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Towards Sustainable Sorghum Production, Utilization, and Commercialization in West and Central Africa Vers une production, utilisation et commercialisation durables du sorgho en Afrique occidentale et centrale WCASRN/ROCARS West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche sur le sorgho ICRISAT, BP 320 Bamako, Mali ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network Institut international de recherche sur les cultures des zones tropicales semi-arides Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche sur le sorgho Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India/Inde International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Institut international de recherche sur les cultures des zones tropicales semi-arides ISBN 92–9066–433–9 CPE 131 263–2001 Citation: Akintayo, I. and Sedgo, J. (ed.). 2001. Towards sustainable sorghum production, utilization, and About ROCARS commercialization in West and Central Africa: proceedings of a Technical Workshop of the West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network, 19-22 April 1999, Lome, Togo. Bamako, BP 320, Mali: West and Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crops in the semi-arid countries of West and Central Central Africa Sorghum Research Network; and Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Africa (WCA). The first Regional Sorghum Research Network was created in 1984 and became Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 000 pages. ISBN 92-9066-4330-9. Order code CPE operational in 1986 for a 5-year term, with financial support from the United States Agency for 131. International Development (USAID) through the Semi-Arid Food Grain Research and Development (SAFGRAD). In 1990, a joint initiative by the Institut du Sahel (INSAH) and the Special Program Abstract on African Agricultural Research (SPAAR) to develop a NARS-driven system for regional cooperation led to the creation of a regional sorghum “pole” by member countries of the Comité permanent This publication contains selected papers and recommendations of the technical workshop organized by the inter-Etats de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS) in 1992. In 1995, the membership of West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network (ROCARS) “Towards sustainable sorghum production, the pole was expanded, and the pole concept was replaced with that of a collaborative research utilization, and commercialization in West and Central Africa”, 19-22 April 1999, at Lome, Togo. Delegates network—the West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network (WCASRN), often referred to from the national agricultural research systems (NARS) of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African by its French acronymn ROCARS (Réseau ouest et centrafricain de recherche sur le sorgho). Republic, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo attended the workshop. Participants also included representatives of the following regional and international The overall objective of ROCARS is to improve the production, productivity, and use of sorghum, organizations: Comité inter-Etats de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS), Centre de coopération to contribute to greater food security, and to enhance the economic and social well-being of the internationale en rechereche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), ICRISAT, International Fertilizer people of the sorghum-producing countries of WCA. ROCARS member countries are Benin, Burkina Development Center (IFDC-Africa), USAID Collaborative Research Support Program on Sorghum and Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Pearl Millet (INTSORMIL), West and Central Africa Millet Research Network (ROCAFREMI), United Guinea-Bissau, Guinea-Conakry, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Togo. Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), as well as representatives of nongovernmental Since its creation in 1984, ROCARS has been funded by USAID. The Network Office is based at organizations (NGOs), and the private sector. the Bamako (Mali) location of ICRISAT, which provides logistical and technical support to the The main objectives of the workshop were to review the Network activities, give an opportunity to sorghum Network. researchers and their partners to exchange views and information, and plan future activities. Sorghum production and utilization, networks and food self-sufficiency, partnerships and technology exchange, and impact evaluation were some of the subjects that were discussed during the technical sessions. Presentations About ICRISAT are reproduced in the original language of submission. The Preface and a brief report of the workshop, including the recommendations, are in English. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-profit, apolitical, international organization for science-based agricultural development. Established in 1972, ICRISAT is one of 16 Future Harvest Centers, supported by more than 50 governments, foundations, Résumé and development banks, through membership in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The mission of ICRISAT is to help developing countries apply science to increase Vers une production, utilisation et commercialisation durables du sorgho en Afrique occidentale et centrale. crop productivity and food security, reduce poverty, and protect the environment. L’ouvrage présente des communications sélectionnées ainsi que les recommandations de l’atelier organisé par le Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche sur le sorgho (ROCARS) sur le thème “Vers une production, ICRISAT focuses on the farming systems of the semi-arid tropical areas of the developing world, utilisation et commercialisation durables du sorgho en Afrique occidentale et centrale” du 19 au 22 avril where erratic rainfall, low soil fertility, and extreme poverty are formidable constraints to agricultural 1999 à Lomé, au Togo. Les participants de l’atelier ont compris les délégués des systèmes nationaux de development. ICRISAT’s vision is ‘Science with a Human Face’, tailoring research to address and recherche agricole (SNRA) suivants: Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Centrafrique, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambie, resolve real human needs: to reduce poverty, hunger, and environmental degradation — across the Ghana, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigéria, Sénégal, Tchad et Togo. Ont aussi pris part les représentants des semi-arid tropics of the world. organisations régionales et internationales suivantes: le Comité inter-Etats de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS), le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), l’Institut international de recherche sur les cultures des zones tropicales semi-arides (ICRISAT), le Centre international pour le développement des engrais (IFDC), le Programme international de recherche collaborative sur le sorgho et le mil (INTSORMIL), le Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche sur le mil (ROCAFREMI), la Comission économique des Nations unies pour l’Afrique (UNECA) ainsi que des représentants des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) et du secteur privé. L’atelier a eu pour objectif d’évaluer les activités des 2 dernières années du ROCARS, d’échanger d’expériences et d’informations entre les chercheurs et les partenaires et de définir les grandes orientations stratégiques des activités futures du ROCARS,. Les thèmes ont porté sur la production et l’utilisation du sorgho, des réseaux et l’autosuffisance alimentaire, le partenariat et le transfert de technologies, et l’évaluation de l’impact. Les communications sont dans la langue d’origine. La Préface et un compte-rendu bref de l’atelier, y compris les recommandations, sont en anglais. Towards Sustainable Sorghum Production, Utilization, and Commercialization in West and Central Africa Proceedings of a Technical Workshop of the West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network Vers une production, utilisation et commercialisation durables du sorgho en Afrique occidentale et centrale Comptes rendus d’un Atelier technique du Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche sur le sorgho Edited by / Edité par I. Akintayo and/et J. Sedgo WCASRN/ROCARS West and Central Africa Sorghum Research Network Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche sur le sorgho ICRISAT, BP 320 Bamako, Mali ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Institut international de recherche sur les cultures des zones tropicales semi-arides Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India/Inde 2001 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ROCARS or ICRISAT. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ROCARS or ICRISAT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by ROCARS or ICRISAT. Les avis exprimés dans cette publication sont ceux des auteurs et non pas forcément ceux du ROCARS ou de l’ICRISAT. Les appellations employées dans la publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part du ROCARS ou de l’ICRISAT aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique
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  • Herbaceous Biomass: State of the Art

    Herbaceous Biomass: State of the Art

    HERBACEOUS BIOMASS: STATE OF THE ART Kenneth J. Moore Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University Meeting the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Energy’s goal of replacing 30 percent of transportation energy by 2030 with cellulosic biofuels will require development of highly productive energy crops. It is estimated that a billion-ton annual supply of biomass of all sources will be required to meet this goal, which represents a fi vefold increase over currently available biomass. Under one scenario, dedicated energy crops yielding an average of 8 dry tons/yr are projected to be planted on 55 million acres. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial native grass that has received substantial interest as a potential energy crop due to its wide adaptation. However, it produces relatively low yields on productive soils and has other limitations related to seed dormancy and establishment. More recently, Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) has been touted as a potential energy crop. A warm-season perennial grass native to Southeastern Asia, it has relatively high yield potential when grown on productive soils. However, it is a sterile hybrid that must be propagated vegetatively and requires a few years to achieve maximum production. Both species have potential as dedicated energy crops, but require further improvement and development. Other crops with high potential for cellulosic energy are photoperiod-sensitive sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars. Vegetative development of these cultivars occurs over a longer period in temperate regions and they produce little or no viable seed. A rational long-term approach will be required to develop alternative, high-yielding biomass crops specifi cally designed for energy and industrial uses.