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Using a Spatial Model of Geodiversity to Guide Conservation Within Mountains at the Pan-Tropical-Scale

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Using a Spatial Model of Geodiversity to Guide Conservation Within Mountains at the Pan-Tropical-Scale This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Using a spatial model of geodiversity to guide conservation within mountains at the pan-tropical-scale. Parks, Kate Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: Using a spatial model of geodiversity to guide conservation within mountains at the pan-tropical-scale. Author: Kate Parks The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. USING A SPATIAL MODEL OF GEODIVERSITY TO GUIDE CONSERVATION WITHIN MOUNTAINS AT THE PAN-TROPICAL-SCALE. KATHERINE ELISABETH PARKS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY KING’S COLLEGE LONDON DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY 2012 Abstract Literature review and past empirical work suggests that a resource based model of geodiversity may be a useful proxy for biodiversity within tropical mountains and could provide a valuable conservation planning tool. Here, geodiversity is defined as variation in overall resource availability, along with spatial and temporal (seasonal) variation in resource availability. Using freely available pan-tropical datasets at a 1 km resolution, a spatial model of geodiversity that is informed by an understanding of ecological processes was developed and tested before being used to address three research questions: 1. Is there a quantifiable relationship between geodiversity and biodiversity? 2. Do areas included in multiple conservation prioritisation schemes include a higher proportion of geodiversity than would be expected by chance? 3. What are the likely impacts of climate change on the spatial distribution of current geodiversity classes and what might be the implications of this with respect to the suitability of current protected area configuration in tropical mountains to protect geodiversity and thus biodiversity into the future? Some support for a relationship between geodiversity and biodiversity was found across a range of spatial aggregations and a variety of taxa, however a full validation of this relationship was not possible due to a lack of suitable validation data. It was found that areas rated as valuable on a greater number of conservation prioritisation schemes do not conserve a greater proportion of geodiversity or biodiversity than would be expected by coverage alone or from a random selection. The impacts of climate change on geodiversity were evaluated in terms of change from current conditions under three SRES scenarios and based on projected temperature and precipitation as a mean of five GCM. It was found that there will be significant changes to the current state of geodiversity by the period 2040-2060 and 2080-2100, with the most severe changes occurring by the 2040-2060 period. The implications of these findings are considered in detail for protected areas within Colombia and suggestions for climate change stable conservation strategies are made. It is concluded that the model of geodiversity proposed in this thesis has potential to become a useful conservation tool when considering the effectiveness of current protected areas, and changes in geodiversity due to climate change. Acknowledgements I started this journey inspired by the beauty of the world’s “crinkly bits”, and completion of this thesis represents the end of one of the most challenging, but ultimately enjoyable, periods of my life. I would like to extend my gratitude to Mark Mulligan for guiding me through the last four years and for going “above and beyond the call of duty” in developing my skills and experience outside the PhD process; something which has undoubtedly enabled me to progress my career thus far. Most people have an inspirational teacher at some stage in their lives; I would like to thank Mr Waters for teaching me to structure and write coherent essays – I didn’t enjoy it at the time but I hope it has paid off! Similar thanks are owed to Bruce Malamud for his input in my MSc, and to Dave Moore for his technical and moral support through my PhD. Away from the academic and intellectual support, emotional support has come from so many friends they are too numerous to mention individually – if you have helped over the last four years, from a cup of tea to proof-reading to unofficial IT support, thank you. To my four-legged friends – thank you for providing light relief from the trials and tribulations of writing up through laughter and enforced walks. My family have always, without fail, supported me. You have helped me with spelling (Mum), maths (Dad), design (Mike) and have endowed me with perseverance (Nana), logic (Grandad), curiosity (Nanny) and the occasional grump (Dumpy). Thanks to each of you – whether you are here or not. Last, and the antithesis of least, thanks go to Andy for doing significantly more than 50% of the cooking, cleaning and dog walking for far too long, and particularly for your patience through the last few months of this process – I couldn’t have done it without you. Contents Chapter 1. Aims, Objectives and Strategy. ........................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Problem. ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research questions. .................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Research strategy. ...................................................................................................... 8 1.4. Thesis Structure. ........................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 2. Literature Review. ............................................................................................. 11 2.1. Introduction to geodiversity. ................................................................................... 11 2.1.1. Defining geodiversity. ....................................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Components of Geodiversity ............................................................................ 12 2.1.3. Geodiversity - a resource based approach ....................................................... 16 2.1.4. Potential applications of geodiversity ............................................................... 17 2.2. Defining biodiversity. ............................................................................................... 22 2.2.1. Ecologically derived definitions ......................................................................... 22 2.2.2. Policy derived definitions .................................................................................. 23 2.2.3. Mathematical indices of biodiversity ................................................................ 25 2.2.4. The taxon versus the inventory approach ........................................................ 27 2.2.5. Modelling Biodiversity. ..................................................................................... 28 2.3. Patterns of biodiversity. ........................................................................................... 30 2.3.1. The latitudinal gradient ....................................................................................
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