KE N TA RC H A E O LO G I C A LS O C I E T Y

newnewIssue number 60ss ll ee tt tt ee Springrr 2004 WH I T E F R I A R S Inside 2-3 X-ray unit finds Library Notes 4-5 HI G H L I G H T S Piltdown memories etween November 1999 and Grants & new books December 2003, the Whitefriars 6-7 area of was the scene Lectures, Courses, of the largest series of excavations Conferences & Events ever undertaken within the city. 8-9 Working behind the demolition Notice Board contractors, and ahead of 10-11 the construction teams, Canterbury Archaeological Trust was involved in a ‘Ideas & Ideals’ rolling programme of work investigating The Tractarians some 5% of the area contained within the 12-13 city walls. Three major open-area excava- Mystery objects tions were undertaken, at times employing Victorian recycling up to 65 archaeological excavators, together A call to arms with numerous finds and support staff. In 14-15 addition, the project was interspersed by a Letters to the Editor series of smaller site investigations and an Records almost continual watching brief presence. Crundale late Looking back over the four years of site work, it is not difficult to pick out some of bronze age hoard the many highlights. The Roman town 16 houses, with their evidence of under-floor Cleaning the subterranean vaulted latrine. Shiela Broomfield heating systems (see overleaf), floors with mosaic panels, and fine painted walls, tle care for their positioning: one was the body of a young woman lain centrally would rank highly. These were probably the buried face down, another with its limbs within it. This is one of the many instances residences of the towns elite and probably tucked under the body. Of probable fourth where archaeology can only tell part of the dated to the third century AD. Another fea- century date, yet buried within the town story: was this the burial of the occupant? ture would have to be the wall turret, walls, their nature and location appears to We shall never know. abutted against the line of the Roman town show scant disregard for the normal The most dominant medieval structure wall, erected in AD 270-90 as part of the set- Roman burial practices. was the Austin friary, later called Whitefriars tlement’s defences. Still standing some Representing the Anglo-Saxon period and so giving its name to this area of 1.50m high, it was a totally unexpected dis- would be the intact lengths of cobbled Canterbury. Documentary evidence indicates covery. Perhaps the most intriguing Roman roads, possibly the earliest evidence for that the establishment, founded in 1324, discovery, however, was the line of eight the origin of Canterbury’s street plan, as finally covered an area of 1.5 acres, and a articulated bodies buried unceremoniously well as the many sunken-floored struc- large part of this area was uncovered during within a shallow ditch. The bodies had been tures which were located across the devel- the course of the Whitefriars project. placed in the ditch at different times, since opment area. Interestingly, these were Revealed were parts of the church, main some were intercutting, with apparently lit- nearly always located along or adjacent to cloister, possible infirmary cloister and sig- the lengths of former Roman roads, sug- nificant elements of the southern range gesting some form of continuity for these which included the kitchens, refectory, dor- early routes. Another Anglo-Saxon feature mitory and the latrine. The latter (see above) Your AGM information of note, probably of tenth century date, was quite spectacular, being formed from a (and Annual Report) is inside - we hope to see you there! was a cellared structure which, after aban- donment, had been partly backfilled and continued on page 2

Spring 2004 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 1 continued from page 1 the most wonderful sequence of cess whom will have left with a far greater deposits. These will undoubtedly shed light understanding of Canterbury’s archaeology vaulted structure, set down into the ground on the diet and health of the friars. than they had before. to a height of some 5.50m, and containing Alongside the archaeological work With completion of the exc a v a t i o n was an ambitious programme of public work just before Christmas last year, a pro- involvement, principally taking the form of gramme of post-excavation analysis is now a ‘Big Dig’ visitor centre. This public in full swing. With thousands upon thou- involvement initiative enabled people to sands of artefacts to process and analyse, view the excavations in progress from an paper records and plans to examine and X-RAY UNIT aerial walkway, where volunteer stewards photographs to study, this is no mean task, PROBES BIG were on hand to explain what was hap- and it is not projected to finish until sum- pening. Alongside was a visitor centre dis- mer 2007. However, when complete, the DIG FINDS playing some of the finds, together with resulting publications on the Whitefriars X-RAY UNIT information boards explaining previous area of Canterbury will undoubtedly re- and ongoing work. The visitor centre write the history of this important city. PROBES BIG attracted many people during the course of DIG FINDS the project, perhaps the most rewarding Alison Hicks X-RAY UNIT groups being the school parties, many of Whitefriars Project Co-Director PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS CANTERBURY’S X-RAY UNIT X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG PROBES BIG DIG FINDS DIG FINDS anterbury Archaeological Archaeological X-ray Unit, deepen- X-RAY UNIT Trust’s compact Faxitron ing his understanding of the latest X-ray analysis unit is work- X-ray techniques for non-intrusive PROBES BIG ing overtime helping assessment of metal objects. DIG FINDS to assess thousands of Adrian Murphy says: “The metal artefacts from Bradford course was very valuable, X-RAY UNIT the Whitefriars series of especially the part of the pro- PROBES BIG excavations. gramme concerned with digitising The X-ray equipment was pur- and enhancing images. This train- DIG FINDS chased last year following a £6,000 ing came at just the right time as X-RAY UNIT donation from the Friends of the we are now very busy with objects Canterbury Archaeological Tr u s t . from Whitefriars, which range PROBES BIG This was followed last November from iron knives, household and DIG FINDS by a second donation to fund train- architectural fittings, to bronze ing for Trust Conservation mounts, coins (for identification) The 5cm diameter disc and its ‘instant’ X-RAY UNIT X-ray showing the heraldic design. Assistant Adrian Murphy. He spent and rather delicate cosmetic items PROBES BIG two days at Bradford University’s such as tweezers and ear scoops. continue to save money for the DIG FINDS We have two main Trust for years to come.” Adrian Murphy examines some of the recent X-rays of tasks. The first is to The major advantage of X-ray X-RAY UNIT objects found in Whitefriars. examine objects and assessment is that the technique is PROBES BIG identify those which entirely non-destructive. It is also require assessment and ‘instant’, revealing the original DIG FINDS conservation by spe- form of a metal object and any fine X-RAY UNIT cialists. Here, it is detail, such as decoration. One important to set priori- recent example is a disc, with a 5 PROBES BIG ties as funds for conser- cm diameter and 1 cm thick, DIG FINDS vation are limited. found during the Whitefriars exca- Secondly, we are avail- vations. This copper alloy disc able to provide instant bears an heraldic design in relief support for experts (possibly part-enamelled). who may require X-ray * Membership of the Friends of photography of particu- the Canterbury Archaeological lar artefacts. Trust has been increasing over the Thanks to the past six months. More members Friends’ successful are needed, however, to support fund-raising, we no Canterbury’s professional archae- longer need to despatch ologists in important tasks, includ- these objects around ing the processing of the the country for X-ray Whitefriars finds. Contact analysis. We have the Canterbury Archaeological Tr u s t equipment at our (on 01227 462062), or complete Canterbury headquar- the form enclosed with this issue, ters. It is available at all to become a member of the times and is likely to Friends network. Spring 2004 2 DONATIONS TO LI B R A RY NOTES LIBRARY

