857-08848-2) On the Origin of Species: The Science Classic by Charles Darwin (ISBN: 978-0-857-08847-5) Tao Te Ching: The Ancient Classic by Lao Tzu (ISBN: 978-0-857-08311-1) The Art of War: The Ancient Classic by Sun Tzu (ISBN: 978-0-857-08009-7) The Game of Life and How to Play It: The Self-Help Classic by Florence Scovel Shinn (ISBN: 978-0-857-08840-6) The Interpretation of Dreams: The Psychology Classic by Sigmund Freud (ISBN: 978-0-857-08844-4) The Prince: The Original Classic by Niccolo Machiavelli (ISBN: 978-0-857-08078-3) The Prophet: The Spirituality Classic by Kahlil Gibran (ISBN: 978-0-857-08855-0) The Republic: The Influential Classic by Plato (ISBN: 978-0-857-08313-5) The Science of Getting Rich: The Original Classic by Wallace Wattles (ISBN: 978-0-857-08008-0) The Wealth of Nations: The Economics Classic by Adam Smith (ISBN: 978-0-857-08077-6) Think and Grow Rich: The Original Classic by Napoleon Hill (ISBN: 978-1-906-46559-9) MEDITATIONS The Philosophy Classic MARCUS AURELIUS With an Introduction by DONALD ROBERTSON This edition first published 2020 Introduction copyright © Donald Robertson, 2020 The material for Meditations is based on The Thoughts of the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus, translated by George Long, published by Bell & Daldy, London 1862, and is now in the public domain.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICS to UNDERSTAND PLATO -THEAETEUS (147D-148B Salomon Ofman
    UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICS TO UNDERSTAND PLATO -THEAETEUS (147d-148b Salomon Ofman To cite this version: Salomon Ofman. UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICS TO UNDERSTAND PLATO -THEAETEUS (147d-148b. Lato Sensu, revue de la Société de philosophie des sciences, Société de philosophie des sciences, 2014, 1 (1). hal-01305361 HAL Id: hal-01305361 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01305361 Submitted on 20 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICS TO UNDERSTAND PLATO - THEAETEUS (147d-148b) COMPRENDRE LES MATHÉMATIQUES POUR COMPRENDRE PLATON - THÉÉTÈTE (147d-148b) Salomon OFMAN Institut mathématique de Jussieu-PRG Histoire des Sciences mathématiques 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris [email protected] Abstract. This paper is an updated translation of an article published in French in the Journal Lato Sensu (I, 2014, p. 70-80). We study here the so- called ‘Mathematical part’ of Plato’s Theaetetus. Its subject concerns the incommensurability of certain magnitudes, in modern terms the question of the rationality or irrationality of the square roots of integers. As the most ancient text on the subject, and on Greek mathematics and mathematicians as well, its historical importance is enormous.
    [Show full text]
  • Francis Bacon and the Transformation of Early-Modern Philosophy
    Francis Bacon and the Transformation of Early-Modern Philosophy STEPHEN GAUKROGER University of Sydney PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, vic 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cup.org © Cambridge University Press 2001 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2001 Printed in the United States of America Typeface New Baskerville 10.25/13 pt. System QuarkXPress® [mg] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gaukroger, Stephen. Francis Bacon and the transformation of early-modern philosophy / Stephen Gaukroger. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0 521 80154 0 – isbn 0 521 80536 8 (pbk.) 1. Bacon, Francis, 1561–1626. 2. Philosophy, Modern – History. I. Title. b1198 .g38 2001 192 – dc21 00–063097 isbn 0 521 80154 0 hardback isbn 0 521 80536 8 paperback Contents Acknowledgments page ix References to Bacon’s works xi Prologue 1 1 The nature of Bacon’s project 6 From arcane learning to public knowledge 6 A via media
    [Show full text]
  • SOCRATES Information About the Historical Socrates
    SOCRATES Information about the historical Socrates Socrates was the son of Sophroniscus, a stonemason, and Phaenarete, a midwife, from Alopeke, belonged to the tribe of Antiochis and was born circa 470 BC. Young Socrates initially worked as a stonemason like his father. There was an old tradition that he had crafted the statue of the Three Graces that stood by the entrance of the Acropolis (Pausanias 1,22,8 and 9,35,7 – Comments on Aristophanes’ Clouds 793) but like the rest of the information about the philosopher that we have from sources of his time, it is probably not true. Tradition has it that in his youth he showed interest in the Ionian physical sciences, which had become well known in Athens and initially they may have aroused his enthusiasm. However, later in his maturity, he was won by physical philosophy. In Plato’s Phaedo Socrates admits that he had been greatly impressed in his youth by the teachings of Anaxagoras about the Mind (he was on friendly terms with Archelaus, one of the students of Anaxagoras). In Epidimies of Ion of Chios (fr. 11 Blumenthal) it is reported that Socrates travelled to Samos with Archelaus. Of course, this refutes what Plato mentions in Crito that Socrates never travelled away from his city except when he took part in military expeditions of his city. One compromising explanation is that perhaps this journey of his had to do with the Athenian expedition to Samos in 441/440 BC. As a historical figure Socrates is mainly known through the works of two authors of antiquity: Plato and Xenophon.
