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Green Algae Strategy.Pdf Green Algae Strategy End Oil Imports and Engineer Sustainable Food and Fuel Mark Edwards greenindependence.org ii Key words: algae, cyanobacteria, innovation, nanotechnology, biotechnology, sustainability, green solar energy, food, hunger, eflation, biofuels, pollution, ethanol, jet fuel, agriculture, medicines, pharmaceuticals, health, nutraceuticals, vaccines, reforestation, aquaculture, smoke death, environment, chemical engineering, business, social entrepreneur, social networks and collaboratory. ISBN 1440421846 EAN-13 is 9781440421846 Tempe, Arizona Copyright © 2008, Mark R. Edwards, Rev. 6.6 Green Algae Strategy materials may be copied and used for educational purposes. Cover photo – sushi and algae oil © 2008, Mark R. Edwards iii Dedication To my wonderful life partner Ann Ewen and her passion for great food and loving support and to Sarah Edwards who finishes grace before family meals with “Please God, bless this food and help people who don’t have food get some.” To Jacques Cousteau, who introduced and mentored my introduction to algae and global stewardship through his contributions to the U.S. Naval Academy where he helped initiate a program in oceanography. iv Contents Green Algae Strategy ............................................................................. ii Preface ................................................................................................... ii Biowar І Series Strategy ........................................................................ iii Biowar I ................................................................................................. iv My Fabulous Friend from the Food Chain’s Floor.................................. v Chapter 1. What is Green Algae Strategy? ............................................ 1 Chapter 2. What are the Global Challenges? ....................................... 27 Chapter 3. Sustainable Food – Algaculture .......................................... 57 Chapter 4. Why Algae? ........................................................................ 77 Chapter 5. Algae Growth and Production ............................................ 93 Chapter 6. Algal Production Challenges ............................................. 113 Chapter 7. Products and Pollution Solutions ..................................... 133 Chapter 8. Who is Producing Algae? .................................................. 161 Chapter 9. Future Scenarios ............................................................... 185 Chapter 10. What is Algae’s Future? ................................................. 207 Acknowledgements ............................................................................ 224 Mark Edwards .................................................................................... 225 My Path to Green Independence ....................................................... 226 Great Green Reading ......................................................................... 228 Green Algae Strategy Preface Green Algae Strategy shares the fascinating story of extraordinary innovation occurring not in deep space or in deep oceans but simply under our feet. Few people are aware that this simplest of organisms holds such great potential for desperately needed sustainable solutions for our very hungry, thirsty and needy planet. The Green Algae Strategy engineers hope for a better life for billions of people who lack sufficient and affordable food, fresh water, fresh air, fertilizer and fuel for cooking and heating fires. The strategy includes cleaning polluted water and reforesting denuded land but those objectives are peripheral to the focus here on producing sustainable foods and biofuels. Since algae-based biofuels provide the strongest financial incentives for R&D, new food sources, pollution solutions, reforestation, medicines and other coproducts will all benefit from breakthroughs in algal production systems for biofuels. Biotechnology applies science and engineering principles to living organisms to solve problems and to make useful products. Over the last century, many people and companies have lost fortunes trying to create commercial scale algal production. The laboratory studies are so promising, yet even modest scale field studies have typically become unmanageable, unstable and unproductive. Advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology and chemical and mechanical engineering have changed the production landscape for algae from dismal to terrific. Green Algae Strategy lays out a roadmap for what may be the challenge of this century: solutions to sustainable food, water, pollution, reforestation and biofuels. Algae will not be the silver bullet that singularly resolves sustainability issues. Truly renewable technologies that meet increasing world demand for food and energy will be solved by a portfolio approach that will include all renewable energy sources and biofuels. However, algae are poised to provide innovative, high value and engaging solutions. ii Biowar І Series Strategy Biowar І, where food is burned for biofuel, must end with the withdrawal not of soldiers but ecologically damaging and unsustainable subsidies for water, corn and ethanol. The Biowar І series focuses on creating truly sustainable food and fuels. Biowar I: Why Battles over Food and Fuel Lead to World Hunger. The unintended consequences of producing corn ethanol on U.S. and world food markets will be catastrophic and: Depletes U.S. groundwater Decimates U.S. food exports Destroys U.S. farmlands for growing crops Spikes the cost of food and animal feed – eflation Leads to a food cascade and 30 million starvation deaths Biowar І: Why Burning Our Water as Biofuel will Leave America Dry. Ethanol may be renewable but it is not sustainable and: Accelerates depletion of non-renewable groundwater Poisons remaining groundwater with agricultural run-off Destroys U.S. farmlands for growing crops and wetlands for birds, fish and amphibians Leads to an error chain that leaves millions of acres of the Heartland dry and deserted Green Algae Strategy: End Oil Imports and Engineer Sustainable Food and Fuel. Algae offer solutions for food and fuel because algae: Provide higher energy productivity than land-based crops Do not compete for cropland, freshwater or fossil fuels Use 0.001 as much water and remove water pollutants Are a highly productive biomass source for both food and fuels Can transform the Earth’s atmosphere by sequestering CO2 iii Green Algae Strategy Biowar I Green Algae Strategy begins when algae has already lost battles for two decades to become the U.S. biofuel feedstock of choice. Algae lost every battle in Biowar І to politicians who favor corn. A biowar uses unconventional warfare where food or poisonous agents serve as destructive weapons. In Biowar I, food (corn) is burned for fuel that would provide food security for millions of impoverished Americans and billions of world citizens. Massive unsustainable corn production consumes as much energy as it creates and drains fossil groundwater. Poisonous agents include fertilizers and pesticides that severely damage air, soil, and well water. The unintended consequences from burning 100 million tons of America’s number one food will cause: Costs – Eflation, results from ethanol induced food price increases that double the cost of food to Americans and triple the cost of food to our friends globally. Casualties – Burning half of America’s corn crop will demolish exports. Feed grain cost escalation will force beef, pork, poultry and dairy farmers to slaughter their animals. Rising food prices globally will ignite food riots and de-stabilize governments. Catastrophe – A food cascade will start with one year of less than expected corn production when food fights break out between food processors and ethanol refiners. Refiners will win due to their deeper pockets and this will lead to food shortages, food hoarding and a psychology of fear that drives food prices dramatically. A food cascade may lead to the deaths of over 30 million people from community starvation and war. Biowar І must end with a withdrawal not of troops but of ecologically destructive subsidies including corn, irrigation water and ethanol. From: Biowar I: Why Battles over Food and Fuel Lead to World Hunger, Mark Edwards, LuLu Press, 2008. iv My Fabulous Friend from the Food Chain’s Floor Imagine a humble single-celled organism, Too small to be visible to the human eye, So old it was among the Earth’s earliest life forms, So delicate it may be carried on waves or wind, So fragile it depends on sunshine, CO2 and water for life. This organism Battled Earth’s early fires, freezes and floods, Endured droughts, deserts and destruction, Survived volcanoes, glaciers and polar shifts, Adapted to Earth’s most extreme conditions. To survive over three billion years, this organism Learned how to hibernate through ecological crashes, Discovered how to flourish when nourished, Invented novel strategies to adapt to Mother Nature’s whims, Re-evolved independently in millions of harsh microclimates. This organism is responsible for Replacing Earth’s early CO2 atmosphere with O2, Enabling the evolution of land plants, insects and animals, Serving as dinner for trillions; being the lowest rung on the food chain, Providing over half our planet’s oxygen today. v Green Algae Strategy It may be found: In all Earth’s soils, waters, ice, altitudes and latitudes, Developing in limitless shapes, sizes and structures, Displaying a rainbows of colors, densities and shades,
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