For the KAS History and Archaeology Show in the Maidstone Museum on 5 June, at which the work of over three dozen Kentish historical and archaeo- Tim Tatton-Brown has logical societies, trusts and groups will be on show, the KAS Library in the donated to the library a copy of Museum will be open to all visitors, and will contain displays of the work of his excellent book on Lambeth KAS committees, including Library, Publications, Fieldwork and Education. Palace. Should readers wish to LIBRARY Members of the committees will be on hand to explain and answer questions. acquire a copy for themselves NOTES Put this date in your diary now; anyone in the slightest interested in the his- at reduced price, they should tory and archaeology of Kent and Kentish locations must not miss this unique apply to Tim; tel.01722 334929. LIBRARY occasion, organised by Denis Anstey for the KAS with the assistance and coop- NOTES eration of Maidstone Museum. Mrs. Mary Butcher has Work by volunteers in the Library proceeds with all deliberate speed. kindly donated a selection of LIBRARY Posting of the index of the Gordon Ward collection of Kentish pamphlets, books on Kent History and NOTES Archaeology from the Library booklets and ephemera has now reached the letter ‘H’ and should be complet- LIBRARY ed in the next few months. The indexing of the Hussey collection of files of of her late husband, John genealogical and family history interest has so far dealt with about a quarter of B u t c h e r, who was a valued NOTES the files. We still need someone to tackle cataloguing and assessing our brass member of KAS for over 30 LIBRARY rubbing collection – volunteers forward please! years, and was a volunteer in the library, working on the NOTES indexing of visual records. The books are now being added to LIBRARY NEW ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY our index, and a list of them NOTES will appear in the next LIBRARY Newsletter. Surrey Archaeological Collections Vol. 90. 2003. NOTES Archaeologia Aeliana (Newcastle) Vol. XXXV. 2003. Soldiers of the Castle; Dover LIBRARY Castle Garrisoned. By G. M. Antiquaries Journal Vol. 83. 2003. NOTES Nomina. Vol. 26. 2003. Atherton. An account of the A School at Bearsted. Kathryn Kersey. 2003 garrisoning of Dover Castle LIBRARY Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. Vol. XL. P.3. 2000 (2003). through the centuries. A NOTES Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Vol.III . 3rd series (2003). beautifully researched and Archaeologia Cambrensis. Vol. CXLIX. 2000 (2003). important contribution to LIBRARY Post Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 37. P.2. 2003. Kentish military history. NOTES Lincolnshire Historical and Archaeological Society. Vol. 2003. 0-953478-3-1. Dover Tr i a n g l e Continuity and Civilisation. Alan Everitt. Bequest of John Butcher. publications. LIBRARY Bygone Kent. Vols. 24 Nos. 11 and 12 2003. Vol.25 Nos. 1 and 2. NOTES Archaeometry. Vol. 45. P.4. 2003. LIBRARY Materialheft zur Archaeologi. (Stuttgart). 2003. NOTES ON Durham Archaeological Journal. Vol.17. 2003. NOTES Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. Vol. 77. 2003. ACQUISITIONS LIBRARY English Place Names Society Journal. No. 35. 2002-2003. Cranbrook Journal. No.14. 2003. NOTES Oxoniensis. Vol. LXVI. 2001 (2003), and LXVII. 2002 (2003). A New History of Wye. The LIBRARY 2000. Brian J.L.Berry. Heritage of a Kent Vi l l a g e . ODAS Archives. Vol. 25 No.4. 2003. Illus., maps, tables. Wy e NOTES New History of Wye. Ed. Paul Burnham and Maureen de Saxe. 2003. Historical Society 2003. LIBRARY Dr. John Wallis. (of Ashford.) Arthur Rudeman. 0-954649907. Wadhurst Then and Now. Michael Harte. 2003. NOTES Britannia. Vol.XXXIV. 2003. Images of Wye 1900-1925. LIBRARY Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. XCIV 2003. Illus. Wye Historical Society NOTES Images of Wye. 1900 to 1925. Arthur Gittings. 1999. 187395321. Prehistoric Society Vol.69. 2003. LIBRARY Societe Jervaise Bulletin. 2001. A School at Bearsted. Illus. NOTES Woolhope Club. (Herefordshire.) Vol. L. 2000. (2003). Tables. Kathryn Kersey 2003. 0- Lower Medway Archaeological Research Group Transactions. 2000. 954831-0-8. A record of the life LIBRARY Schooldays at Wrotham. (Wrotham Historical Society.) of a village school, with many NOTES Numismatic Chronicle. Vol. 163. 2003. photographs and a detailed Greater London Quarterly Review of Archaeology July-October 2003. index, giving insights into the LIBRARY Surrey Archaeological Collections Vol. 90. story of Bearsted in the wider NOTES London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Vol. 53 2002 (2003). context. Sussex Archaeological Collections Vol. 140 (2002). Montgomeryshire Collections Vol. 91. Hastingleigh 1000-2000 AD. Discovery and Excavation of Anglo-Saxon Dover. Brian Philp. Brian Berry. Illus., Maps, Fornvannen 2003/4 parts 1-4. (Swedish Antiquaries.) Diagrs. Baltimore Gateway Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society Vol.XVI p.5 2003. Press. An English, now Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Vol. 131. American, academic has com- Norfolk Archaeology Vol. XLIV p II 2003. piled an impressive account of Hampshire Studies Vol. 58 2003. the Village of which he now Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. Vol. 152. holds the title of Lord of the Hastingleigh 1000-2000 AD. Brian Berry. Manor. Spring 2004 3 they could not retreat. This is sur- prising as it is unlikely that Kenneth PI LT D O W NR E C O L L E C T E D Oakley would have made such a revelation to an informal gathering. kull fragments and a jawbone Harrison’s concerns may have been More recently11 Chris Stringer of found at the end of the first written down and might still exist the BM (Nat Hist) considers that decade of the twentieth cen- among his notes and papers, which everything points to Charles tury were for long believed to were, in the 1950s, housed in Dawson as the author of the forg- be the oldest human remains Maidstone Museum. eries, because of his continued PILTDOWN in Europe. They were found F. K. Z e u n e r 4 considered the involvement which extended to by Charles Dawson, FSA, Ouse gravels as much later than had other discoveries in the locality. RECOLLECTED FGS, an Uckfield solicitor, also an been previously claimed and won- Notwithstanding the question must PILTDOWN active antiquary, and endorsed by dered whether or not the anomalies be asked as to whether or not RECOLLECTED his friend Arthur Smith-Woodward, of Piltdown would ever be solved. A Dawson’s antiquarianism was capa- a palaeontologist and Keeper of prescient footnote however, records ble of concocting this ingenious PILTDOWN Geology at the British Museum the application of fluorine assay to fraud, which was so closely attuned RECOLLECTED (Natural History) from 1901 to the Galley Hill ske l e t o n5 w h i c h to the notions of the earliest prehis- 1924. Indeed, the association of emerged as recent6. The advent of tory then current? Indeed, it is not PILTDOWN humanoid cranial fragments with the Swanscombe skull7 led indirect- impossible that Dawson and Smith- RECOLLECTED the jawbone, which had simian ly to the displacement of Piltdown. Woodward may have been carefully characteristics, convinced them, It was after a palaeontological con- selected dupes, and the sophisticat- PILTDOWN and others, that the long predicted gress during July 1953, that ed masterpiece of scientific decep- RECOLLECTED ‘missing link’ between apes and man J.S.Weiner realised that the organic tion, which stood for four decades, PILTDOWN had been discovered. Half a centu- content of the Piltdown mandible the adroit handiwork of persons ry ago, in 1953, the pieces were had never been examined and unknown, perhaps even for arcane RECOLLECTED shown to be the elements of an showed that the filing down of the political reasons? At that time, as PILTDOWN elaborate hoax. The thick cranial teeth of a chimpanzee, breaking, Europe drifted into near- m o r t a l fragments, human but medieval, and appropriate staining, portrayed conflict, the earliest European was RECOLLECTED had been stained to match the it almost exactly8. It was also the Mauer jaw from near PILTDOWN patchy ocherous Piltdown gravel, a realised by Kenneth Oakley, when Heidelberg. What better than modest, recent deposit. The jaw he drilled the Piltdown jaw for a remains of even greater antiquity RECOLLECTED was that of an orangutang which dentine sample, that it was, below a from Sussex, the earliest PILTDOWN had been broken, the teeth flat- thin surface staining, pure white Englishman12. tened by filing and all finally paint- and unaltered. Thereafter it was RECOLLECTED ed. Digging into the gravels pro- ascertained that simian teeth had Paul Ashbee PILTDOWN duced faunal remains, a substantial been flattened by filing to resemble RECOLLECTED bone implement resembling a crick- human wear. The cranial fragments 1. Weiner 1955, 71-2 et bat besides flint artefacts, also had also been stained to match the 2. Harrison 1928 PILTDOWN painted. Further and similar human gravel, and later, radiocarbon 3. Harrison 1927, 303 RECOLLECTED remains were subsequently, and d a t i n g9 showed that they were 4. Zeuner 1950, 300 allegedly, found at Sheffield Park medieval. The faunal remains, 5. Jessup 1930, 28 PILTDOWN and Barcombe Mills, but their con- which included a radioactive piece 6. Oakley 1964, 340 RECOLLECTED texts and sites were never revealed. from Tunisia, had also been stained, 7. Oakley 1964, SV The first decade of the twenti- as had the flint implements. The 8. Weiner, Oakley & Le Gros Clark PILTDOWN eth century was the zenith of the c r i c ket bat- l i ke bone ‘implement’ 1953, 141 RECOLLECTED ‘Ightham Circle’1 the enthusiasts had been shaped with a steel knife. 9. Walsh 1996, 79 who surrounded Benjamin At apposite junctures all these 10.Sunday Times Magazine PILTDOWN Harrison2. Because of the eoliths things were planted in the gravel for 26 Oct 03 RECOLLECTED they maintained that Pliocene man Charles Dawson, Arthur Smith- 11. British Archaeology 74, Jan 04 PILTDOWN had existed and that eventually his Woodward and Teilhard de Chardin, 12. Woodward 1948 remains would be found. For them then a seminarist, to find. The skill RECOLLECTED Piltdown was a vision of a of the hoax should not be underes- Piltdown, further reading; PILTDOWN humanoid living upon the high timated, and its details could have chalk of Kent and Sussex, at the been conceived by only a few active Harrison, Sir Edward 1928 Harrison of RECOLLECTED beginning, or even before, the at that time. Ightham Oxford PRECOLLECT- Palaeolithic period. From 1911 Kenneth Oakley was quite well Zeuner, F K 1980 Dating the Past onwards, Charles Dawson instigat- known to the present writer, via the London ED ed a correspondence with Benjamin Prehistoric Society, as he always Oakley, K P 1964 Frameworks for Dating attended papers and conferences. Fossil Man London PILTDOWN Harrison of Ightham regarding the Jessup, R F 1930 The Archaeology of Kent RECOLLECTED geological position of Piltdown, He never spoke of Piltdown, but, London while sending him samples of flint more than once, the anomalies of Weiner, J S, Oakley, K P & Le Gros and gravel. During May 1913, while Aylesford and the remains of a Clark, W E 1953 The Solution of the motoring in Kent, Charles Dawson human cranium from Wagon’s Pit, Piltdown Problem, Bulletin of the British called upon Harrison with a small were discussed, as was the generali- Museum (Nat Hist), Geology, 2, No.3 Piltdown flint implement. Harrison ty of sites. It has been claimed that London already had doubts regarding the at a dinner party he named C. P. Walsh, J E 1996 Unravelling Piltdown Piltdown ‘tools’, illustrated in the Chatwin and Martin Hinton, assis- New York tants at the BM (Nat Hist) during Weiner, J S 1955 The Piltdown Forgery Geological Society’s journal, and Oxford thought most of them meaningless. the first decade of the twentieth Millar, R 1974 The Piltdown Men St Dawson’s small flint was consid- century, as befooling Arthur Smith- Albans ered as natural and the best group Woodward because of his dictatorial Woodward, A S 1947 The Earliest of eoliths were shown to him3. regime10. Matters went too far and Englishman London

