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Nematode Densities Associated with Corn and Sorghum Cropping Systems in Florida 1

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Nematode Densities Associated with Corn and Sorghum Cropping Systems in Florida 1 Supplement to Journal of Nematology 23(4S):668-672. 1991. © The Society of Nematologists 1991. Nematode Densities Associated with Corn and Sorghum Cropping Systems in Florida 1 R. N. GALLAHER, R. MCSORLEY, AND D. W. DICKSON2 Abstract: Final densities (P0 of Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus spp. increased more than ten-fold over initial densities (Pi) on corn (Zea mays) cuhivars grown at three sites in north Florida. The Pf ofM. incognita following sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were much lower (P < 0.001) than Pf following corn at the two sites in which sorghum was grown. At one of these sites, Pf ofM. incognita was < 5/100 cm s soil, and at the other site Pf < Pi. At one site, population densities of CriconemeUa sphaerocephala increased to higher levels on sorghum than on corn, but Pf of Pratylenchus spp. were greater (P -< 0.01) on corn. Few differences in nematode densities were observed among the different corn cultivars tested. Key words: corn, Criconemella ornata, CriconemeUasphaerocephala, cropping system, double cropping, Glycine max, Meloidogyne incognita, nematode, Paratrichodorus minor, population density, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus scribneri, Sorghum bicolor, soybean, Zea mays. Several plant-parasitic nematodes, par- of Florida research farms in north Florida: ticularly ro0t-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne the Green Acres Agronomy Research Farm spp.), are serious and endemic problems and the Dairy Research Unit in Alachua on many crops grown in the southeastern County, and the Pine Acres Research Farm United States (11). Therefore, it is imper- in Marion County. Soils at the three loca- ative that we learn the effects of different tions were Arredondo sand (94% sand, cropping systems on the population den- 3.5% silt, 2.5% clay; pH 6.7; 2.0% organic sities of these plant-parasitic nematodes (9). matter), Scranton fine sand (90% sand, Tropical cultivars of corn (Zea mays L.) and 3.5% silt, 6.5% clay; pH 6.8; 4.3% organic sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) are matter), and Arredondo sand-Gainesville important grain and forage crops adapted loamy sand association (92% sand, 3% silt, to cropping systems in this region (4). In 5% clay; pH 5.6; 2.8% organic matter) for north Florida, for example, corn and sor- the Green Acres Agronomy Research ghum are grown as summer crops, with Farm, Dairy Research Unit, and Pine Acres vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) or rye (Secale cere- Research Farm, respectively. ale L.) as winter cover crops (3,6). The fol- Green Acres Agronomy Research Farm: Plots lowing studies compare the increases in at this site had been maintained for 14 years nematode population densities on corn cul- as part of a no-tillage double-cropping fer- tivars in two tests in north Florida, and in tility study involving soybean during sum- two other tests, compare the densities on mer and rye (cv. Wrens Abruzzi) during corn with those on sorghum or with those the winter. In the spring of the 15th year, on sorghum and soybean (Glycine max (L.) a summer crop rotation experiment in a Merr.). randomized complete block experimental design with five summer crop treatments MATERIALS AND METHODS and five replications was initiated. Treat- During the summer of 1990, experi- ments consisted of the tropical corn hybrid ments were conducted at three University Pioneer X304C harvested for grain, Pio- neer X304C used as silage, forage sorghum DeKalb FS25E, grain sorghum DeKalb BR64, and Centennial soybean. Individual Received for publication 7 March 1991. i Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series plots (15 m s) consisted of four rows 5 m No. R-01405. This work was supported by a grant from the long and spaced 75 cm apart. Florida Dairy Farmers. 2 Professors, Department of Agronomy and Department Plots were planted on 20 May with an of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Ag- in-row subsoil minimum-tillage planter. ricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Corn was planted at 80,000 seeds/ha, sor- 668 Nematode Population Densities on Corn and Sorghum: Gallaher et al. 669 ghum at 250,000 seeds/ha, and soybean time. An 18-cm band of carbofuran at 2.2 at 515,000 seeds/ha. Fertilizer was applied kg a.i./ha was applied over the row of all for each crop based on soil test and exten- cultivars at planting to suppress lesser sion recommendations. Atrazine (1.3 kg cornstalk borer. All crops received one a.i./ha) plus metolachlor (1.1 kg