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Kajian Fauna Di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (Ntb): Studi Kasus Rencana Pembangunan Pltn

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Kajian Fauna Di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (Ntb): Studi Kasus Rencana Pembangunan Pltn Prosiding Seminar Nasional Infrastruktur Energi Nuklir 2018 ISSN: 2621-3125 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2018 KAJIAN FAUNA DI PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT (NTB): STUDI KASUS RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN PLTN June Mellawati*, Merri Suhartini** 1Pusat Teknologi Keselamatan dan Metrologi Radiasi, BATAN, Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya 49, Ps. Jumat PO Box 7043, Jaksel 12070, [email protected] 2Pusat Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi, BATAN, Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya 49, Ps. Jumat Jaksel ABSTRAK KAJIAN FAUNA DI PROPINSI Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB): STUDI KASUS RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN PLTN. Untuk kegiatan pra-studi kelayakan tapak PLTN di NTB perlu dilengkapi data fauna terkait dengan dampak yang diperkirakan dapat mengganggu habitatnya ketika kegiatan prakonstruksi dan konstruksi. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data fauna endemik, langka, dan terancam punah yang dapat digunakan sebagai data base rona awal NTB. Metode penelitian meliputi pengumpulan data sekunder kawasan hutan di NTB, kegiatan identifikasi, evaluasi dan analisis data status fauna. Kegiatan dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2017 - Mei 2018. Lokasi kajian meliputi kawasan daratan sekitar pantai dan pulau-pulau di di NTB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di NTB terdapat berbagai spesies endemik yang ditemukan di hutan konservasi dan lindung, yaitu seperti Musang rinjani (hemaproditus rinjanicus), rusa timor (Cervus timorensis), dan beberapa spesies burung endemik, seperti Koakiau (Philemon buceroides), burung madu (Lichmera lombokia), beo sumbawa (Gracula religiosa), Elang Tikus (Elanus caeruleus), Uncal Buau (Macropygia emiliana), Walik Putih (Ptilinopus cinctus), Anis Nusa Tenggara (Zoothera dohertyi Paradoxurus), serta berbagai spesies kupu-kupu, seperti Troides Helena, Papilio helenus, Papilio memnon, Graphium sarpedon, Moduza prochris. Selain itu spesies terancam punah, yaitu trenggiling (Manis javanica) jumlahnya kini menurun karena ulah manusia. Berdasarkan hal ini beberapa wilayah, seperti Sembalun Kabupaten Lombok Timur, Bima, Pulau Mojo Kabupaten Sumbawa, Pulau Satonda Kabupaten Dompu, Bangko-bangko, Pelangan, Kerandangan, Suranadi Lombok Barat, Pujut Lombok Tengah, Pedauh, Jereweh, Sumbawa Barat, NTB perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dihindari sebagai tapak PLTN terkait dengan keberadaan fauna endemik dan terancam punah. Kata kunci: fauna, tapak, PLTN, NTB ABSTRACT FAUNA STUDY IN PROVINCE OF WEST NUSA TENGGARA (NTB): CASE STUDY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DEVELOPMENT PLAN. For pre-feasibility activities of the NPP sites in NTB need to be equipped with fauna data related to impacts that might disturb their habitat when pre-construction and construction activities The objective of the study was to obtain endemic, rare, and endangered fauna data that could be used as NTB baseline data The research method includes collecting secondary data of forest area in NTB, identification activity, evaluation and data analysis of fauna status. Activities are conducted from December 2017 to May 2018. The study location covers the land area around the coast and islands in NTB. The results show that in NTB there are various endemic species found in conservation and protection forests, ie. rinjani weed species (hemaproditus rinjanicus), wild boar (sus sp.), deer timor (Cervus timorensis), and several species of endemic birds, such as Koakiau (Philemon buceroides), honeybee (Lichmera lombokia), sumbawa parrot (Gracula religiosa), Rat Eagle (Elanus caeruleus), Uncal Buau (Macropygia emiliana), Walik Putih (Ptilinopus cinctus), Anis Nusa Tenggara (Zoothera dohertyi Paradoxurus) as well as various species of butterflies, namely Troides Helena, Papilio helenus, Papilio memnon, Graphium sarpedon, Moduza prochris are found in the NTB region and include protected. In addition, endangered species, namely pangolins (Manis javanica), are now declining due to human activities. Based on this, several regions, such as Sembalun, East Lombok Regency, Bima, Mojo Island, Sumbawa Regency, Satonda Island, Dompu Regency, Bangko-bangko, Pelangan, Kerandangan, Suranadi, West Lombok, Pujut, Central Lombok, Pedauh, Jereweh, West Sumbawa, NTB need to be considered. to be avoided as a PLTN site related to the presence of endemic and endangered fauna. Keywords: fauna, site, NPP, NTB 141 Kajian Flora Dan Fauna Di Propinsi NTB... ISSN: 2621-3125 June Mellawati, dkk PENDAHULUAN Provinsi NTB memiliki potensi energi terbarukan yang cukup melimpah, di antaranya energi air, arus laut, panas bumi, angin, biomassa, biogas dan surya, namun pemanfaatannya masih terbatas karena pertimbangan biaya dan teknologi (1-4). Sejauh ini, energi