Spring 2004 4 CA N T E R B U RY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY RE S E A R C HA N DP U B L I C AT I O NG R A N T S he Society has limited lead to early publication. eree whom the sub-committee funds available with Please apply in writing to making the grants could con- NEW BOOKS & which to support individ- the Honorary Secretary by sult. If successful you would be uals researching the Wednesday 30 June 2004. Your expected to account for the PUBLICATION archaeology and local letter should mention your money spent and give a copy of GRANTS history of the Canterbury qualifications, the nature and any article or pamphlet etc to NEW BOOKS & District. It is envisaged that length of your research, the the Society’s Library. grants would not normally amount you are asking for, and For further details please PUBLICATION e xceed £500 and would be any other funding anticipated contact the Hon. Secretary, Mrs GRANTS awarded annually. Preference and proposals for publication. Jean Crane, Dane Court, will be given to work which will You may be asked to name a ref- CT3 3LA. NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & and people’ before and after around the mid 19th century, PUBLICATION the Reformation, ‘The great with much detail about working Chelsfield inheritance case’, in each occupation and with spe- GRANTS NE WB O O K S the Manors of Chelsfield, cial attention paid to women in NEW BOOKS & Goddington and Norstead, commerce, richly illustrated with Chelsfield Chronicles, ‘Lilleys Farm – a well-document- advertisements from female- PUBLICATION Annals of a Kentish parish, ed history with a tragic end’ and owned enterprises. The third GRANTS 1450 – 1920 by Geoffrey Copus. ‘Mormon emigrants’. section, which includes many 1-872886-01-9 £10.00. Currently available in original press cuttings, relates to NEW BOOKS & Chelsfield from St women’s dealings with the law, PUBLICATION Martin’s church or the as both plaintiffs and offenders, ‘ Kent Hounds’, Well including poisoners and bur- GRANTS Hill, or at Bromley glars. A short chapter about the NEW BOOKS & Local Studies Library. emancipation movement and the PUBLICATION Available shortly from Sussex women involved ends the local bookshops also. book. GRANTS Alternatively, it may be In bookshops or by mail order NEW BOOKS & bought direct from the ( p o s t-free) from The Hastings author at 17 Oakdale Press, PO Box 96, Hastings TN34 PUBLICATION Road, Tunbridge We l l s , 1GQ tel: 0845 4585947 email: GRANTS TN4 8DS for £11.50 [email protected]. (includes UK p&p). NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION

Women of GRANTS Victorian NEW BOOKS & Sussex by PUBLICATION Helena Wojtczak. GRANTS 1904-109-055 NEW BOOKS & £9.99 The lives of PUBLICATION the women in GRANTS our neighbour- ing county serve NEW BOOKS & Based on original research as a microcosm of PUBLICATION over the past 55 years, this book English life in the early GRANTS contains much hitherto unpub- to mid Victorian period. lished material and, although The first part details scholarly and well-documented, women’s poor social, is written with a light touch that employmental and legal makes it interesting to the gen- status between 1800 eral reader. 180 pages with and 1870, giving real many line illustrations, plus 12 examples of how the pages of plates and a fold-out law worked against map of the ancient parish women. The second in 1914. Amongst other topics, part lists, in subhead- the 16 chapters include ‘Scandal ings, many different in the parish’, ‘Church, priest occupations followed

Spring 2004 5 Le c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events

Liz Finn ~ An Outline History of Maidstone KAS EVENTS Further details of time and cost will appear in the July Newsletter. Enquiries to the Hon.Excursions Secretary at [email protected] or LECTURES, The KAS History & Archaeology Show 01959 522713. CONFERENCES, Saturday 5 June 10am-5pm at Maidstone COURSES AND Museum Come and meet the KAS Committees, Affiliated EVENTS Societies and other guest groups with an interest LECTURES, in the past – over 40 exhibitors will be inviting visitors to find out about their work. Bring along OTHER EVENTS FROM AROUND CONFERENCES, that strange object dug up from the garden for THE COUNTY COURSES AND identification by Kent’s Finds Liaison Officer. EVENTS LECTURES, KAS Churches Committee Outing CONFERENCES, Monday 21 June COURSES COURSESAND You are invited to visit the churches of Bearsted EVENTS and Thurnham. We meet at Bearsted at 6.45 for 7pm. Tour £2 (£1 for students), £1 for tea. Archaeology with the University of Kent LECTURES, Please return the enclosed booking form by Archaeology can be studied at various levels with CONFERENCES, Monday 14 June. the University of Kent on its well-established part- Replies to Philip Lawrence, Barnfield, Church time programmes. The prospectus is now avail- COURSESAND Lane, East Peckham, Tonbridge TN12 5JJ tel: able. Applications are welcome from anyone who EVENTS 01622 871945. wishes to study for a university qualification in the subject. LECTURES, The part-time evening programmes leading to the CONFERENCES, Certificate, Diploma or BA in Archaeological COURSES AND KAS Place-Names Group Day Conference Studies (at Canterbury or Tonbridge) are recruit- Saturday 17 July 10am-3.30pm at the Free ing for entry in September 2004. EVENTS Church, Station Road, Staplehurst Programmes in Classical & Archaeological Studies LECTURES, S p e a kers for the day are Dr David Pa r s o n s , are also run in the daytime on the University’s Director of the Institute for Name-Studies, Canterbury campus. They can be followed on CONFERENCES, Nottingham University, and Dr Paul Cullen, either a full or part-time basis. COURSES AND Institute for Name-Studies and Academic Advisor Demonstrable aptitude and commitment are more to the KAS Place-Names Committee. important than formal qualifications for entry to EVENTS Sessions are: the Certificate in Archaeological Studies. LECTURES, Introduction to English Place-Names by Dr For further information, contact the Information Parsons and Guidance Unit, the Registry, University of CONFERENCES, Introduction to Kent Place-Names by Dr Cullen Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ Tel 0800 9753777 or COURSES AND Digital Place-Names and Distance Learning by Dr e-mail [email protected] EVENTS Parsons Digital Place-Names – The Old English Bounds of LECTURES, , Kent by Dr Cullen CONFERENCES, A full programme, costs and catering arrange- ments can be found on the booking form which The Kent Archaeological Field School ~ COURSESAND appears as an insert within this issue. Following Roman Holidays EVENTS the sell-out of the Place-Names day in February Guided Field Trips during 2004 include visits to ’03, this event looks set to be a repeat success, so Imperial Rome in May, Roman Provence in June, LECTURES, please book early to avoid disappointment. Pompeii and the Bay of Naples in May & CONFERENCES, Brattle Farm Museum will be open to visit after September, Roman and Medieval Spain in October the Conference, displaying a collection of agricul- and Roman Germany, the edge of Empire, in COURSESAND tural bygones showing the country life, skills and December. EVENTS tools from rural trades and crafts of the last two For more details of the above and also information centuries. on short courses or excavation with the Field School tel: 01795 532548 email: [email protected].

