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Social and Health Sciences SOCIAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Special Issue: Impacts and Responses to COVID-19: Perspectives from the Global South Volume 18, Number 2, December 2020 JOURNAL AIMS AND SCOPE Dr Shobha Chamania, Choithram Hospital and Research Social and Health Sciences (formerly the African Safety Centre Promotion: A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention) is Prof Urmitapa Dutta, UMass Lowell a multidisciplinary forum for critical discussion and debate Prof Hesham El-Sayed, Suez Canal University among scholars, practitioners, activists, students and policy- Prof Rajen Govender, University of Cape Town makers whose interests and work intersect with the social Dr Eunice Jetha, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane and health sciences. The journal welcomes theoretical, Prof Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Rutgers University empirical, applied and policy submissions on such topics as: Prof Roderick McClure, Monash University violence in its multiple forms, injury, health and safety Dr Danai Mupotsa, University of the Witwatersrand promotion, community engagement, epidemiology, health Dr Milton Mutto, Pincer Training and Research Institute economics, health systems research, structural and social Prof Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni, University of Bayreuth determinants of health, and knowledge production in the Dr Zodwa Radebe, University of South Africa social and health sciences. While based in Africa, Social and Prof Kopano Ratele, University of South Africa, South Health Sciences invites submissions from the broader Global African Medical Research Council South, as well as the Global North. Dr Colleen Saunders, University of Cape Town Prof Mohamed Seedat, University of South Africa, South SUBJECT COVERAGE African Medical Research Council Issues of Social and Health Sciences’ predecessors Prof Tamara Shefer, University of the Western Cape addressed a variety of injury and violence related topics, Prof Shahnaaz Suffla, University of South Africa, South such as: African Medical Research Council • Critical social perspectives to injury and violence Dr Lu-Anne Swart, University of South Africa, South prevention African Medical Research Council • Injury surveillance methodologies Prof Siphamandla Zondi, University of Pretoria • Costing techniques • Epidemiological research findings LANGUAGE EDITOR • Health systems research Unisa Editorial Department • Risks and resiliences associated with violence and injuries in low- to middle-income contexts SUBSCRIPTIONS • Best practices for injury prevention and In order to subscribe to the SaHS, please contact Sabinet at containment [email protected] or Tel: +27 +12 643 9500. You can also visit the Sabinet website at www.sabinet.co.za Social and Health Sciences is an accredited South African Post Secondary Education (SAPSE) journal. All articles in Contact details: Dr Ghouwa Ismail, Social and Health the journal are subject to peer review. Social and Health Sciences, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, Sciences is published biannually and features original full- South Africa. Tel: +27 +21 938 0855. Fax: +27 +879380381. length articles, theoretical papers, reviews, commentaries, Email: [email protected] or [email protected] reflections, and short communications. Copyright © 2020 Social and Health Sciences. All rights EDITORS-IN-CHIEF reserved. No part of the SaHS may be reproduced, stored in Prof Ashley van Niekerk, University of South Africa and a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any South African Medical Research Council and Dr Nick means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or Malherbe, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright University of South Africa owners. MANAGING EDITOR ISSN: 1728-774X Dr Ghouwa Ismail, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa and the South African Medical Publisher: Published on behalf of the UNISA Institute for Research Council Social and Health Sciences. EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Disclaimer: The development, preparation, and publication Josephine Cornell, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, of this work has been undertaken with great care. However, University of South Africa the publisher and editors of Social and Health Sciences are not responsible for any errors herein or for the consequences EDITORIAL BOARD that may ensue from the use of uncited materials or Prof Floretta Boonzaier, University of Cape Town information contained in this work. Opinions expressed by Kidist Bartolomeos, World Health Organization the author(s) are not necessarily those of the publisher and Prof Hugo Canham, University of the Witwatersrand editors of the journal. P.O. Box 1807, Lenasia, 1820, South Africa Tel: 021 938 0855 or 011 