terbarukan yang dikembangkan masih sebatas energi air berskala kecil melalui pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH) dan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Minihidro (PLTM), energi surya untuk penerangan rumah tangga perdesaan, serta pemanfaatan biogas dan biomassa untuk bahan bakar memasak berskala rumah tangga. Di masa mendatang diperkirakan Provinsi NTB akan membutuhkan energi listrik cukup besar terkait rencana dibangunnya KEK Mandalika, pengembangan Global Hub di Lombok Utara, pembangunan smelter di Pulau Sumbawa dan sejumlah investasi lainnya sehingga tidak dapat hanya mengandalkan pembangkit tenaga uap atau diesel saja, dan PLTN menjadi alternatif untuk dikembangkan(5). Kegiatan Pre-Feasibility Study (kajian kelayakan awal) calon tapak telah dilakukan di NTB sebagai langkah awal apabila kelak NTB akan membangun PLTN atau fasilitas nuklir(6). Distamben NTB dan BATAN sepakat melakukan penelitian dan kajian tapak PLTN di Provinsi NTB. Pembangkit listrik di NTB baik milik PLN maupun swasta didominasi oleh sumber energi konvensional (batu bara dan bahan bakar minyak). Sebesar 500 MW yang diperoleh NTB dari program nasional 35.000 MW yang dicanangkan Pemerintah bersumber dari energi tidak dapat diperbarui, dan BATAN bersama Pemda NTB berencana melaksanakan penelitian tersebut terkait persiapan pembangunan PLTN yang pendanaannya menggunakan APBN (BATAN) dan APBD ( Pemerintah NTB) (7). Dalam Undang Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 dinyatakan bahwa kegiatan berisiko tinggi terhadap lingkungan, seperti halnya nuklir diwajibkan untuk melakukan kajian AMDAL, dan hal ini termasuk perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dilaksanakan berdasarkan asas ekoregion, yaitu terhadap fauna(8). Secara ekologis, wilayah NTB mempunyai nilai karakteristik fauna (satwa) karena berada di lintasan garis Wallacea sebagai peralihan ekologis antar benua Asia dan Australia. Wilayah NTB mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati berbeda pada tingkat jenis dan tingkat ekosistemnya dibanding dengan daerah lain di Indonesia. Penyebaran jenis fauna bervariasi terkait hubungannya dengan ekosistem setempat, karena adanya kesesuaian jenis dengan habitat tempat tumbuhnya atau tempat berkembangnya suatu jenis. Adanya perubahan kondisi ekosistem akan memberi pengaruh nyata pada perubahan variasi jenis, karena ketidakmampuan menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan habitat sehingga akan mengalami kepunahan bahkan mengalami kematian(9). Kawasan hutan adalah wilayah tertentu yang ditunjuk dan atau ditetapkan oleh pemerintah untuk dipertahankan keberadaannya sebagai hutan tetap, hal ini karena kawasan hutan merupakan habitat fauna yang mempunyai fungsi sebagai kawasan konservasi, lindung, dan kawasan produksi[9]. Hutan beserta isinya (fauna) merupakan suatu kesatuan ekosistem yang tidak dapat dipisahkan satu dengan lainnya[10]. Fauna adalah semua jenis sumber daya alam hewani yang hidup di darat, dan atau di air, dan atau di udara. Sebagai penopang kehidupan bagi fauna yang mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati dan ekosistem bervariasi, hutan perlu dipertahankan keberadaannya. Namun demikian, hingga kini keanekaragaman hayati fauna kian menurun akibat perambahan hutan, konversi lahan hutan, eksploitasi berlebihan, praktik teknologi yang berpotensi merusak, perubahan iklim dan sebagainya. Keanekaragaman fauna yang bersifat khas, langka dan dapat terancam punah sehingga perlu dilindungi dan dilakukan tindakan keselamatan agar keberlanjutan tetap terjaga(11). Perlindungan berbagai jenis fauna yang khas, langka dan terancam punah akibat kegiatan manusia diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No 68 Tahun 1998(12). Secara umum data tentang rona lingkungan hidup awal (environmental setting) di lokasi yang terdapat kegiatan ketenaganukliran sangat diperlukan terkait dengan dampak yang mungkin ditimbulkannya. Seperti diketahui, radiasi dari energi nuklir dapat mempengaruhi populasi hewan dan hal ini dipelajari pasca kejadian kecelakaan nuklir di kawasan PLTN Fukushima Daiichi Jepang dan Chernobyl di USSR. Data menunjukkan bahwa radiasi menyebabkan efek buruk pada tingkat fisiologis dan genetis beberapa spesies kupu-kupu biru (Zizeeria maha: pemakan tanaman pendek di permukaan tanah) yang hidup di kawasan PLTN Fukushima Daiichi Jepang(13). Akhirnya spesies tersebut dijadikan spesies indikator untuk memantau efek biologis pencemar lingkungan di habitat manusia. Efek kecelakaan PLTN tidak hanya 142 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Infrastruktur Energi Nuklir 2018 ISSN: 2621-3125 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2018 mempengaruhi fisiologis dan genetis, seperti peningkatan morfologi, fisiologi, kelainan genetik, angka mutasi, abnormalitas perkembangan, morbiditas onkologi, mempercepat penuaan, mengurangi kadar antioksidan tubuh, tetapi juga dapat mempengaruhi konsekuensi ekologis, seperti mengurangi kelangsungan hidup, reproduksi dan kelimpahan spesies(14). Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data fauna khas, langka, dan terancam punah yang dapat digunakan sebagai data base untuk
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