New Perspectives on Four Kent Towns Saturday 16 October at Barn The Whitefriars Dig Uncovered on 24 April This event replaces the traditional KAS 3 short with Mark Houliston (Co-director of Whitefriars excursions. Four expert speakers will contribute: Excavations). A Regional Dayschool from the University of Kent, Keith Parfitt ~ Early Dover at the University campus, Canterbury. Cost Sarah Pearson ~ Faversham and Sandwich £25.00, concessions £12.50. Further details on Ken McGoverin ~ The History and Industrial freephone 0800 975 3777 or email: informa- Archaeology of Northfleet [email protected] Spring 2004 6 North Downs Young Archaeologists’ and the LECTURES Museum of Kent Life invite you to a family fun day! All children go f r e e. A large contingent of the Saxo n Horton Kirby & South Darenth Local History r e - e n a c t m e n t Society group, Re g i a 10 May Anglorum, will St Mary’s Church by Malcolm Green d e m o n s t r a t e 12 July combat and Inland Waterways of Kent 1740-1850 by John ancient craft LECTURES, Elderton skills, with the CONFERENCES, 13 September opportunity to The Life of Edward Hasted by Shirley Black have a go at COURSESAND 8 November many of these. EVENTS A Roman re-enactor by Leslie Allman Timed talks on LECTURES, All on Mondays at 8pm in the Village Hall, South S a xon life Darenth from archaeological evidence throughout the day. CONFERENCES, Lots of ‘make & do’ activity stalls and games for COURSESAND children, artefacts of the period for handling and food for tasting, finds identification and EVENTS exhibition of local history & archaeology groups. LECTURES, Farningham & Eynsford Local History Society 17 September (Eynsford Hall) CONFERENCES, The Anglo-Saxon Jutes in Kent by Andrew COURSES AND EVENTS ELSEWHERE Richardson EVENTS 12 November (Farningham Hall) A Journey along the River Cray by Denise Baldwin LECTURES, Both at 8pm. The Sutton Hoo Society Conference 2004 on CONFERENCES, Saturday 16 October, 9am-5.30pm Anglo-Saxon Landscapes: Real and Imaginary COURSES AND EVENTS The Royal Hospital School, Holbrook near Ipswich EVENTS Chaired by Professor Martin Carver (Uni of York) & Angela Care Evans (Brit Mus) LECTURES, Speakers: CONFERENCES, Church Coach Tours Dr Andrew Rogerson (Norfolk Museums Service) Led by John Vi g a r, Trustee of the Friends of Prof. Peter Fowler (Prof Emeritus Newcastle Uni) COURSES AND Friendless Churches and Field Officer to the Dr Helena Hamerow (Uni of Oxford) EVENTS Churches Conservation Trust. Prof David Dumville (Girton Coll, Cambridge) LECTURES, Wednesday 26 May John Newman (Archaeological Services Suffolk P r e s t o n - n e x t-Wingham, West Stourmouth, County Council) CONFERENCES, & . Dr Tom Williamson (Uni of East Anglia) COURSESAND Pick-ups in Tonbridge & Canterbury Price (lunch included), Soc members £17.50, Wednesday 30 June non-members £20.00, EVENTS East Peckham, Capel, Tu d e l e y, Leigh & students £10.00 LECTURES, Chiddingstone Pick-ups in Rochester & Maidstone Contact The Treasurer, Sutton Hoo Society, 2 CONFERENCES, Tuesday 27 July Meadowside, Wickham Market, Woodbridge, COURSESAND C a p e l - l e - Ferne, West Hougham, Temple Ewell, Suffolk IP13 0UD Alkham EVENTS Pick-ups in Rochester, Maidstone & Ashford LECTURES, Each tour costs £18.50. For bookings & enquiries CONFERENCES, tel: 01622 718118 or 07958 409336, or Ancient Crafts & Technology www.johnevigar.com 12 – 16 July at the Iron Age Activity Centre, COURSESAND Michelham Priory, Upper Dicker, Hailsham from EVENTS 10am to 5pm each day. A unique opportunity to explore ancient crafts & LECTURES, technologies from a practical and hands-on point CONFERENCES, Finds Identification of view; pottery, textiles, metal & woodworking, Saturday 17 July a t M i n s t e r- i n - S h e p p e y building technologies, boat building and flint COURSES AND Museum, 10am-4pm with Andrew Richardson, knapping. EVENTS Finds Liaison Officer for Kent. Fee £148.00, concession £64.00, Sussex Archaeological Society members £143.00 (does not include accommodation or materials). Information from Centre for Continuing Education, Sussex Institute, Essex House, National Archaeology Days 2004. University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QQ, This annual event will be held over the weekend of tel: 01273 877888 17-18 July. A full listing of events in the area can email: [email protected] be found on the Council for British Archaeology website at www.britarch.ac.uk. Life & Death In Saxon Kent Sunday 18 July, 11am-4.30pm. National Annual Open Day of City Churches 8-9 June Archaeology Days event in the Museum of Kent Further information from friendsoflondonchurch- Life, Cobtree, Maidstone. [email protected]. Spring 2004 7 KAS 2004 MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY SUMMER EXCURSION 14-18 JUNE If you haven’t already sent me your renewal please do as soon as possible to ensure that you NOTICE will receive your copy of Archaeologia Cantiana at no extra cost. BOARD If you are going to conferences, meetings etc. please help to publicise KAS by putting out a NOTICE There are only a pile of application forms in a prominent position. I have plenty here so do get in touch for BOARD few places still avail- your supplies. able for this explo- NOTICE ration of the historic I am pleased to welcome the following new members: BOARD landscape of Dorset. Coach pick-up points AFFILIATED SOCIETIES NOTICE are throughout Kent. Bearstead & District Local History Society, Legood, Mrs A, 52 Madginford Road, Bearsted, BOARD Cost is £249 inclusive, Maidstone, Kent, ME15 8LB Herne & Broomfield Local History Group, Bundock, Mr M, Gilmour Gates, 91 Selsea NOTICE with no single room supplement, staying at Avenue, , Kent, CT6 8SE BOARD the 3 star Cliffside NOTICE Hotel in Bournemouth. JOINT MEMBERS Enquiries to Hon. Smith Briggs, Mr 1, & Miss, 1 Cubitt House, Black-Bull Road, Folkestone, Kent, CT19 5SH BOARD Excursions Secretary, NOTICE Joy Saynor, Friars, 28 JUNIOR MEMBERS High Street, Shoreham, Underdown, Mr L, Little Tortworth, Busbridge Road, Loose, Maidstone, Kent, ME15 0ES BOARD Seveonoaks TN14 7TD, NOTICE tel: 01959 522713 ORDINARY MEMBERS BOARD email: saynor.shore- Davis, Major M C J, 1 Rookwood Way, Great Missenden, Bucks, HP16 0DF [email protected] Dive, Mrs M J, 12 Howlsmere Close, Halling, Rochester, Kent, ME2 1ER NOTICE Gilbert, Mr S, 22 Tom Joyce Close, Snodland, Kent, ME6 5BT BOARD Hogben, Mr E, White Horses, 5 Bridleway, Seabrook, Hythe, Kent, CT21 5TR Johnson, Miss C V, 33 Greenway, Bromley, Kent, BR2 8EZ NOTICE Johnston, Ms H, 4650 N Washington Blvd, Appt 1004, Arlington, VA, 22201, USA BOARD Limbrey, Mrs C, 1 Goldstone Court Cotts, Upper Goldstone, Ash, Canterbury, Kent, CT3 2DP Madden, Miss C L, 43 Houselands Road, Tonbridge, Kent, TN9 1JJ NOTICE McNally, Mrs S, 61 Island Road, , Canterbury, Kent, CT2 0EF BOARD Reid, Dr P M, 8 Provender Walk, Faversham, Kent, ME13 7NF NOTICE Slater, Mrs K, Bullockstone Farm, Bullockstone Road, Herne Bay, Kent, CT6 7NL Vidler, Mr R E, 1 Ware Street, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 4PH BOARD Winterbotham, Mr J, 48 Oakley Road, London, N1 3LS NOTICE Woolley, Mr G W, Four Throws House, Rye Road, Hawkhurst, Cranbrook, Kent, TN18 5DW One of Shiela’s cats, BOARD Fred, enjoying The address for all correspondence relating to membership is – Mrs Shiela Broomfield, NOTICE Arch.Cant. (see KAS Membership, 8 Woodview Crescent, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD. Back Page People) Telephone 01732 838698. BOARD E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. NOTICE BOARD NOTICE ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION BOARD NOTICE BOARD The KAS, in conjunction with the Trust for Thanet Archaeology, will be holding an eighth season of exca- NOTICE vation at Abbey Farm, near Ramsgate. Settlement here spans from prehistoric times through to the Anglo Saxon period. As most members know, the site is dominated by a large Roman Villa complex. Work will com- BOARD mence on Sunday August 15 2004 and continue for two weeks. NOTICE The excavation is open to people aged 16 years and above. Participants can attend for the two week period or for one of either weeks. BOARD Registration fee for members of the KAS or the Thanet Archaeological Society is £35 for one week (non NOTICE members £50) or £50 for two weeks (non members £70). For enrolment or further details please contact: BOARD Chris Pout, Sunnydene, Boyden Gate Corner, Marshside, Nr. Canterbury CT3 4EE. Tel: 01227 860207

