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RECAPITULATION OF GENUS DINOGAMASUS MITE (ACRI/MESOSTIMATA:LAELAPIDAE ) ON FROM INDIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

R. B. Andhale1, Aswini Pai2, Kalpana Pai3, R.S. Pandit4

Entomology Research Lab, Centre for advanced studies, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune India1. Department of Biology, St. Lawrance University, New York, USA2. [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Phoretic mite species belong to genus Dinogamasus collected from large carpenter bees. Description and illustration of this new phoretic mite base on adult female are presented. The genus of Dinogamasus has recapitulated in India after ninety years. Key word: Xylocopa, , Phoretic mites, bee parasite

Introduction:

Mites are most successful free living organism adapted in parasitic, terrestrial, and aquatic habitat with highly diverse group among the (Oconnor 1982). A number of bees species have various kind of association with mites such as mutualistic, parasitoid, cleptoparasitic and commensal etc. Xylocopa bee is associated with Dinogamasus mites (Vitzthum 1930). Out of these associations, phoresy is a well known example. These are free living but most of time facultative associated with invertebrates for phoresy (temporarily use large organism for transportation or spend entire life cycle with host) as deutonymphs family of astigmatids like laelapidae, Chetodactylidae, and Canestriniidae (Oconnor 1982). Senertia genus has about sixty species of deutonymphs collected from carpenter bee (Baker & Delfinado-Baker 1983; Fain 1981; Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram 2001). Senertia Oudemans, 1905, is belonging family of , which is largest group of phoretic mites associates with carpenter bees (Eickwort 1994). In 1976, Delfinado and Baker described four new species: Senertia americana on carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica from New York,USA; Senertia ignota from Peru found on unidentified carpenter bee. They were observed motile hypopus of senertia genus on dead honey bee collected from Guatemala (Baker and Delfinado-Baker 1983). First time descried two new species phoretic mites; Senertia punctatus and Senertia xylocopi collected on Carpenter bee from West Bengal, India (Sarangi et al. 2014). In india, 31 species are reported in senertia genus (Putatunda and Abrol 2003; Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram 2001).

Phoretic mites have distinctive dispersal deutonymphs i.e. hypopi, which posess extended body design for their functional activity, sclerotized skin protect from dessicstion in dry environment, post ventral suckers as anchoring organs, claw and pretarsi to grasp host body and so on(Eickwort 1994; Fain and Schuster 1984; Oconnor 1982). Phoretic mites have reported on various genus of bee such as Apis, Megachile, Xylocopa and wasp in the largest part of the world (Eickwort 1994). Two species of Dinogamasus and Senertia had collected from first metasomal segment of carpenter bee westwood in India (Oudemans 1903) Dinogamasus genus reported that three species collected from carpenter bee (Le Veque 1930). In Oriental and Afrotropical region, Dinogamasus genus have 45 species are described till today in oriental and afro-tropical realm (Lundqvist 1999). Dinogamasus kazerunensis new species recently reported from middle east region (Joharchi et al. 2016). In present study, new species of genus Dinogamasus collected from carpenter bees from Maharashtra India are illustrated and described.

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Material and Method:

Adult carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp) was mainly collected Solanum melongena flower of agricultural farm from Pune District Maharashtra, (18°46'N, 73°33'E to 18°36'N, 74°10'E) from February 2015 to January 2017. Bees were collected by sweep net and placed individually in vials of Absolute ethanol. The collected bee was stored at - 20ºC in deep freeze. Aggregation on host body was photographed under stereomicroscope (Lieca EZ4) and bright field microscope. The size was measured with digital software. In ordered to closely investigated the metasomal acarinarium, and to measure its length and width. Some mites were treated with hexamethyl disalsine (Ciancio et al., 2013) then sent to photographed under FESEM (Magnovo FESEM ) at Central instrumentation facilities, Savitribai Phule Pune university. Before photographing, frozen bees were thawed at room temperature (25ºC).

The distribution of mites on bee body was investigated. We were randomly collected up to 3- 5 mites from different body part of carpenter bee. These part of bee body, which together found of high majority of mites on bee. All collected mites were mounted in lactic acid. Few mites were treated with lactophenol, and then dissect out hypostome, chelicerae and legs. After dissection, hypostomes, legs and chelicerae were mounted in polyvinylalcol phenol (PVLP) media on slide. The specimens were identified for species and length, width and size of idosoma, leg, setae and suckers of each mite. Specimens were identified by comparison with published literature and illustration without recourse of type specimen. The minute observation of mite grasped firmly was measured on the FESEM Photographs. Holotype of species is deposited in the Zoology museum, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra.

