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Promotion of Natural Regeneration to Establish Productive Managed Forests on Fallow Land Near Pucallpa, in the Peruvian Amazon

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Promotion of Natural Regeneration to Establish Productive Managed Forests on Fallow Land Near Pucallpa, in the Peruvian Amazon Promotion of Natural Regeneration to establish productive managed Forests on Fallow land near Pucallpa, In the Peruvian Amazon Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree Doctor rer. nat. of the Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany By Juan Clemente Díaz Gonzáles Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany 2007 Dean: Prof. Dr. Heinz Rennenberg Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Huss 2nd Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Fink Defence: January 31, 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first thanks are given to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Huss not only for the acceptation of a foreigner from the tropics, but for all and first for this great guidance and support by a long time in Silviculture Institute. This thesis has been made possible due to numerous forms of assistance I have received from individuals and institutions both in Perú and Germany. Although not all can be acknowledged by name here, I would particularly like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for awarding me a scholarship at the first years. In Perú, the study was supported by the Project MADEBOSQUES and „Proyecto de Investigación Manejo de Bosques Secundarios en América Tropical“ of CIFOR, CATIE and UNALM. At Silviculture Institute of Freiburg University, I appreciated the support of Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bauhus and Prof. Dr. Albert Reif, as well as the colleagues Dr. Stefanie Gärtner, Dr. Winfried Meier, Dr Grzegorz Kochaniewiecz and special to Dr. David Buttler-Manning for the helpful contribution with the laborious english corrections. Por el respado a las actividades realizadas en Perú deseo expresar mi agradecimiento al Dr. Cesar Sabogal, Dr. Ulrike Wagner, Dr. Carlos Reynel, Ing. Marco Romero, Sr. Fernando Razzeto, a mis colegas M.Sc.Violeta Colán, M.Sc. Octavio Galván y M.Sc. Hector Vidaurre, a los agricultores de la carretera Neshuya-Curimana que me brindaron importante información de la historia de sus barbechos y al mismo tiempo permitieron su evaluación, de igual forma a los colegas y trabajadores del proyecto MADEBOSQUES. Finalmente quiero agradecer profundamente a mi gran y querida familia que desde España y Perú han sabido brindarme apoyo, comprensión, paciencia y coraje. ABSTRACT Inventories of secondary forest in the study area revealed the farmers’ desire to maintain as fallow areas where there is an abundance of commercially valuable timber species. These areas a left fallow for a few years until the trees develop the dimensions appropriate for commercial exploitation. Only small surfaces are dominated for commercial species. The ecological conditions influencing the natural regeneration of 4 fast growing commercial species and the factors leading to the development of homogenous stands dominated by these species were evaluated. The influence of seed trees about the establishment of natural regeneration was evaluated in the field in conjunction with the vegetation recordings made on the fallow areas. The phenology of the 4 species studied was evaluated in the field. The changes to the morphology of the species were described and illustrated. Vegetation inventories were carried out on fallows with different histories and subject to different growing conditions. The changes occurring to the vegetation and the possibilities for the establishment of the commercial species of interest were analysed by means of comparison of inventories made at 2 different periods in the year. Germination and direct seeding experiments were carried out under semi-natural conditions. The mere presence of seed tress of the desired commercial species provides no guarantee for the establishment of stands dominated by any of these species. It was observed that the successful establishment on fallow land of the species studied was closely linked to the timing of agricultural activities. KEYWORDS: Secondary forest, fallow, natural regeneration, fast growth, establishment, phenology, morphology, germination, direct seeding, seed tree. Contents i CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM 1 STATEMENT 1.1 OPPORTUNITIES TO AVAIL OF SUCCESSIONAL VEGETATION IN THE PUCALLPA REGION 1 1.2 SECONDARY SUCCESSION IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES 2 1.2.1 Terminology of secondary succession in tropical rainforests 2 1.2.2 Secondary forests and succession in the tropics 5 1.2.3 Secondary forest regeneration in the American tropics 5 1.3 LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON 7 1.3.1 Peru’s geographical diversity and land uses 7 1.3.2 The Peruvian Amazon 9 1.3.3 Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon 9 1.3.4 Land use dynamics in the Pucallpa region 9 1.4 CULTURAL AND FOREST CONDITIONS IN THE STUDY AREA 10 1.4.1 Political and social aspects 10 1.4.2 The settlement of farmers in the Pucallpa region 11 1.4.3 Agricultural production systems employed in the Pucallpa region 12 1.4.4 Timber industry in Peru and in the Pucallpa region 13 1.5 PERSPECTIVES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY FORESTS IN THE REGION 14 1.5.1 Knowledge of natural resource management in the study area 15 1.5.2 Timber from young secondary forests 15 1.6 HYPOTHESES AND OBJECTIVES 16 1.6.1 Hypotheses 16 1.6.2 Objectives 16 1.6.2.1 General objectives 16 1.6.2.2 Specific objectives 17 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 18 2.1 LOCATION AND COLONISATION OF THE STUDY AREA 18 2.1.1 Location of the study area. 18 2.1.2 Colonisation of the study area 18 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 19 2.2.1 General climate conditions 19 2.2.2 Physiography, geology and soils of the region and the study area 20 ii Contents 2.2.2.1 Physiography 20 2.2.2.2 Geology 21 2.2.2.3 Soils 22 2.3 FORESTS IN THE PUCALLPA REGION 22 2.3.1 Primary forests in the study area 22 2.3.2 Secondary forests in the Pucallpa region 23 2.3.2.1 Heterogeneous secondary forest stands 23 2.3.2.2 Homoneous secondary forest stands 27 2.3.3 Use of secondary forests in the Pucallpa region 28 2.4 MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY FOREST IN TROPICAL REGIONS 29 2.4.1 Secondary forest management strategies 29 2.4.2 Possibilities for managing secondary forests in the Pucallpa region 30 2.4.3 Selection criteria for the species investigated 30 3 BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF PIONEER TREE SPECIES FOR THEIR ESTABLISHMENT ON FALLOWS 32 3.1 INTRODUCTION: CLASSIFICATION OF ECOLOGICAL GROUPS OF TREE SPECIES AS A SILVICULTURAL TOOL 32 3.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of tree classification according to ecological groups 32 3.12 Objectives 33 3.2 FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHASES OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF GROWTH OF THE SELECTED TREE SPECIES 33 3.2.1 Objectives of the description of the morphological characteristics 34 3.2.2 Methods of the morphological identification of the various phases of the initial stage of growth 34 3.2.2.1 Definition of seedling and the initial growth stage 34 3.2.2.2 Obtaining seedlings 35 3.2.2.3 Differentiation within the initial stage 35 3.2.2.4 Description of morphological characteristics 36 3.2.2.5 Illustration of seedlings 36 3.2.3 Results: description of the morphology of the various phases of the initial stage of development of the studied species 37 3.2.3.1 Description of the morphology of the initial stage of development in Calycophyllum spruceanum 37 3.2.3.2 Description of the morphology of the initial stage of development in Croton matourensis 38 3.2.3.3 Description of the morphology of the initial stage of development in Guazuma crinita 41 3.2.3.4 Description of the morphology of the initial stage of development in Jacaranda copaia 43 3.2.4 Discussion of seedling morphology 45 Contents iii 3.3 PHENOLOGY OF THE SEED TREES OF THE SPECIES STUDIED 45 3.3.1 Objectives of the phenological evaluation 46 3.3.2 Phenological evaluation methods 46 3.3.3 Results: graphic description of the phenology of the selected tree species 47 3.3.3.1 Phenology of Calycophyllum spruceanum 47 3.3.3.2 Phenology of Croton matourensis 48 3.3.3.3 Phenology of Guazuma crinita 49 3.3.3.4 Phenology of Jacaranda copaia 49 3.3.4 Discussion: seed dispersal and natural regeneration on fallow land 50 3.3.4.1 Dispersal during the rainy season 50 3.3.4.2 Pioneer tree establishment on fallow land 51 3.4 GERMINATION OF COMMERCIAL PIONEER SPECIES ON FOUR SUBSTRATE TYPES 51 3.4.1 Introduction and objectives of the study of substrate type 51 3.4.2 Materials used in the of substrate experiment 52 3.4.2.1 Substrate types in areas colonised by pioneer trees 52 3.4.2.2 Seed characteristics of the studied species 54 3.4.3 Methods: research design, field preparation and sowing 55 3.4.3.1 Design of the experiment 55 3.4.3.4 Preparation of the sites of the experimental plots 56 3.4.3.5 Seed sowing 57 3.4.4 Results of the germination experiment and discussion 57 3.4.4.1 Germination rates of Calycophyllum spruceanum in the substrate experiment 57 3.4.4.2 Germination rates of Guazuma crinita in the substrate experiment 58 3.4.4.3 Germination rates of Jacaranda copaia in the substrate experiment 59 3.4.5 Conclusions on the effect of substrate type on germination 60 3.5 GERMINATION OF BURIED Croton matourensis SEED 61 3.5.1 Objectives of the test of the germination of buried seed 61 3.5.2 Method of testing the germination of buried seed 61 3.5.2.1 Site description of the forest with Croton matourensis seed trees 61 3.5.2.2 Design of the buried seed germination experiment 62 3.5.3 Results of the Croton matourensis germination experiment and discussion 63 3.5.3.1 The seedling abundance associated with the substrates 63 3.5.3.2 Seedling abundance as a function of distance from the seed tree 64 3.5.3.3 Analysis of the interaction between distance and treatment
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