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Levantine Sea Ρ Study and Analysis of Water Masses Formation in the Levantine Sea Geurguess1,2,3 M.S.K., Chantsev2 V.U. 1Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg, Russia. 3National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt. [email protected] Abstract – The objective of this work is to study and The area of study, which is the Levantine Sea, lies analysis the water mass formation in the Levantine between longitudes 240E and 360E and latitudes 300N and Sea. Convection, salinity and evaporation in the 400N, as shown in Fig. 1. Eastern Mediterranean were studied for the coldest year (1964) and the hottest year (1991). The oceanographic data are selected from the World Ocean 38 Turkey Atlas and http://ingrid.ldeo.Columbia.edu/ site. Results 37 indicate that for the coldest year (1964), the maximum 36 Aegean Sea amount of evaporation is observed in August - Rhodes Cyprus September in the vicinity of Crete Island. The error of 35 salinity ranged between (0 ‰- 0.25 ‰) in the west of Crete Syria Cyprus and close to Syria. The depth of convection was 34 detected in the west of Cyprus down to a depth about 33 Levantine Sea (320 m). While for the hottest year (1991), the maximum amount of evaporation is in August - 32 Libya Egypt September near by Syria. The error of salinity ranged 31 between (0.05 ‰ - 0.3 ‰) near the Egyptian coast and 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 close to Turkey. Location of the depth of convection was detected in the west of Cyprus and the front of Figure 1. Levantine Sea. Turkey down to a depth (240 m). Keywords: Levantine Sea; water mass; convection; water 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS temperature; salinity; evaporation; ERS-1. The Data for water temperature and salinity, in the hottest 1. INTRODUCTION year (1991) and the coldest year (1964), were downloaded from http://ingrid.ldeo.Columbia.edu/NOAA/ NCEP- The formation of water masses in the Mediterranean Sea NCAR. Wind data were collected from ERS-1 satellite. generally slightly differs in general nature from season to The data for wind speed, water temperature and salinity season but can be stable due to predominance were downloaded for 50 stations and 13 depths and northwesterly winds throughout the year (Wust, 1959). covered all the study area. The evaporation was calculated using the fallowing equation: During the summer, The Levantine basin is covered by the Levantine Surface Water (LSW). This water mass is formed by intensive heating and evaporation and has the 0.622 largest salinity and temperature of the entire E = *C * U*(e0 – ea) (1) Mediterranean Sea. Due to general cyclonic circulation of Pa * ρ the Levantine Basin the LSW advects to the Rhodes gyre region and due to its large salinity appears to be the source water for the Levantine Intermediate Water (Nielsen, where E= Evaporation rate; 1912; Hecht et al., 1988; Hecht and Gertman, 2001). Pa= Atmospheric pressure; Moreover, via the Cretan Arc passages, the LSW advects ρ = Air density ; into eastern shelf of the Aegean Sea and participates in U = Wind speed; the intermediate and deep waters formation of the Aegean ea=water-vapor pressure in air ea (ta) above a Sea (Theocharis et al., 1999a,b; Zervakis et al., 2000). plane surface of pure water at varies air temperatures; The aim of the present work is to study and analyze the e0= Saturation water-vapor pressure e0 (tw) freshwater exchange and the instability of surface of the above a plane surface of pure water at varies Levantine Sea in the coldest year (1964) and the hottest water temperatures; year (1991). C = Dalton’s number. The obtained results for evaporation rate were plotted 40 using the MS Excel software. The MS Excel software has 38 been used to calculate inside intra-annual change of the 36 январь 1964 error of salinity determination (surface of the Levantine 34 Sea), with due account of salinity convection and location of the depth of convection. The obtained results were 32 plotted using the Golden Surfer 7.3 software. 