Genus Dinogamasus Kramer The genus Dinogamasus Kramer had complex nomenclature history appraised by Le Veque (1930) and Lundqvist (1999) Key of genus Dinogamasus 1.Body at least 2.4 mm. long; dorsal shield and posterior margin of body sparingly covered with fine short hairs; peritrematalium continuous with dorsal shield; second pair of sternal hairs placed lateral to sternal shield but not on the shield; all coxal spines similar...... 2

Body not over 2.4 mm. long; dorsal shield and entire margin of body covered with moderately long hairs; peritrematalium not continuous with dorsal shield; second pair of sternal hairs placed on sternal shield near the posterior corners. coxal spines not uniform in size and shape ...... philippinensis.

2.Dorsal shield not entirely covering posterior lateral margins of body; genu I and tibia I with three blunt cones basal …………………perkinsi.

Dorsal shield practically covering body except at notch; Genu I with six blunt cones; tibia I with three basal cones and one midway-outer cone. …………………….piperi.

4. Dorsal shield covered whole body except notch and small hairs at midline and entire margin of body covered with long hairs. Genu I and tibia I with three dorsal side, and one other directed bulbiform setae at basal; claw bear outer spines with three flap of ambulacrum membrane ...…………….Punensis.

Result:

Systematics

Family Mesostigmata G. Canestrini, 1891

Subfamily Laelapidae Berlese, 1892

Tribe Dinogamasus Kramer, 1898

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Dinogamasus punensis

This species has represented by Dorsum hypertrichous found unpaired lateral setae at margin, holodorsal shield: Stigma is reduced with peritoneum at dorsal shield, dorso-ventrally flattened sterna shields with setae: Sternal shield and Epigynal shield distinctly separated; st 3 at off shield; coxal spines are not uniform in shape and size and anal shield. Hypostomal groove without denticles. Corniculi well-sclerotized; palp tarsal claw with two pointed tines. Genu IV with 11 setae (2 2/1 3/1 2), genu I with seta pd3 present (2 3/2 3/1 2). Femora III–IV with seven setae

Holotype: ♀, India, Pune agro-ecosystem, (18°46'N,73°33'E to 18°36'N,74°10'E) February 2015 to January 2017, R. B. Andhale coll. from pouch of propodium of female carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.) (Fig. 1A), 5 paratype same data as holotype and host carpenter bee has deposited in department of Zoology, SPPU, Pune

Etymology: This specific name is derived from primary collection locality, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Description:

Female: Length 1570 µ-1840 µ, Width 908 µ- 1010 µ, Leg I 1260 µ, Leg II 1040 µ, Leg III 935 µ; Leg IV 1250 µ.

Dorsal Idosoma: This Species shape is oval and yellow- brown color. Dorsal hypertrichous bear irregular setae at margin. It has seen fissure and pores on hypertrichous. Dorsum shield have about 118 pair with variable length of setae. Central Portion of dorsal shield bears 14 pairs of setae. Shield is centrally broad and tapering at both ends (fig. 1a D-E). Leg have distinguish characters, leg I genu bear 4 well chitinized small blunt cones, direction, one at apical basal outer, 03 are at dorsal site of legs. Tibia I 4, Tarsus I 4, with two coxal spines has found. The lateral site seen stigma with extended with peritrems upto second leg of coxa.

Figure 1a: D & E- SEM of Dorsal and Ventral Idosoma.

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Ventral Idiosoma: Sternal shield is parallelism shape each corner bear sterna setae viz. st1and st2. Sternal shiled length 141µ and width 263µ. Sternal setae st3 is situated at off site of sterna shield. Sternal shield and epigynal shield distinctly separated. The st4 located at anterior side of epigynal shield. Anal sucker is diminutive and extended at posterior. (Fig 1B-C)

Figure 1: A- Mites on metasomal acarinarium B & C- Dorsal and Ventral Idosoma : D & E- SEM of Dorsal and Ventral Idosoma.

Gnathosoma.: Subcapitular groove without rows of denticles. Hypostome with three pairs of setae, internal posterior hypostomal setae h3 longest 51 (50 –52), long enough to reach past palp coxal setae, h2 23 (20 -23), h1 30 (30–31), palp coxal setae swollen at the base 52 (50–53) (fig 2B). Corniculi has short, sclerotised; internal malae separate, fine, pointed and smooth. Lateral malae arms absent. Palp setal counts: trochanter 2 (v2 swollen at the base), femur 4 (one long ventral seta, not long enough to reach to tip of palp), genu 5, tibia 11 (several setae thickened and modified), tarsus 13; palp apotele two- tined. Chelicera sclerotised, fixed digit of chelicera reduced and edentate, much shorter than half the length of the movable digit, pilus dentilis in tip of fixed digit and four dorsal setae present; movable digit with two tiny teeth (Fig. 2A).