    [Show full text]
  • Locutions Logic, History Of
    LOGIC, HISTORY OF LOCUTIONS Substantial intellectual locutions are basically the same as formal locutions, but with this difference: what Affirmations or statements supernaturally effected in is stated is effected immediately. They are similar to the the external sense, internal senses, or directly in the intel- creative word of God. According to St. John of the Cross, lect. They often accompany visions and they are divided there is no possibility of deception or the influence of the in the same manner: corporeal (auricular), imaginative, devil in substantial locutions. and intellectual. Auricular locutions are words perceived by the bodily sense of hearing, and are generally caused Since locutions are often closely associated with vi- by supernaturally produced acoustical vibrations. They sions, the same rules applied to locution (see VISIONS). sometimes seem to emanate from a vision or a religious Locutions are unmerited and freely given graces in the object such as a statue or crucifix. As extraordinary phe- sense that they do not proceed from the normal develop- nomena they could be caused by God or the devil or pro- ment of the spiritual life; they differ somewhat from the ceed from natural causes. Imaginative locutions are usual charismatic gifts given for the benefit of others in words perceived in the imagination during sleep or in the sense that they can bring much consolation and many waking hours. Since they, too, could be supernatural, dia- blessings to the soul that receives them. They should not bolical, or natural in origin, the rule for discernment is to be desired, except for the substantial locutions, of which study the effects produced in the individual.
    [Show full text]
  • EUCLID: the MEASURE of a MAN‐Otto and Hannah Soderlund
    EUCLID: THE MEASURE OF A MAN‐Otto and Hannah Soderlund 1 I. INTRODUCTION Definition: to “measure” is to find out or estimate the extent or dimensions. (1) Definition: to “take someone’s measure” is to make an estimate or judgment of someone’s ability or character. (1) Definition: element (1) in its various uses means: 1. The basic, irreducible part or principles of anything concrete or abstract. 2. In math, an infinitesimal part of any magnitude or differential. 3. In ecclesiastical usage, the bread and wine of Communion are the elements. 4. In computer terminology, an element is one item of data. 5. Element or in Greek, stoichea was coined by Plato. Aristotle’s definition: “Element is a pure substance that cannot be decomposed into any simpler substance.” This paper is an attempt to take a measure of the man, Euclid, the Father of Geometry, also known as “the elementator.” (2) Geometry in Greek, geometrein, means “the measure of the earth”. Out of the earth, man was made (Gen. 2:72). Hence, in a sense, when you measure the earth, you are measuring man. Euclid attempted to compile and systematize all the mathematical formulas and theories in his 13-volume book, Stoichea or Elements. Written approximately 300 B.C., Elements had reigned for almost 2,000 years as the undisputed standard on Geometry. Proclus said, “Elements is to Mathematics what the letters of the alphabet are to language.” (3) Mathematics is the science that deals with quantities, magnitudes, and forms and their relationships or attributes expressed by numbers and symbols.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, 2 Euclid: Reception in the Renaissance
    E Euclid: Reception in the Zamberti’s texts were published – at times in Renaissance combination. From the 1540s onward, revi- sions, selections, and vernacular translations Jens Høyrup began to appear, all based on the same two Section for Philosophy and Science Studies, texts. In 1572, however, Commandino made a Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark new Latin translation from Zamberti’s text and a sounder manuscript, and in 1574 Clavius Abstract produced a didactically oriented redaction. Although the Latin Middle Ages received a These two set the scene for the next two number of versions of Euclid’s Elements and centuries. several other Euclidean works, by the four- teenth century, only the Campanus redaction from c. 1259 was in circulation. In the four- Medieval Latin Background teenth and fifteenth century, this redaction was encountered by students of Arts or Medicine Until the beginnings of the twelfth century, the university faculties, even though we have scant Latin Middle Ages had access to Euclid only evidence that Euclid impressed their minds. In through Boethian translation of the Elements (or, the fifteenth century, other circles discovered quite likely, of an epitome of that work) – another him: Alberti took over the idea of elements, translation, also from c. 500 CE (Bohlin 2012), Regiomontanus used Euclid alongside Archi- seems not to have circulated. Part of the Boethian medes as an argument for the superiority of translation was conserved in coherent form – how mathematics over philosophy, and one Floren- much and for how long is disputed; Boethian tine abacus school tradition was able to give fragments were also integrated in gromatic writ- correct references to the Elements.