Spring 2004 You and Your Society 8 KAS COMMITTEE ROUND-UP

David Bacchus, Telford Lodge, will be mounted for the NOTICE FIELDWORK Roebuck Road, Rochester ME1 History & Archaeology Show at COMMITTEE 1UD 01634 843495 Maidstone Museum on 5 June BOARD 2004. NOTICE A sub-committee under the Excavation BOARD FIELDWORK chairmanship of Dr Panton has Ringlemere: The Bronze Age been set up to explore the possi- NOTICE gold cup site (see Newsletters COMMITTEE bilities, implications and costs of no.53 & 57). In 2004, there is to electronic publication. It will BOARD be another season of excavation report back to a future meeting NOTICE at this prehistoric site. The The Committee heard about of the Publications Committee. BOARD e xcavation will be led by the opening of the Archaeology John Whyman (Chair) Keith Parfitt of Canterbury Museum at Valley Pa r k NOTICE Archaeological Trust. Community School, Maid- BOARD The survival of the base of stone, where a laptop provided CHURCHES the barrow mound here has by the Society is now installed COMMITTEE NOTICE served to trap important evi- and how the Society’s support BOARD dence of earlier activity below it. of Canterbury Archaeological Very extensive collections of pre- Trust’s education work has Entries are coming in for our NOTICE historic struck flints and pottery enabled almost 13,000 visitors Essay Competition attracting a BOARD indicate previous occupation on to see the final phase of the prize of £100. Contributions of NOTICE the site during both the Whitefriars excavations last 500-1000 words on some unusu- Mesolithic (c.8000-4000BC) and autumn. The Committee al, interesting or bizarre feature BOARD later Neolithic periods. As this agreed to make a contribution of any church in Kent should go NOTICE site is on arable land, it is most to the History and Archaeology to: important that it be investigated Show in the KAS library in Mrs S Petrie BOARD sooner rather than later. June. Sunningly Farm House NOTICE Much of the excavation work Marion Green (Sec) Bells Yew Green BOARD is to be done by volunteers. For Tunbridge Wells members who would like to par- TN3 9AG NOTICE ticipate on this dig, or who would like to know more about PUBLICATIONS BOARD COMMITTEE Plans are being made for an the site, please contact David all day study ‘Interpreting a NOTICE Bacchus (see address below). Church’, with speakers consider- BOARD The Committee last met on ing aspects of architecture, arte- Recording NOTICE Saturday 28 February and will facts and usage. Kent Underground Research next meet on Saturday 12 Consideration is also being BOARD Group have recently surveyed a June. The forthcoming volume given to a means of focusing NOTICE chalk mine at Abbey Wood. of Archaeologia Cantiana is com- attention on Kent’s rich heritage plete and several other possible of monastic sites. BOARD A site at Sheldwich: Andrew publications are making good NOTICE Richardson (FLO) reported that progress. The Hon.Editor and BOARD recovered building debris in this Professor Killingray have deliv- CONTACT locality indicates the existence ered the text of the Historical ADDRESSES NOTICE of a Roman building. It is hoped Atlas of Kent to the publisher BOARD that a geophysical survey can be and publication is expected in undertaken here. the Autumn. Hon. Gen. Secretary NOTICE The Committee is open to Andrew Moffat Equipment BOARD suggestions in writing concern- Three Elms, Two augers have been pur- ing a publication to mark the Woodlands Lane, NOTICE chased. Members of the Society 150th anniversary of the Shorne BOARD can apply to use one of them for Society in 2007. Gravesend DA12 3HH NOTICE their fieldwork projects. From the Kent History Email: [email protected] Fund a grant of £250 has been BOARD Contacts: awarded to the Horton Kirby Hon.Treasurer NOTICE Chris Pout, and South Darenth Local Robin Thomas Sunnydene, Boyden Gate, History Society towards the 1 Abchurch Yard, BOARD Corner, Marshside Nr publication costs of a book on Abchurch Lane Canterbury CT3 4EE 01227 local schools. London EC4N 7BA 860207 A display of publications Email: [email protected]

You and Your Society Spring 2004 9 ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the tenth of a series of articles describing formative movements and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to where we are.