a.i./ha) postemergence application of methomyl were applied preemergence for corn, and (0.50 kg a.i./ha). Fertilizer was applied metolachlor (1.1 kg a.i./ha) plus metri- based on a soil test and extension recom- buzin (0.42 kg a.i./ha) for soybean. Para- mendations. Irrigation was by low-pres- quat with X77 nonionic surfactant was ap- sure center pivot. plied preemergence at 0.32 kg a.i./ha over Plots were harvested on 10 July by cut- all crops to kill existing weeds and post- ting and removing all above-ground ma- emergence at 0.16 kg a.i./ha to soybean. terial for silage. The same cultivars were Atrazine (2.2 kg a.i./ha) with crop oil was then replanted in the plots on 20 July with applied postemergence over the top of sor- minimum tillage into the previous crop ghum. An 18-cm band of carbofuran at 2.2 stubble. Rates of herbicides and insecti- kg a.i./ha was applied over the row of all cides applied to this second planting were crops at planting for management of lesser the same as for the first, except that meth- cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus omyl was applied three times and paraquat (Zeller). Methomyl (0.50 kg a.i./ha) was (0.16 kg a.i./ha) with X77 surfactant was applied postemergence over corn and sor- applied preemergence. The entire above- ghum once and three times for soybean. ground crop was harvested for silage in late Overhead sprinklers provided at least 2.5 October. cm of water per week when rainfall was Nematode samples were collected from insufficient. the first corn crop on 17 April (Pi) and 18 Plots were sampled for initial (Pi) and July (Pf). The latter sample also served as final (Pf) nematode densities on 6 June and the initial sample (Pi) for the second crop. 12 September, respectively. Each soil sam- A final sample was collected from the sec- ple consisted of six cores 2.5 cm d x 20 ond crop on 22 October (Pf). Nematode cm deep collected within plant rows in a sampling and extraction were similar to that systematic pattern. From this, a 100-cm 3 described, except that 12 cores were col- subsample was removed for nematode ex- lected per plot, because of the larger plot traction with a modified sieving and cen- size. trifugation procedure (5). Nematode count Dairy Research Unit: A spring crop of corn data were log-transformed (logl0 [x + 1]) for silage was harvested from this site on before analysis of variance, and single de- 5 July. Because the field was heavily in- gree of freedom orthogonal contrasts (2,13) fested with johnsongrass (Sorghum hale- were determined for corn vs. soybean, sor- pense (L.) Pers.), it was first treated with ghum vs. soybean, and corn vs. sorghum. glyphosate at 1.1 kg a.i./ha. Plots (1,575 Pine Acres Research Farm: Individual plots m 2) consisted of 30 rows, 70 m long spaced at this location consisted of 24 rows 90 m 75 cm apart, and were planted without till- long spaced 75 cm apart (1,620 m2). On 2 age on 21 July with tropical corn hybrids May, under conventional tillage manage- Pioneer X304C and DeKalb XL678C, ment, four replications were planted at Florida SNY-1, and sorghum hybrid 64,000 seeds/ha of each of the four corn FS25E. There were four replications of cultivars: temperate hybrids Pioneer 3320 each cultivar. A corn population of only and Northrup King 508; tropical hybrid about 25,000 plants/ha resulted from poor Pioneer X304C; and experimental open planter operation; however, a sorghum pollinated tropical cultivar, Florida SYN-1. population of approximately 250,000 Atrazine (1.3 kg a.i./ha) and metolachlor plants/ha was achieved. Atrazine (1.3 kg (2.2 kg a.i./ha) were applied preemer- a.i./ha) and carbofuran (2.2 kg a.i./ha) gence, and the field was also cultivated one were applied preemergence, and the crops 670 Supplement to Journal of Nematology, Volume 23, October 1991 TABLE 1. Initial (Pi) and final (Pf) nematode densities on corn, sorghum, and soybean crops at the Green Acres Agronomy Research Farm, 1990. Nematodes/100 cms soil Criconernella Meloidogyne Paratricho- Pratylenchus spp. incognita dorus minor spp. Crop Cultivar Pi Pf Pi Pf Pi Pf Pi Pf Corn (silage) Pioneer X304C 0 14 4 189 4 14 8 337 Corn (grain) Pioneer X304C 2 77 1 114 7 5 6 172 Sorghum (forage) DeKalb FS25E 1 141 1 5 17 15 10 132 Sorghum (grain) DeKalb BR64 1 314 1 2 9 3 10 112 Soybean Centennial 15 67 0 69 6 6 4 108 Contrasts: Corn vs. soybean *** NS NS NS NS NS NS ** Sorghum vs. soybean *** NS NS * NS NS NS NS Corn vs. sorghum NS * NS *** NS NS NS ** Data are means of five replications. *, **, *** indicate single degree of freedom orthogonal contrasts significant at P -< 0.05, P -< 0.01, and P - 0.001, respectively; NS = contrast not significant at P -< 0.05. were treated twice with methomyl at 0.50 P. brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuur- kg a.i./ha each time.
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