    [Show full text]
  • PHIL 2040: History of Western Philosophy I Lau Chong-Fuk I
    PHIL 2040: History of Western Philosophy I Lau Chong-Fuk 1st Term 2013/14 ‧ W 07-09 ‧ NAH 11 I. Course Overview The course introduces students to the history of ancient Western philosophy. Topics include Presocratic Greek philosophy, classical Greek philosophy and Hellenistic thoughts. II. Course Outline 1. Introduction 2. The Presocratic Period a. The Miletus School i. Thales ii. Anaximander iii. Anaximenes b. Pythagoras c. Heraclitus d. The Eleatic Tradition i. Xenophanes ii. Parmenides iii. Zeno of Elea iv. Melissus e. Pluralists i. Empedocles ii. Anaxagoras f. Atomists i. Leucippus ii. Democritus g. The Sophists i. Protagoras ii. Gorgias 3. The Classical Period a. Socrates b. Socratic Schools i. Cynicism: Antisthenes, Diogenes of Sinope ii. Cyrenaicism: Aristippus iii. Megarianism: Euclid of Megara c. Plato d. Aristotle 4. The Hellenistic-Roman Period a. Stoicism b. Epicureanism c. Skepticism i. Academic ii. Pyrrhonian: Pyrrho, Aenesidemus, Agrippa d. Neo-Platonism: Plotinus 1 III. Learning Activities 1. Lecture: 2.5 hours each week 2. Interactive Tutorial: three 2-hour sessions (plus one briefing session) 3. Reading: 3-4 hours each week IV. Learning Outcomes Students will be expected to demonstrate familiarity with the major ideas and theories of the philosophers, as well as the relation between the various philosophical movements, covered in the course. V. Assessment Method 1. Final Exam: 50% 2. Tutorials: 25% 3. Book Report: 20% 4. Class Performance: 5% VI. References 1. F. C. Copleston, A History of Philosophy, 9 vols. (esp. vols. 1-3), New York: Image Books, 1993. 2. W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, 6 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962-.
    [Show full text]
  • The Academic Questions by M
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Academic Questions by M. T. Cicero This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Academic Questions Author: M. T. Cicero Release Date: June 26, 2009 [Ebook 29247] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ACADEMIC QUESTIONS*** The Academic Questions, Treatise De Finibus. and Tusculan Disputations Of M. T. Cicero With A Sketch of the Greek Philosophers Mentioned by Cicero. Literally Translated by C. D. Yonge, B.A. London: George Bell and Sons York Street Covent Garden Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street and Charing Cross. 1875 Contents A Sketch of the Greek Philosophers Mentioned by Cicero.2 Introduction. 35 First Book Of The Academic Questions. 39 Second Book Of The Academic Questions. 59 A Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil. 142 First Book Of The Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil. 144 Second Book Of The Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil. 178 Third Book Of The Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil. 239 Fourth Book Of The Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil. 274 Fifth Book Of The Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil. 311 The Tusculan Disputations. 359 Introduction. 359 Book I. On The Contempt Of Death. 360 Book II. On Bearing Pain. 422 Book III. On Grief Of Mind.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Greek Mathematics
    CORNELL UNIVERSITY LBRAaY Cornell University Library QA 22.H43 V.1 A history of Greek mathematics, 3 1924 008 704 219 A HISTORY OF GREEK MATHEMATICS VOLUME I A HISTORY OF GKEEK MATHEMATICS BY SIR THOMAS HEATH K.C.B., K.C.V.O.. F.R.S. Se.D. CAMI). ; HON. D.SC. OXFORD HONORARV FEt.r.OW (FORMFRLV FELLOw) OF TRI>fITY COLI.FHF, CAAIBRIDGE ' . An independent world, Created out of pnre intelligence.' Wordsworth. VOLUME I FROM THALES 'JO EUCIJD OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1921 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai HUMPHREY MILFORD Publisher to the University PREFACE The idea may seem quixotic, but it is nevertheless the author's confident hope that this book will give a