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 38 36 3. RESULTS & DISCUSION февраль 1964 34 32 Evaporation analysis: 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 Ovchinnikov (1976), using long-term climatic data, 38 founded that the evaporation reached its maximum values 36 in September and December and a minimum in May. март 1964 34 In the present work, the maximum amount of evaporation 32 for the coldest year (1964) was observed in August - -6 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 September in the vicinity of Crete Island (7.5*10 40 2 kg/m .sec). While, the minimum amount was in February 38 in the same area (0.5*10-6 kg/m2.sec). For the hottest year 36 (1991), the maximum amount of evaporation was апрель 1964 observed in August - September near by Syria in August 34 -5 2 (1.0*10 kg/m .sec). While, the minimum amount was in 32 April close to Turkey in April (1.0*10-6 kg/m2.sec). 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Salinity analysis: Figure 2. Error of Salinity for the coldest year (1964) {Jan., Feb., Mar. and Apr.}. Said (1985) suggested that in a cold winter the formation of Levantine intermediate water mass occurs nearly everywhere in the Levantine Sea excepting the southern 40 and extreme eastern parts while in mild winter the 38 formation occurs only at the centers of the cyclonic gyre 36 of the Levantine Sea and north of Crete. январь 1964 34 For the coldest year (1964), the annual change of error of 32 salinity, as we see in Fig.2 and the convection, as we see 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 in Fig. 3 on the surface of Levantine Sea, showed that in 40 January, the error of salinity ranged between (0 ‰- 38 0.25‰) in the west of Cyprus and close to Syria 36 respectively, the maximum range was detected next to февраль 1964 Syria and Turkey, the location of depth of convection was 34 detected in the west of Cyprus down to a depth about 32 (320m). The convection was detected also in the west of 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 Cyprus in February, These depth was (220m), the maximum change of an error of salinity was (0.1‰) in the 38 36 west of Cyprus. Allocation of depth of convection март 1964 increased in March in the same area (320m), and the 34 change of an error of salinity was (0.1‰) in the west of 32 Cyprus. In April, the error of salinity ranged between 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 (0.05‰ - 0.2‰) in the east of Rhodes, the convection not 40 founded. From May to December change of an error of 38 salinity on the surface of Levantine Sea did not exceed 36 апрель 1964 0.25‰, and the convection not founded. 34 While for the hottest year (1991), the annual change of 32 error of salinity, as we see in Fig. 4 and the convection, as 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 we see in Fig. 5 on the surface of Levantine Sea, showed that in January, the error of salinity ranged between Figure 3. Distribution of convection for the coldest year (0.05‰ - 0.25‰) in the area adjacent to the Egyptian (1964) {Jan, Feb, Mar and Apr.}. coast and in front of Syria respectively. Location of depth of convection was detected in the west 40 of Cyprus down to a depth (180m). In February, the 38 36 convection was detected also in the west of Cyprus, The январь 1991 depth was (180m), the maximum change of error of 34 salinity was (0.3‰) in the front of Turkey. Allocation of 32 depth of convection increased in March in the same area 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 (240m), and the change of an error of salinity was 40 (0.15‰) in the west of Cyprus. In April, the error of 38 salinity ranged between (0.02‰ - 0.18‰) in the front of 36 февраль 1991 Libya and in the front of Turkey respectively, the depth of convection was detected in the west of Cyprus about 34 (180m). From May to November change in error of 32 salinity did not exceed 0.35‰, and the convection not 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 founded. While in December, the error of salinity ranged 40 between (0.25‰ -0.6‰), in the front of Egypt and in the 38 front of Turkey respectively, the depth of convection was 36 март 1991 detected in the west of Cyprus and the front of Turkey 34 (240m). 32 Recent changes of water mass characteristics in the 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Levantine Sea have considerably influenced the Eastern 40 Mediterranean circulation. A combination of salinity 38 increase and temperature variation during 1964-1991 36 апрель 1991 caused massive formation of dense water and strong 34 outflow towards the deep and bottom parts of the Eastern 32 Mediterranean. 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 38 40 36 38 декабрь 1991 34 36 январь 1991 34 32 32 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 Figure 5.
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