670 9600 i Vol. 18, No. 2, December 2020 CONTENTS Editorial Message Impacts and Responses to COVID-19: Perspectives from the Global South Nick Malherbe & Ashley Van Niekerk 01 Original Contributions The Psychological Reactions of Emergency Medical Services Personnel to COVID-19 in South Africa Elias Oupa Mashile & Matshepo Matoane 08 When Coping Resources Fail: The Health-Sustaining and Moderating Role of Fortitude in the Relationship Between COVID-19-Related Worries and Psychological Distress Anita Padmanabhanunni & Tyrone B. Pretorius 28 Navigating and Reimagining Community Engagement Amidst COVID-19 Seneca Louw, Naiema Taliep, Ghouwa Ismail, & Samed Bulbulia 48 Literature Reviews The Effects of COVID-19 on Women in South Africa: An Analysis Using the Social Provisioning Framework Odile Mackett 70 Perspectives Exposing Inequity in Australian Society: Are we all in it Together? Richard Barber and Siew Fang Law 96 Institute for Social and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 1807, Lenasia, 1820, South Africa Tel: 021 938 0855 or 011 670 9600 i COVID-19: Violent Policing of Black Men during Lockdown Regulations in South Africa Malose Langa & Bandile Bertrand Leopeng 116 The Politics and Art of Naming and Re-Presenting Identity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Thirusha Naidu 127 COVID-19 Pandemic and Disability: Essential Considerations Lieketseng Ned, Emma Louise McKinney, Vic McKinney, & Leslie Swartz 136 Governments’ Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic clears the Road for their Responses to the Traffic Pandemic Sebastian van As 149 Submission Guidelines 157 Acknowledgements 161 Institute for Social and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 1807, Lenasia, 1820, South Africa Tel: 021 938 0855 or 011 670 9600 ii Special Issue Editorial Impacts and Responses to COVID-19: Perspectives from the Global South Nick Malherbe1 Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa and Masculinity and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa Ashley van Niekerk Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa and Masculinity and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council-University of South Africa A REFLECTION ON THE PRESENT CONJUNCTURE This inaugural Special Issue of Social and Health Sciences enters into, and thus must also speak to, a world which increasingly demands transformative social change. Therefore, before we describe the renewed scope of the journal and the contents of this Special Issue on COVID-19, it is worth offering a brief reflection on our present conjuncture. It is perhaps a banality at this stage to note that the pandemic is a political concern inasmuch as it is a public health priority. The almost 1.5 million deaths from COVID-19 thus far - not to mention the millions of infections - were not inevitable, and correlations have been drawn between the kinds of government measures implemented and the variable rates of infection (see Watkins, 2020). Health guidelines and government orders which responded to COVID-19 have ushered in secondary effects which have profoundly changed people’s lives. Indeed, national and international economies are said 1 Please direct all correspondence to: Dr N. Malherbe, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa and Masculinity and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council- University of South Africa; Email: [email protected] Unisa Institute for Social and Health Sciences P.O. Box 1807, Lenasia, 1820, South Africa Tel: 021 938 0855 or 011 670 9600 1 to be in a more dire state today than they were during the 2008 global recession. Rates of unemployment have risen rapidly all over the world and the psychological strain that people are experiencing is being compounded by their material struggles (Fisher et al., 2020; Khan, Ratele, & Arendse, 2020; The Lancet, 2020). Poor and working class people who could either not afford to stay away from work - and have thus been made to labour in unsafe conditions - or who have lost their jobs altogether, have been hardest hit by the pandemic (Davis, 2020; Dean, 2020). In many places, marginalised populations are being exposed to appalling levels of police brutality (see Farge, 2020), both in the guise of lockdown enforcement as well as through white supremacy’s increasingly violent functioning (Dean, 2020; Ratele & Malherbe, 2020). Women have frequently been burdened with taking on the extra care work that is now being required (Fisher et al., 2020; Malherbe, 2020), with alarming rates of gendered violence also being recorded (Kofman & Garfin, 2020). On the other side of all of this, billionaires, like Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, have seen considerable profits as a result of the pandemic (Dean, 2020). We are, in short, seeing what can be understood as a kind of corona capitalism (Žižek,
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