fresh interest to the story of Greek mathematics in the eyes both of mathematicians and of classical scholars. For the mathematician the important consideration is that the foundations of mathematics and a great portion of its content are Greek. The Greeks laid down the first principles, invented the methods ah initio, and fixed the terminology. Mathematics in short is a Greek science, whatever new developments modern analysis has brought or may bring. The interest of the subject for the classical scholar is no doubt of a different kind. Greek mathematics reveals an important aspect of the Greek genius of which the student of Greek culture is apt to lose sight. Most people, when they think of the Greek genius, naturally call to mind its master- pieces in literature and art with their notes of beauty, truth, freedom and humanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Indices Index of Passages
    INDICES INDEX OF PASSAGES The numbers in bold type refer to pages in this work. The statements in parenthesis refer to places in the 6th edition of Diels' Die Ff'agmente dw VMsokf'atikw, ,A" meaning reports, ,B" meaning literal quotations. Lack of such parentheses indicates that those passages are not contained in the Diels collection. Sources and Motives of Philosophy Af'istotle De caelo Af'istotle II 13.294a2I(A47) 12 Metaphys. a25(31B39) 12 I 2. 982b12 XXVI Meteor. III 1. 1003a22 XXIII II 2.355a13(22B6) 18 3· 1005a21 XXIII Metaphys. I 5.986b24(A3o) 24 Clement of Ale~andf'ia b26(A3o) 13 Stromateis 8.989a5 16 V 141 (22B35) XXII Hwodotus [Af'ist.] I JO XXII De Melisso Xenophane Gorgia 976a32 13 Plato 977b18(A28) 15,23 Theaetetus 143D XXIII, XXVI Athenaios 155D XXVI Deipnosophistai Thucidides X 413F(B2) 6 2,40 XXII XI 462C(B1) 6 Cicero Xenophanes (DieJs 21) Academica 10 Achilles II n8(A34) Isagoge Clement of Ale~andf'ia 4 p. 34,11(B28) 11 Stromateis Aetios V 109(B14) 7 II 4,11 24 (B23) 8, 9 IJ,14(A38) 19 no(B15) 7 II 20, 3(A4o) 19 VII 22(B16) 8 24, 4(A41) 19 9(A41a) 19 Diogenes Laertius 25, 4(A43) 19 De vitis, etc. III 2,11(A44) 19 IX 18,19(B8) 5 20 6 IV 5 (B27) 16f. A lexandef' of A ph,odisias Eustathius ap. Simpl. Phys. Scholia ad Homerum 22,22,8(A31) 15 A 27(B32) 19 INDEX OF PASSAGES Galen Stobaios In Hippocr.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialectic and Eristic
    ISSA Proceedings 2014 – Dialectic And Eristic Abstract: The paper discusses theoretical and practical relations between dialectic and eristic. It begins with the origin of the notion of eristic in Greece. Next, it considers eristic from three points of view. First, it is seen as an aggressive attitude in the context of an argument. Then, it discusses the philosophical motivations of some eristic practices in Greece. Finally, the contemporary notions of eristic dialogue and eristic discussion are considered. Keywords: Aggressiveness, antilogic, Aristotle, dialectic, dialogue, eristic discussion, eristic, Plato, Schopenhauer, sophist. In his monumental Greek Thinkers: History of Ancient Philosophy the Austrian philosopher and historian Theodor Gomperz (1920) discusses the sentence ascribed by Diogenes Laertius (1925) to the Greek sophist Protagoras: “On every question there are two speeches, which stand in opposition to one another”. This statement would have been the core of Protagoras Antilogies, his legendary but missing book. According to Diogenes, Protagoras also wrote an Art of eristic which actually was only a part of the Antilogies if we follow Untersteiner (1949). In a footnote, Gomperz (1920, p 590) had already expressed a doubt about the very existence of a separate book on eristic: “Nobody ever called himself an Eristic; the term remained at all times one of disparagement … so that the above mentioned title of his book cannot have been of Protagoras’ own choosing”. The main point for us is the claim that “nobody ever called himself an Eristic”. If this is true, it should also be true of sophists although they were said ready to challenge any point of view.
    [Show full text]