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Figure 2: A- Chelicera (Mandible) B- Sub-capitulars groove (Hypostome) Leg : Legs (Figure 3 I - IV). Setae counts for legs I–IV: 2-6-10-12-12-13, 2-9-11-10-8-13, 3-5-8-10-10-16, 3-5-7-11-10-12. Chaetotaxy (left and right hand sides were examined): Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0 (all setae bulbiform,), trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 1 (all ventral setae modified, av1 and pv1 truncated; pv2 swollen at the base al and pl microsetae), femur 2 2/2 1/2 1 (macrosetae: ad2, ad2, pd2, pv1; microseta: pd1, pv2), genu and tibia 0 3/3 2/3 1 (ad3, pd3 two setae are long and pointed and one bulbiform and pv3 truncated and pointed; pv1 small and thin and pd2 bulbiform))(Fig. 8) Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0 (all setae bulbiform), trochanter 1 2/2 2/2 0 ( ad1 seta bulbiform; all ventral setae modified, av2 and pv2 conical form; pv2 pl2 swollen at the base), femur 1 2/2 3/3 0 (macrosetae: ad1, ad2, pd2, pv2 ventral setae av2 pv1 conical and thin), genu 1 2/1 1/4 2 (ad1 conical form, ad2; pd1 truncated and blunt and av1; pv4 and pl2 conical forms, ), tibia 1 2/1 1/2 2 (ad1 and ad2 bulbiform; av1 and pv2 conical and thin). )(Fig. 9) Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 1/1 0 (av1 bulbiform, pv2 truncated form), trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 1 3/1 2/1 1, genu and tibia 1 2/1 1/3 1. (Fig. 10) Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0 , trochanter 1 1/2 0/1 0, femur 1 1/1 2/0 2 , genu 1 2/1 1/4 2, tibia 1 2/1 1/4 1. (Fig. 11) Tarsi II–IV with 14 setae 3 3/1 3/1 3 + mv, md. The basal seta on tarsus II bulbiform and claw like. All pre-tarsi have pair of outer tine claws and a three flap of membranous ambulacrum.

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Figure 3: Legs of mite (I-IV).

Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the type locality Pune

Genital shield: It is flap like structure with rounded at posterior. Length of genital shield is 348µ and width 87µ.

Habitat : Abdominal pouch of yellow banded carpenter bee from Pune, India.

Discussion:

D. punesis has strong similarities to other species belong to Dinogamasus and on its close association with same hymenopterans host. All the species belong to genera of Dinogamasus is associated with large carpenter bees (Joharchi et.al. 2016; Eickwort, 1993; Le Veque 1930; Lundqvist 1999; Hurd and Moure 1963; Minckley 1998) In this species, dorsum shield have about 118 pair with variable length of setae. Central Portion of dorsal shield bear 14 pairs of setae. However, Dinogamasus kramer dorsum shield have 116 pair with variable length of setae. Central Portion of dorsal shield found 5 pairs of setae and its congeners are noticeable in having eight setae on femora III- IV rather than sevan as in Dinogamasus Kramer. (Joharchi et al. 2016). All known species of Dinogamasus genus are restricted with single host but other species of phoretic also ties with subgenera Xylocopa in order . Le Veque (1930) reviewed the Dinogamasus genus a free living group of predators with with close phoretic mites associated with xylocopinae hymenoptera and D. piperi is one of the Oudemans species ( LeVeque 1930). The D.punesis n.sp. has smaller in size as compared to D.perkinis and D. piperi. of Anal shield and mandible. In 1911, D. piperi reported on carpenter bee (Mesotrichia laptis) from India. D. perkinis is reported on carpenter bee (M. tenuiscapa, M.laptis) from java, Inida, China, west Indies, Cyelon, Sumtara, Trang, Siam, Buitenzorg and Soeka- boemi (Lundqvist 1999). Dinogamasus braunsi and D. villosior are studied biologically but unknown role in bee nest.(Gerald & Michael 2013). Stigmatolaelaps and Dinogamasus phoretic mite associated with old world carpenter bee (Hurd and Moure 1963; Minckley 1998) Dinogamasus mite occupied whole one acarinarium exception one mites of S. hunter in Sri lankan bee. (Lundqvist, personal comm.) Carpenter bees and Dinogamasus mites have mutualistic relationship developed in course of evolution. (OConner 1993a).

Dinogamasus species dispersal occurred with bee host at time of migration (lundqvist 1998). These mites might be feed on 985

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surface provision masses and surface microbes found host body as well as brood chamber waste, therefore phoretic mites may be act as bodygurd of bees.(Eickwort 1994).

Aknowledement: Authors are grateful to technical staff for technical helping to the Scanning Electron Microscopic facility CIF, Pune, India. Author s are thanks to Garden department, PMC National Agriculture Reasearch Project, mpkv, Rahuri and all Farm owner for permission of field work. RA acknowledges University of Pune for providing the stipend, DST purse and CAS grant.

References:

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