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Fish Protein Hydrolysate Production, Treatment Methods and Current International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2021; 9(2): 195-200 E-ISSN: 2347-5129 P-ISSN: 2394-0506 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 Fish protein hydrolysate production, treatment (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549 IJFAS 2021; 9(2): 195-200 methods and current potential uses: A review © 2021 IJFAS www.fisheriesjournal.com Received: 22-01-2021 Aurobinda Das, Yashaswi Nayak and Supriya Dash Accepted: 25-02-2021 Aurobinda Das DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2021.v9.i2c.2452 Department of Zoology, Centurion University of Abstract Technology and Management, About 20 per cent of the live weight of freshwater fish is visceral mass is a rich source of protein, lipids, Odisha, India polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble vitamins, phospholipids etc having very great source of agro industrial products. Any scientific technique that uses strong squanders coming about because of fish Yashaswi Nayak harvesting by recuperating biomolecules like lipids and proteins brings about extra income as well as Department of Zoology, Centurion University of helps to reduce the dumping issues related therewith. Visceral fish hydrolysate (also known as fish Technology and Management, protein hydrolysate; FPH) has drawn the interest of many researchers in recent years due to its great Odisha, India utility in the fields of food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and nutrition. The extraction or production of FPH including predefined sequential steps like collection of raw materials, pretreatment (alcohols, heat Supriya Dash treatment, press technique coupled with heat treatment), hydrolysis (acidic, alkaline, enzymatic) and Department of Biotechnology, recovery of FPH using spray drying, lyophilisation, centrifugation or nanofiltration. The extracted FPH is College of Engineering and characterized for molecular mass, protein content, structure of protein, IR, XRD etc to analyse the Technology, Odisha, India chemical nature of the FPH. It is widely used as emulsifier, binder, gelling agent, fertilizer, crayoprotectant and dietary additives in various industries. FPH has been used as potential source of microbial growth media for gram positive and negative microbes, nutritional supplement due to higher protein content (60-90%), and antioxidant, antihypertensive and antimicrobial agent. FPH is also used as nutriceuticals and some of the products are commercially available in various countries including US, Canada, UK. Considering the physicochemical difficulties associated with FPH, its excellent nutritional and functional properties generate possibilities for its usage in both the food and health industries. Keywords: hydrolysates, fish viscera, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hydrolysis, purification 1. Introduction India is the second largest manufacturer of freshwater farmed fish in the world. One of the most used sources of protein for human consumption is fish and aquatic products (New, 2000) [30] . During 2018, India's total fish production amounted to almost 6.24 million metric tones (MMT), which was very close to two-thirds of the total fish produced in the country from both sources of catch and cultivation (Lauria et al., 2018) [25]. Continuous increases in fish production, at an annual average rate of 3.2%, and an increase in fish intake per capita from 9.9 kg in 1960 to 19.2 kg in 2012 have resulted in to formation larger amounts of organic [13] ravage (Freitas-Júnior et al., 2012) . Scales, skin, visceral mass (viscera, air bladder, gonads, and other organs), head, and fins are among the by-products produced during fish processing. About 20 per cent of the live weight of freshwater fish is visceral mass and is a rich source of protein, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble vitamins, phospholipids etc having very great source of agro industrial products. About 91 million tonnes of fish are harvested per year, 29.5 percent of which is turned into fishmeal. Depending on the processing stage and fish species, production results in waste of 20-80 percent. Maybe more than 50 percent of the remaining fish tissue processes waste and is not consumed as food, causing burdensome issues with recycling and environmental concerns (Bhaskar et al., 2011) [5]. Any scientific technique that uses strong squanders coming about because of fish harvesting by recuperating Corresponding Author: Aurobinda Das biomolecules like lipids and proteins brings about extra income as well as helps to reduce the Department of Zoology, dumping issues related therewith (Vidotti et al., 2003) [41]. Keeping all these things into Centurion University of consideration, scientific studies and research has been carried out to explore innovative and Technology and Management, effective innovations that could reduce the