THE TRACTARIANS TH ET R A C TA R I A N S THE hat has been referred Tractarians was to remind the strate their continuity with TRACTARIANS to as the Oxford United Church of and high churchmen of the seven- THE Movement or Tr a c t- Ireland that it was not just a teenth and eighteenth cen- TRACTARIANS arianism – the main creature of the state but that it turies, and republished their nucleus of support had rights and privileges that works in The Library of Anglo- THE was within the governments needed to Catholic Theology, they quickly TRACTARIANS University of Oxford and its respect. Tractarians were departed from traditional high ideas were published between therefore keen to promote church orthodoxy in a number THE 1833 and 1841 in the ninety ideas that emphasised the of key areas. Whereas older TRACTARIANS volumes of The Tracts for the links between the contempo- generations of Anglican high Times – was, together with rary church and its predeces- churchmen had always regard- THE Evangelicalism, one of the sors, and that made clear the ed themselves as Protestants TRACTARIANS main catalysts for theological divine institution of its min- and had maintained good rela- THE change within the Church of istry. They moved on from this tions with other Protestant England, and other Anglican to argue that the independence churches, Tractarians empha- TRACTARIANS churches, during the nine- of the church had been, to an sised the importance of episco- THE teenth century. Tractarianism extent, compromised by the pal succession and were not began as a response to the con- nature of the Protestant willing to collaborate with TRACTARIANS cerns of some of the younger Reformation and that it was non-episcopal Protestants. THE Anglican high churchmen in the duty of the church to seek They therefore objected to the TRACTARIANS the 1820s that political and to recover some of the attribut- proposal to create a joint religious reform was threaten- es of the pre-Re f o r m a t i o n Anglican-Lutheran bishopric THE ing the stability of the church- church. In doing so they were in Jerusalem in 1841. Anglican TRACTARIANS state relationship as it had joining other pressure groups high churchmen had always been conceived in the seven- that saw in the Middle Ages a emphasised the doctrine of the THE teenth century and had largely society that was very different real presence in the eucharist TRACTARIANS operated since that date. The from, and somewhat prefer- but preferred not to define it British Isles had never had able to, their own. too closely. Tractarians promot- THE complete religious uniformity The leaders of the Oxford ed a doctrine of the real pres- TRACTARIANS since the Reformation and a Movement were very diverse ence which was much closer to THE degree of toleration of religious in their backgrounds. Tr a c t- that held by Roman Catholics. minorities had always existed. arianism attracted some tradi- They also laid much more TRACTARIANS During the eighteenth century tional high churchmen such as emphasis on the value of pri- THE religious minorities obtained John Keble, author of a popu- vate confession to a priest. even greater freedom of wor- lar collection of religious There had always been provi- TRACTARIANS ship but they did not have full poems, The Christian Year, and sion for this in The Book of THE political rights. Public office Professor of Poetry at Oxford. Common Prayer but it was seen could only be held by those It also attracted a number of as an exceptional practice, TRACTARIANS that were prepared to commu- distinguished Oxford scholars before death or when someone THE nicate in the established such as the Regius Professor of was in spiritual turmoil. TRACTARIANS churches. Successive govern- H e b r e w, Edward Bouverie Tractarians saw private confes- ments had maintained close Pusey. Pusey was one of the sion as a regular part of a disci- THE relationships with these estab- first people in England to be plined spiritual life, which TRACTARIANS lished churches and used them interested in the liberal ideas might also involve fasting and to promote public morality, of the German biblical critics other physical mortifications THE education and social welfare. but he abandoned these to pro- of the body. TRACTARIANS The decision to repeal mote Tractarian views. Several By the end of the 1830s the Corporation and Test Acts former Evangelicals, dissatis- many Tractarians were form- THE in 1828, thus admitting fied with what they felt were ing alliances with groups TRACTARIANS Protestant dissenters to politi- the limitations of Evangelical known as ecclesiologists. They THE cal office, and the granting of t h e o l o g y, also became Tr a c t- were people who wanted to Catholic Emancipation in arians. Chief among them, and build new churches, and TRACTARIANS 1829, were seen to be under- the acknowledged leader of the restore existing ones, in a mining the traditional rela- Tractarian party before he manner which replicated the tionship between church and became a Roman Catholic in Gothic art and architecture of state and the role that the 1845, was John Henry the Middle Ages. This alliance established churches had per- Newman, vicar of the between Tractarian theology formed in sharing to some University Church in Oxford. and ecclesiology had produced extent in the government of Although the early Tract- by the 1840s the phenomenon the nation. The aim of the arians were keen to demon- known as ritualism. This began Spring 2004 10 very modestly with the placing vestments. Churches in the still exists today and looks of a cross and candlesticks on Rochester diocese, covering the unlikely to be resolved. In the the altar, vesting choirs in sur- western half of Kent, had been last twenty years divisions plices and placing them in less willing to adopt these cer- between church parties which stalls in the chancel, preaching emonial innovations but the had their roots in the in a surplice rather than a statistics for the diocese still nineteenth century have black gown, and celebrating exceeded the diocesan average resulted in major disputes Holy Communion in front of for England and Wales as a within the world-wide Angli- rather than at the north side of whole. can Communion over the THE the altar. In due course, during There is no doubt that, ordination of women to the TRACTARIANS the 1850s and 1860s, some substantially as a result of priesthood and attitudes to churches began to introduce Tractarianism, Anglicanism homosexuality. THE even more ceremonial into the was very different at the end of TRACTARIANS services, including the use of the nineteenth century from 3 On the positive side, THE lighted candles, vestments and what it had been at the begin- Tractarianism brought a rich- incense. Many Anglicans, not ning. The principal changes ness to Anglican worship TRACTARIANS just Evangelicals and liberals and developments can be sum- very different from the long THE but some high churchmen as marised as follows: and tedious services which well, opposed these innova- had characterised the pre- TRACTARIANS tions. In 1874 the Pu b l i c 1 The Anglican churches Tractarian church. However, THE Worship Regulation Act was saw themselves no longer as ceremonial changes were, in passed to prevent the growth just one of the branches other respects, as divisive as TRACTARIANS of ritualism but it proved inef- of Protestantism but as theological developments and THE fective. The number of ritualist churches with a distinct theol- they have made Anglicanism TRACTARIANS churches increased consider- ogy that provided the bridge very much more congrega- ably during the last quarter of between Catholicism and tional than it used to be. THE the nineteenth century and P r o t e s t-antism. This had a Nevertheless these changes in TRACTARIANS practices, such as the introduc- clear impact on ecumenical worship allowed Anglicanism tion of surpliced choirs, once relations. It reinforced the to develop a liturgical authori- THE regarded as extreme, became Anglican contempt for ty which has made a positive TRACTARIANS normal in Anglican churches. Protestant dissent, which had contribution to the modern Kent was one of those parts been growing through the liturgical movement and THE of England that was deeply eighteenth century, and led to encouraged churches of very TRACTARIANS influenced by Tr a c t a r i a n i s m an unseemly rivalry which different traditions to borrow THE from the earliest days of the lasted until well into the twen- liturgical ideas from one Oxford Movement. There were tieth century. Anglicans another. TRACTARIANS early Tractarian ministries at became less interested in other THE Brasted, Chislehurst, East foreign Protestant churches 4 The concerns that Farleigh and Gravesend, all of and more interested in Eastern Tractarians raised about the TRACTARIANS which were the focus of much O r t h o d oxy and Ro m a n nature of the church-state THE correspondence in the local Catholicism. Lack of a positive relationship in the British Isles press. By the 1860s Folkestone response from both led to a led to a gradual separation TRACTARIANS was beginning to rival reassessment of these attitudes between the two institutions THE Brighton as a centre of ritualist and by the early twentieth cen- which has given the church a TRACTARIANS activity on the south coast and tury Anglicans had established much greater degree of control the vicar of St Peter’s, C J close relations with non- over its doctrine, its worship THE Ridsdale, was the first clergy- Roman Catholic churches that and the way in which it oper- TRACTARIANS man to be prosecuted under had preserved episcopacy such ates within society. The the Public Worship Regulation as the Dutch Old Catholics gradualist nature of these THE Act. Another, Arthur Tooth of and the Swedish Lutherans. changes, despite pressure for TRACTARIANS St James’, Hatcham, went to However, the desire of many more radical change at various prison rather than obey the Anglicans to distance them- points of the nineteenth and THE directions of the court to aban- selves from their Protestant twentieth centuries, has TRACTARIANS don his ceremonial practices. past made them pursue limited enabled them to happen in a THE Several churches in the county, ecumenical initiatives with way in which Christianity has such as Bicknor and Kilndown, non-Protestant churches at the not been totally marginalized TRACTARIANS were early examples of expense of potentially more in a growingly secularist soci- THE Anglican churches designed to successful ones with other ety, in stark contrast to the way implement the ideas of the Protestants. that it has to a much greater TRACTARIANS ecclesiologists. By the end of extent in parts of Europe THE the nineteenth century the 2 The theological unity of where anti-clericalist move- diocese of Canterbury, which Anglicanism, still apparent in ments were much stronger. TRACTARIANS covered the eastern half of the early nineteenth century, Tractarians helped to promote THE Kent, was, after those of Truro was shattered and fragmented a new image of a more confi- TRACTARIANS and London, the English dio- by the combined impact dent and independent church, cese in which the largest num- of Evangelicalism and Tra c t- less reliant on the protection of ber of churches had adopted arianism on Anglican theology. the state, but one which still the use of the eastward posi- Most Anglican churches recognised that it was worth tion at Holy Communion, became institutions prone to maintaining the benefits of lighted candles on the altar, party bickering between partnership. the mixing of water with wine different theological pressure in the chalice, and eucharistic groups. This is a situation that Nigel Yates Spring 2004 11 MY S T E RY OB J E C T S he object featured in our almost certainly the Chinese zodiac. January issue has been iden- Objects like this were in use up tified by an Honorary until the early years of the 20th Member of the KAS, Michael century. Moad. Now retired, Michael MYSTERY was for 30 years curator of Below and right is another object OBJECTSAND the Guildhall Museum in Rochester which has defied identification. and prior to this worked at the Found in the ploughsoil at VICTORIAN British Museum. Colliers Green, it is a near- RECYCLING It is a Chinese portable perfect tetrahe- inkwell, which would orig- dron of polished MYSTERY inally have held a brush stone with high or even a love token, as coins and OBJECTSAND within the hollow stem. quartz content, other objects were sometimes The compass has nothing with slightly shaped in this way and given by a VICTORIAN to do with finding direc- rounded edges. swain to his beloved. Can any KAS RECYCLING tion, but would have been S u g g e s t i o n s member identify this? Please con- MYSTERY used for esoteric divina- have included a tact the editor at the usual address, tion. The symbols are gaming piece, email or telephone number. OBJECTS AND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND EV I D E N C EO FV I C T O R I A NR E C Y C L I N G VICTORIAN RECYCLING INA R C H A E O L O G I AC A N T I A N A MYSTERY autious examination of the inside of the spine of the early volumes of Archaeologia Cantiana reveals that Victorian OBJECTSAND bookbinders were re-using scrap paper, a practice that is not unusual in nineteenth century publications. Inside the false spine of my copy of volume one is part of what appears to be a hand-written legal note. Without invasive VICTORIAN archaeology which would destroy the binding, it is possible to read only parts of each end of the sentences, the RECYCLING beginnings and ends of which are obscured by the folded-back blue cloth from the spine, or lost in trimming. However it seems worth recording what is legible, in case other members can find other pages of the same document in MYSTERY their volumes. The following, in a neat but not easily legible hand, is visible: OBJECTSAND to appeal from……………………….by the Court ... VICTORIAN Berbra in………………………...... we are info... RECYCLING this latter gentleman…………...presents in York… MYSTERY we shall therefore……………....taking (illeg)ed… OBJECTSAND Some of my later volumes have been rebound or repaired, but the spine of volume five contains part of a printed VICTORIAN page, as does that of volume seven, which was cut on the skew and employs the “long s”. I quote the latter in full (without the “long s”) in case someone can recognise it, or supplement the parts I cannot read: RECYCLING MYSTERY to the immense numbers who will arrive from……… thus submitting for their free inspection ………………..…….a large and generous Public… OBJECTSAND embodying all the elements of high quality…………of manufactures: productions which, w.. VICTORIAN are yet confined within the limits of a judicious………….…a studied regard to purity of defi…

