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Australia's Health 2016 (AIHW) Australia’s health 2016 The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) is a major national agency which provides reliable, regular and relevant information and statistics on Australia’s health and welfare. The Institute’s mission is authoritative information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing. © Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2016 This product, excluding the AIHW logo, Commonwealth Coat of Arms and any material owned by a third party or protected by a trademark, has been released under a Creative Commons BY 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) licence. Excluded material owned by third parties may include, for example, design and layout, images obtained under licence from third parties and signatures. We have made all reasonable efforts to identify and label material owned by third parties. You may distribute, remix and build upon this work. However, you must attribute the AIHW as the copyright holder of the work in compliance with our attribution policy available at www.aihw.gov.au/copyright. The full terms and conditions of this licence are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au. Enquiries relating to copyright should be addressed to the Head of the Digital and Media Communications Unit, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601. This publication is part of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s Australia’s health series. A complete list of the Institute’s publications is available from the Institute’s website www.aihw.gov.au. ISSN 1032-6138 ISBN 978-1-74249-924-6 (PDF) ISBN 978-1-74249-925-3 (Print) DOI 10.25816/5ec1e4cd2547f Suggested citation Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2016. Australia’s health 2016. Australia’s health series no. 15. Cat. no. AUS 199. Canberra: AIHW. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Board Chair Acting Director Dr Mukesh C Haikerwal AO Mr Andrew Kettle Any enquiries about or comments on this publication should be directed to: Digital and Media Communications Unit Australian Institute of Health and Welfare GPO Box 570 Canberra ACT 2601 Tel: (02) 6244 1000 Email: [email protected] Published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. This publication has been printed on paper manufactured by an ISO 14001 certified mill using pulp delivered from well-managed forests and controlled resources. Book designed using artwork by Rebecca Ferdinandes. Please note that there is the potential for minor revisions of data in this report. Please check the online version at www.aihw.gov.au for any amendments. ii The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) is a major national agency which provides reliable, regular and relevant information and statistics on Australia’s health and welfare. The Institute’s mission is authoritative information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing. © Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2016 This product, excluding the AIHW logo, Commonwealth Coat of Arms and any material owned by a third party or protected by a trademark, has been released under a Creative Commons BY 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) licence. Excluded material owned by third parties may include, for example, design and layout, images obtained under licence from third parties and signatures. We have made all reasonable eorts to identify and label material owned by third parties. You may distribute, remix and build upon this work. However, you must attribute the AIHW as the copyright holder of the work in compliance with our attribution policy available at www.aihw.gov.au/copyright. The full terms and conditions of this licence are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au. Enquiries relating to copyright should be addressed to the Head of the Digital and Media Communications Unit, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601. This publication is part of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s Australia’s health series. A complete list of the Institute’s publications is available from the Institute’s website www.aihw.gov.au. ISSN 1032-6138 ISBN 978-1-74249-924-6 (PDF) ISBN 978-1-74249-925-3 (Print) Suggested citation Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2016. Australia’s health 2016. Australia’s health series no. 15. Cat. no. AUS 199. Canberra: AIHW. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Board Chair Acting Director Dr Mukesh C Haikerwal AO Mr Andrew Kettle Any enquiries about or comments on this publication should be directed to: Digital and Media Communications Unit Australian Institute of Health and Welfare GPO Box 570 Canberra ACT 2601 Tel: (02) 6244 1000 Email: [email protected] Published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. This publication has been printed on paper manufactured by an ISO 14001 certied mill using pulp delivered from well-managed forests and controlled resources. Book designed using artwork by Rebecca Ferdinandes. Please note that there is the potential for minor revisions of data in this report. Please check the online version at www.aihw.gov.au for any amendments. ii Authoritative information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing Authoritative information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing The Hon Sussan Ley MP Minister for Health, Minister for Aged Care, Minister for Sport Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Minister On behalf of the Board of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, I am pleased to present to you Australia’s health 2016, as required under Subsection 31(1) of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Act 1987. The Institute has maintained the high standards of the past. I am sure the quality, format and detail will make this another indispensable resource for the Health Sector. I commend this report to you as a significant contribution to national information on health-related issues, and to the development and evaluation of health policies and programs in Australia. Yours sincerely Dr Mukesh C Haikerwal AO Chair AIHW Board 16 May 2016 1 Thynne Street, Bruce ACT 2617 • GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601 • PHONE 02 6244 1000 • FAX 02 6244 1299 • www.aihw.gov.au Letterhead_full_colour.indd 1 7/4/2014 3:12:57 PM 1 Thynne Street, Bruce ACT 2617 • GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601 • PHONE 02 6244 1000 • FAX 02 6244 1299 • www.aihw.gov.au Letterhead_full_colour.indd 1 7/4/2014 3:12:57 PM iii Contents Preface ...............................................................viii Acknowledgments ....................................................ix Terminology ..........................................................xi Chapter 1 An overview of Australia’s health 1 1.0 Introduction .................................................. 2 1.1 What is health? ............................................... 3 1.2 Australians: who we are ...................................... 6 1.3 How healthy are Australians? ................................. 9 Chapter 2 Australia’s health system 21 2.0 Introduction .................................................22 2.1 How does Australia’s health system work? ..................23 2.2 How much does Australia spend on health care? ...........36 2.3 Who is in the health workforce? .............................46 iv Chapter 3 Leading causes of ill health 49 3.0 Introduction .................................................50 3.1 Burden of disease and injury in Australia ....................51 3.2 Premature mortality .........................................62 3.3 Chronic disease and comorbidities ..........................73 3.4 Cancer .......................................................83 3.5 Coronary heart disease ......................................87 3.6 Stroke .......................................................90 3.7 Diabetes .....................................................93 3.8 Kidney disease ..............................................96 3.9 Arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions .............99 3.10 Chronic respiratory conditions .............................102 3.11 Mental health ..............................................105 3.12 Dementia ...................................................108 3.13 Injury .......................................................111 3.14 Oral health .................................................113 3.15 Vision and hearing disorders ...............................117 3.16 Incontinence ...............................................120 3.17 Vaccine preventable disease ...............................123 Chapter 4 Determinants of health 127 4.0 Introduction ................................................128 4.1 Social determinants of health ..............................129 4.2 Social determinants of Indigenous health ..................142 4.3 Biomedical risk factors .....................................146 4.4 Overweight and obesity ....................................149 4.5 Illicit drug use ..............................................152 4.6 Alcohol risk and harm ......................................168 4.7 Tobacco smoking ...........................................171 4.8 Health behaviours and biomedical risks of Indigenous Australians .....................................175 v Chapter 5 Health of population groups 181 5.0 Introduction ................................................182 5.1 Health across socioeconomic groups ......................183 5.2 Trends and patterns in maternal and perinatal health .....187 5.3 How healthy are Australia’s children? .......................203 5.4 Health of young Australians ................................208
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