burden of environmental challenges. Odisha, India ~ 195 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies http://www.fisheriesjournal.com In all these studies a kind of protein called visceral fish washed with water to remove the dirt, debris and other hydrolysate (also known as fish protein hydrolysate) has unwanted parts from the surface of tissues and then these are drawn the interest of many researchers in recent years due to chopped in to smaller pieces (mincing) so as to facilitate the its great utility in the fields of food, pharmaceuticals, effective treatment and extraction procedure. The primary cosmetics and nutrition (Thiansilakul et al., 2007) [37]. Fish target of pre treatment is to obtain the concentrated protein visceral hydrolysate is protein obtained from the visceral from smaller pieces of the fish viscera. In addition, their aim waste mass of fish including gut, liver, fins and other organs is to prepare homogeneous water and chopped viscera under specific temperature, pH and enzymatic conditions mixtures with the lowest fat percentage possible and other using pepsin, trypsin, alkalase and chymotrypsin etc undesirable components for subsequent hydrolysis (He et al., (Chalamaiah et al., 2012) [7]. Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) 2013) [18, 19]. In order to produce a solvent (acid or alkali) or may be liquid or amorphous hygroscopic powder with nearly enzymatic hydrolysis, water, chemicals or enzymes are added 81-93 percent protein, 3-8 percent ash, less than 5 percent fat to the minced raw material. There is a need to interrupt the and 1-8 percent humidity. The liquid FPH is a watery hydrolysis process by chemical or thermal treatment combination of hydrolyzed proteins with almost 90% according to the hydrolysis procedure after a certain time moisture, which makes it particularly unstable for long-term when a certain desirable degree of hydrolysis is reached storage and makes transportation difficult. Therefore dried (Petrova et al., 2018) [33]. In order to extract the attached fats FPH is preferred over liquid FPH due to greater stability, from the fish tissues, heat treatment, the use of solvents and extended shelf life and ease in transportation. However, the pressing methods have been commonly used. Heat treatment removal of almost 90 percent of water from liquid FPH is the is generally known among all techniques because it satisfies major challenge and quite costly for production of dried FPH both the purposes of fat reduction and inactivation of the (He et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2014) [18, 19, 35]. Table 1 shows the enzyme (Guérard et al., 2001) [16, 17]. After heat treatment the approximate protein content in various waste parts of the fish. solid residue is separated by using centrifugation technique. Similarly, (Valenzuela et al., 2001) has successfully used Table 1: Protein content in waste parts of the fish pressing technique coupled with heat treatment to get the Sr. No Fish waste part Protein % solid mass followed by drying to obtain the moisture content 1 Viscera 9-23 less than 10 percentage (Valenzuela et al., 2001) alcohols 2 Head 11-13 such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, are also commonly used 3 Back bone 10-15 for the defatting in which fish minced are mixed with alcohols 4 Skin 8-12 under continuous stirring for a fixed period of time (Dong et 5 Milt 14-27 al., 2008) [11]. This approach is useful for minimizing the 6 Cut offs 12-22 decay of bacteria as well as removing the fishy odor and bitter flavors (Hoyle et al., 1994) [20]. A modern technology has The FPH is widely used in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical been used in some experiments to extract proteins from fish and, biotechnology industry as emulsifier, binder, gelling tissues. In addition to centrifugation and filtration, it consists agent, fertilizer, crayoprotectant and dietary additives of the solubilization of protein in acids or alkaline solutions to (Kristinsson et al., 2000) [23]. The objectives of this review is extract insoluble compounds; once separated; the proteins are therefore to provide a light on the agro-industrial potential of precipitated by changing the pH to the isoelectric point and fish waste as a source, especially viscera, to extract native collected by centrifugation or decantation (Nolsøe et al., proteins and hydrolysate and to clarify their manufacturing 2009) [31]. process, their chemical structure and their functional and bioactive properties. 2.2 Hydrolysis of pretreated material Three different methods can be used to prepare protein 2. Extraction (Production) Of Fish Visceral Hydrolysates hydrolysates from fish processing discards, namely the acid The production of FPH consists of predefined sequential steps hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, and enzymatic process. Below is by step procedure for separation of fish visceral hydrolysates.
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