RECYCLING In anticipation of the requirements of……and doubtless will receive large and gratifying ref.. MYSTERY Messrs Mechi and Bazin have not been…………………….specially prepared very large, va….. OBJECTSAND of novelties, of an useful and appreciable character……souvenirs to relatives and friends.. being themselves precluded sharing in “London’s glorious…opportunity afforded them of.. VICTORIAN RECYCLING This could be some form of promotional literature, and more might be revealed if Messrs Mechi and Bazin could be identified. Finally, inside the spine of volume eight (published in 1872) is part of a printed sheet with the date 1871 MYSTERY and, in bold capitals, CHAMBERS ENGLISH DICTIONARY, and the names Christy, Manson and Woods. Were these OBJECTSAND gentlemen the editors of that edition of Chambers? Volumes one to eight of Archaeologia Cantiana were printed by Messrs Taylor of Little Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn VICTORIAN Fields, London, but generally the binder is not identified. It is possible, of course, that Taylor bound books as well as RECYCLING printing them, in which case it would make good sense to use their own waste paper from proofs, or from trials runs, for those parts of the binding which were not usually visible. However, the back cover of volume one contains a small insert which shows that it was bound by Edmonds & Remnants of London, a bookbinding concern that dominated early Victorian London, with a degree of mechanisation which resulted in a formidable through-put. Was it normal practice to acquire job lots of legal waste from the nearby legal chambers in Lincoln’s Inn or Gray’s Inn?

Michael Leach

Spring 2004 12 results of research will be synthe- sised into a range of outputs, such as a complete revision of the pub- lication Defending London’s River (editions 1985 and 2002), and monographs on particular topics ACA L LT OA R M S and themes for A r c h a e o l o g i a n keeping with London’s Thames seems a logical next step. Cantiana and other journals. An vital strategic importance, As well as this, Thames Defence informational web site is in the A CALL TO from the mid-16th – mid Heritage has begun a re-examina- process of creation and, in time, a 20th centuries, its Thames tion of the origins, rationale and publicly accessible paper research ARMS river approaches were pro- evolution of the defences of the archive may be created. A CALL TO tected by a powerful group of Thames. This study embraces an Contributions to the process shoreline gun positions. historical span extending outside will be sought from those already ARMS These formed a system-based A CALL TO approach to defence. The continu- ARMS ing development of this system was driven by an imperative to A CALL TO counter the risk of attack or inva- ARMS sion during war, the need to keep pace with innovation in military A CALL TO technology and by a requirement ARMS to incorporate changes resulting from strategic decision making. A CALL TO As individual elements, several ARMS of the Thames forts have been suc- cessfully displayed to visitors for A CALL TO educational and heritage tourism ARMS purposes. But there is scope for A CALL TO doing more to enhance an under- standing of all of the Thameside ARMS sites as a defensive system involv- A CALL TO ing forts and batteries crossing their fire from both sides of the ARMS river in staged layers of defence - A CALL TO as well as to encourage an appreci- ation of other networked methods ARMS of defence which emerged during A CALL TO the later 19th and 20th centuries. the era of artillery fortification Interior of the restored Victorian main ARMS Pa r a d oxically though, the very from the first century AD to the cartridge store in the magazines of New existence of the Thames itself, present day. Its scope is from Tavern Fort at Gravesend, managed by A CALL TO which gave these defensive sys- London itself to the extremity Thames Defence Heritage in partnership ARMS tems meaning, has been a problem of the estuary. Building on with Gravesham Borough Council. as a psychological barrier and a earlier work, which was supported A CALL TO perceived impediment to recipro- in various ways by the working in this field and from ARMS cal visiting. These difficulties were Kent Archaeological Society, this others. There are opportunities noted as ones for solution in involves archaeological investiga- for interested members of the A CALL TO Andrew Saunders and Vi c t o r tion and recording, documentary Kent Archaeological Society to ARMS Smith, Kent’s Defence Heritage, Kent research, interviewing and participate. If they wish, they County Council et al (2001). analysis. may also become involved in the A CALL TO Thames Defence Heritage* has In addition to the usual focus restoration and display of New ARMS formed an informal partnership on military architecture and Tavern Fort, the Gravesend A CALL TO with Gravesham Borough Council weapons, a greater consideration Blockhouse and a Cold Wa r in Kent and Thurrock Council in will be given to the role of the navy b u n ke r, managed by Thames ARMS Essex to explore possible ways for- and there will be enhanced cover- Defence Heritage in partnership A CALL TO ward. An early result in 2003 was age of the technological, political with Gravesham Borough the creation of the Crossfire Trail context, as well as the effect on Council. For all these activities, a ARMS which utilised the Gravesend/ Thameside communities and the genuine interest in the subject, A CALL TO Tilbury Ferry, to visit forts on both influence of London’s own govern- staying power and willingness to sides of the water. Even more pop- ment and of the river management be a team player are qualities ARMS ular and, indeed, oversubscribed, organisations on the schemes for needed. A CALL TO was Sailing through History, an all defending the river. Recently com- day boat trip from Gravesend and pleted research by a TDH member Enquiries to Victor Smith, Tilbury down to the estuary, view- on a British garrison in the Director of Thames Defence ing the forts as a system and as an Caribbean has strongly under- Heritage, 65 Stonebridge Ro a d , enemy would have seen them. scored the potential for taking a Northfleet, Kent DA11 9BA (Tel: This approach will be repeated more holistic view of forts, batter- 01474 323415). in subsequent years but it can be ies and the other sites along the regarded only as a start. The cre- Thames, to include much more * Formed in 2000 and incorpo- ation of a defence heritage trail about the regime of daily life rating the New Tavern Fo r t leaflet covering the Greater which went on within them. The Project, founded in 1975.

Spring 2004 13 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR SPRING 2004

Dear Editor Dear Editor Dear Editor

LETTERS A FAMILY HOME? KENT COUNTY CHURCHES WESLEY & METHODISM TO THE I would be really pleased if any For many months, I have been Joy Saynor’s article on Wesley and EDITOR member of the KAS can recognise this searching on the internet and in book- Methodism (winter 2003/4 Newsletter) LETTERS house and especially as to where it is. shops, for the first volume of J.A.Syms makes a point of its appeal in the The photo was in a chest of drawers three books on Kent churches. Its title Wealden area of Kent, which she right- TO THE which I inherited from my great- is Kent Country Churches, published by ly describes as having “remained a cen- EDITOR uncle, Montie Maylam, who was born Meresborough Books. tre of dissent” from earlier times. in the 1870’s at New Shelve Farm, I have had no luck at all. If a However, surely it is inaccurate to LETTERS Lenham. He had relations around member of the KAS has a copy that trace this simply, as she does, to its TO THE Throwley and the edge of Romney he/she is willing to sell to me, I shall responsiveness to earlier Protestant EDITOR Marsh. He moved to the Tonbridge be very pleased to hear. teaching brought across the Channel. area in 1897. The radical reformers of the Kentish LETTERS John Physick Weald in the 16th century, who paid so TO THE Richard Maylam dearly for their beliefs during the Yalding Please contact Mr Physick Marian persecutions, were surely the EDITOR direct at: inheritors of a local tradition of LETTERS Please contact the editor at the 49 New Road, Meopham, Lollardry, which had been strong in this usual addresses if you have any infor- Nr Gravesend, DA13 0LS part of Kent before Protestantism TO THE mation for Mr Maylam. Tel: 01474 812301 arrived from the Continent. EDITOR This tradition of radical non-con- formism appears to have still been a LETTERS factor in the early 20th century, con- TO THE tributing to the remarkable victory of EDITOR the Wesleyan Minister, Reverend R M Kedward in Ashford as a Liberal at the LETTERS 1929 general election. The Ashford TO THE constituency was then more rural, extending further into the Weald, than EDITOR the present parliamentary division. LETTERS I wonder whether the connection of this dissenting tradition over some TO THE five centuries has been traced by any EDITOR local historian, and whether there are TO THE still signs of it in the 21st century amongst the indigenous people of EDITOR Wealden Kent. LETTERS Michael Steed TO THE Canterbury EDITOR TO THE EDITOR LETTERS Kent Records New Series Volume 4 TO THE Volume 4 in this series has com- for £6 (post free) from the Ke n t money and we hope to be able to send it EDITOR menced with a calendar of the Kent Archaeological Society, Ashton Lodge, shortly. Feet of Fines for Edward VI compiled Church Road, Lyminge, Fo l ke s t o n e , TO THE by Dr Michael Zell. Combining mater- Kent CT18 8JA. Part 1 is currently EDITOR ial from the main CP25/2 series at the with the printers and part 2 will be LETTERS National Archives and those Kent fines published later in the year complet- to be found in ‘diverse counties’ and ing the reign of Edward VI and TO THE ‘cities & towns’ the calendars provide including those for Jane, Mary and EDITOR an extremely important finding aid for Philip & Mary. this county. Kent is way behind most For back numbers see the web- other counties in its publishing of such site. Volume 3 part 10 is the index important calendars and indexes from to the whole of volume 3 and our national records and this publica- although compiled is currently tion will be greatly welcomed by both being consolidated because of its local and family historians. size. Those patiently waiting this Volume 4 parts 1 & 2 are available part will have two parts for their

Spring 2004 14 CR U N D A L EL AT EB R O N Z EA G EH O A R D s promised in the last issue, Richardson, Finds Liaison Officer the pit, with the other artefacts here are further details of for Kent. Returning to the site in m i xed above. These artefacts this large hoard. early December, he pinpointed and include rings and gouges, whole and On consecutive week- uncovered the hoard in a shallow pit fragmented razors, axeheads and CRUNDALE ends in September 2003, a just below the ploughsoil. spearheads, fragments of swords LATE metal detectorist on farm- The hoard consists of 185 pieces and daggers and cast copper cake land at Crundale made three scat- of metalwork, comprising both frag- fragments. BRONZE tered finds which suggested disper- ments and largely complete objects. The socketed and looped AGE sal from a hoard in the vicinity. He The pieces of cast copper ‘cake’ were axeheads, short lengths of sword reported these to Andrew mainly deposited in the bottom of and dagger blade and ‘cake’ are HOARD typical of late Bronze CRUNDALE Age hoards from the LATE south east. Traditionally described as ‘Founder’s BRONZE Hoards’, they have been AGE interpreted as repre- senting collections of HOARD scrap metal stored by a CRUNDALE smith and intended for recovery. This interpre- LATE tation has been chal- BRONZE lenged recently (for example by Martyn AGE Barber in Bronze and the HOARD Bronze Age). There are CRUNDALE certainly examples of deliberate breakage and LATE damage within the BRONZE Crundale hoard that are hard to reconcile with a AGE simple interpretation of HOARD ‘random scrap’. In one instance objects have CRUNDALE been inserted into the LATE socket of a broken axe- head, which was then BRONZE squeezed tight to hold AGE them in. In another, sev- HOARD eral objects have been forced tightly into the CRUNDALE socket of a spearhead. LATE The impression is one of deliberate acts of BRONZE breakage in order to put AGE them beyond use, rather than objects broken or HOARD worn through everyday CRUNDALE use. However, detailed LATE analysis by specialists will be required to con- BRONZE firm this impression. AGE Whatever the case, the hoard is certainly HOARD important, not only CRUNDALE because of its size, but also the large number of LATE unusual items, includ- BRONZE ing copper alloy rings with lead(?) cores. It is AGE hoped that further field- HOARD work at the site will pro- vide the find with a more detailed context.

Andrew Richardson

Spring 2004 15 nyone interested in the history and is now Treasurer. and archaeology of the south- This added further to her respon- east must be aware of Shiela SH I E L A sibilities, having been Subscriptions Broomfield’s name recurring Secretary and Treasurer of the London frequently on committee lists BROOMFIELD Archaeologist since 1978. Her accep- in various publications. Shiela tance of the LA role came on a day is one of the cogs without which the 40 years an ‘amateur’ when she had already allowed her mechanisms of many local societies arm to be twisted to join the PTA com- would grind to a halt, and is currently mittee at her daughter’s school. BACK PAGE the Membership Secretary of the KAS, Packing the quarterly LA magazine PEOPLE sitting also on the Fieldwork and takes place in her home, cats amongst BACK PAGE Membership Committees and on the boxes, envelopes and labels. Feline KAS Council. She also represents KAS ‘help’ notwithstanding, at least new PEOPLE on the Standing Conference for computer technology enables greater BACK PAGE London Archaeology. efficiency, the former three-day task Her father took great glee in of addressing envelopes with a roller PEOPLE telling everyone that Shiela’s great spirit duplicator now but a memory. BACK PAGE grandfather ‘had built Stonehenge!’ The KAS sponsored excavation of (He was in fact Clerk of Works on the the Sedgebrook Roman Villa coincid- PEOPLE Antrobus Estate at the start of the ed with a long held wish to add to her BACK PAGE twentieth century and did help to re- practical skills with an academic qual- erect one of the fallen stones). As a ification. The Diploma in Archaeology, PEOPLE child she accompanied her parents, or being run for the first time at the BACK PAGE sometimes just her father on the back University Centre in Tonbridge in PEOPLE of his tandem, to various museums 1987, gave her the ideal opportunity. and sites. This kindled an interest The input of people like Shiela, BACK PAGE which found an outlet when she London, especially at the Wi g m o r e organising quietly and efficiently PEOPLE attended summer courses in 1964/5 at Hall. It was music that brought she behind the scenes, often goes largely Wr oxeter run by Birmingham and Chris together, as they met in the unrecognised by the majority. But the BACK PAGE University which was “infinitely arena, “most appropriate…”, of the appreciation of those with whom she PEOPLE preferable” she feels, to her other Royal Albert Hall. works closely is evident; displayed on option of going to Benidorm with the Holidays, not surprisingly, tend to her desk is a plaque of polished bloom BACK PAGE girls from the Australian bank where have an archaeological/historical in honour of her work with WIRG. PEOPLE she worked! theme linked with food and wine with She was recently elected an honorary Excavation at the Staines Moor France as a regular destination. member of the CBA, in recognition BACK PAGE causewayed enclosure followed, a five Shiela’s map reading often puzzles of her work in London and the PEOPLE minute bike ride away from her home Chris, until on the horizon looms a South East. BACK PAGE in Stanwell, Middlesex. Over the next megalith, roman villa, hillfort or cave She dislikes the word ‘amateur’ as few years she dug whenever possible (of both kinds). Her linguistic powers having derogatory overtones, but PEOPLE with the City of London Excavation are tested to the full when collecting what do you call someone who is as BACK PAGE Group under Nick Fuentes, mainly the output from the rows of vines dot- knowledgeable, capable and hard Roman sites, although a day’s excava- ted around France, some of which working as any professional, yet PEOPLE tion was often followed by crossing they have rented for over ten years. unpaid? Having had the opportunity BACK PAGE the river to help the Southwark group She joined the To n b r i d g e to work in the field alongside profes- sort pottery, usually seventeenth cen- Historical Society and its archaeologi- sionals, including the Oxford PEOPLE tury tin glaze. This was before the cal group run by Andrew Webster (one Archaeology Unit at St Nicholas BACK PAGE Museum of London was created so time treasurer of the KAS) and has Church, Sevenoaks, she has always PEOPLE most of the tools were stored in Peter been its Secretary for the last nine felt their total acceptance, and sees Marsden’s office in the Guildhall and years. Excavation with the group recent pressures for excavation only BACK PAGE Shiela has pushed wheelbarrows included the medieval pottery site at by ‘qualified’ persons as a move PEOPLE through most streets in the City. Lower Parrock and the Iron Age hill- towards reducing the opportunity for Newly-wed in 1968, Shiela moved fort at Garden Hill, both in Sussex. ‘amateur’ involvement. As for her to Kent; “we drew circles around a The medieval site of Huggetts Farm many administrative roles, “I’m a map of London until the circumfer- near Buxted followed and she became practical person in the lucky position ence reached affordability.” She joined joint director with Dot Meades, the of being able to contribute to the the Maidstone Archaeological Group site owner from 1980. Dot, a founder archaeological world in so many dif- and subsequently the KAS in 1969, member of the Wealden Iron ferent ways”. although commuting to London left Research Group, persuaded Shiela to Her contribution to archaeology is less time for practical archaeology. join the WIRG committee, and she to be applauded… and Fred would However, she still managed to do some became Secretary from 1987 to 2002, agree! digging in Barming and Cranbrook. Moving to Hildenborough in 1973 after the birth of their daughter, she Copy deadline for the next issue in July is Wednesday June 2nd and husband Chris now share their The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for home with four cats named after com- opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the posers, reflecting another of her pas- contents and substance of their work. sions, classical music. You can see Fred (Delius) enjoying Archaeologia Cantiana EDITOR: LYN PALMER on page 8. As the Treasurer and 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU Membership Secretary, Shiela is heavi- Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 ly involved with Tonbridge Music Club Email [email protected] which puts on six concerts a year, and or [email protected] she and Chris also attend concerts in Spring 2004 Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME 14 1LH 16 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk